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THE ANNALS
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
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ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’ )
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“ Omnes res creatse sunt divine sapientix et potenti testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomid in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estimata ; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuwit.”—Linna&vs.
“Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.”—Brucxner, Théorie du Systeme Animal, Leyden,
1767.
whee Hee Golel woe sme NOISVLyanwpoWers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute.
J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818,
CONTENTS OF VOL, IX.
[FIFTH SERIES. ]
NUMBER XLIX.
Page I. Notes on British Spiders, with Descriptions of three new Species and Characters of a new Genus. By the Rev. O. P. Camprinas, ACME Zisss oCe > (Llater lil jas quesecssis s tela atone aan ws 1 II. On Lepidoptera collected in Japan and the Corea by Mr. W. Wykeham Perry. By Artuur G. Butter, F.LS., F.Z.S. ...... 13
III. On certain remarkable Modifications of the Avicularium in a Species of Polyzoon ; and on the Relation of the Vibraculum to the Avicularium. By the Rey. Toomas Hincxs, B.A., F.R.S. ...... 20
IV. Notes on Coleoptera, with Descriptions of new Genera and Species.—Part IV. By Francis P. Pascor, F.L.S. &.........- . 26
V. Summary Report upon a Zoological Exploration made in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic on board the ‘Travailleur.’ By M.
A. Minnz-EpWARDS........ ECECOUMR TL COnOuneuDopeLMmoctchcor 37 VI. Descriptions of new Longicorn Coleoptera (Prionide and Lep- turid@) from Madagascar. By CHartes O. WATERHOUSE ...... 47 VIL. Descriptions of new Buprestide. By Cuaries O. WATER- HOUSE vo. ccccensccaserc cers crseenesserasrestoreesserancaee 50 VIII. On new British Cladocera discovered by Mr. Conrad Beck in Grasmere Lake, Westmoreland. By E. Ray Lanxester, M.A, 53
F.R.S., Jodrell Professor of Zoology in University College, London
IX. On some Points in the Morphology of the Rhabdophora, or true Graptolites. By Joun Hopkinson, F.L.S.,F.G.S. ........ 54
Proceedings of the Geological Society ......seeveceseeereres O8—61
Vi CONTENTS.
On the Postembryonie Development of the Diptera, by M. H. Vial- lanes ; Development of the Ovum of Melicerta, by M. L. Joliet ; Ona Yellow Variety of the Common Eel (Anguilla vulgaris, FI. \: by Dr. Heinrich Bolan, of Hamburg; On the Origin of the Central Nervous System of the Aunelida, by Prof. Kleinenberg ; How Orb-weaving Spiders male the Framework or Foundations of Webs, by the Rev. Dr. H. C, McCook .......es+csaees 61—
NUMBER L.
X. On some new Species of Corals. By Bryce Wricut, F.Z.S. mcmeblates UL. El. ar LN) iin 03s Ey SA EATER Ar pari PS Oo
XI. Classification of the Dinosauria. By Prof. O. C. Marsu
XII. On a small Collection of Lepidoptera from Melbourne. By PNT More HEUTE, WY Wiircdeg) Hi. Las g OC Cad, <e eons’ oi'eie niet aorisessietete aratetene
XIII. Descriptions of two new Species of Papilio from North- eastern India, with a Preliminary Indication of an apparently new and remarkable Case of Mimicry between the two distinct Groups which they represent. By J. Woop-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta, on Special Duty with the Government of HRCA epeRtrars ialeue ahs eek k eco'e: chee dicen eon 4.9 anor s tana Mblaiav ese, vfscagete yeas OEe mene
XIV. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Amebe. By Dr. PCG ST OBER. Urabe UX), sicie xs, ssnte gcrinnnle'e ale sie taepetnee
XV. Contributions towards a General History of the Marine Poly- zoa. By the Rev. THomas Hincxs, B.A., F.R.S, (Plate V.) ..
XVI. Description of a new Species of the Homopterous Genus Aphena from Sumatra. By ARTHUR G. BuTLER, F.L.S., F.ZS., &e.
New Books:—The Zoological Record for 1880 (vol. xvii.). Edited by E. C, Ryz.—Zoologischer Jahresbericht fur 1880. Redigirt von Prof. J. Vict. Carvus.—Proceedings of the Bristol Natu- ralists’ Society. New series, vol. iii. pt. i. (1880). Also, new series, vol. 11. (1877—8-9). Flora [recent] of the Bristol Coal- field. Edited by J. W. Wars. Part I. Thalamiflorae—Pro- ceedings and Transactions ef the Nova-Scotian Institute of Natural Science of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Vol. vy. part iii. for
Page
68
84
116
127,
TSSO-BI SF. de trcdeerccms vier Sielale teva eee wae laia serene 129—133
On the Origin of the Spermatozoids in the Hydroids, by M. A. de Varenne ; Ov the Phenomena of Division in Ewglypha alveolata and the Monothalamous Rhizopods in general, by Dr. Aug. Gruber; The Mediterranean Species of “Fierasfer, by Prof. C. Emery ; Mode of Capture of Lizardsin Southern Europe, by Dr. T. Eimer; Note on some obscure Points in the Organization and
Dey elopment of the Echinorhynchi, by M. Mégnin sation 133—140
CONTENTS, Vv
NUMBER LI. Page XVII. The Sponge-fauna of Norway ; a Report on the Rey. A. M. Norman’s Collection of Sponges from the Norwegian Coast. ae
Prof. W. J. Soutas, M.A\, F.R.S.E., &c. (Plates VI. & VIL) . 141 XVIII. Note on the Species of the Linnean Genus <Astertas which
are ascribed to Retzius. By F. JErrrry Brut, M.A............. 166 XIX. On some Silurian Leperditie. By Fr. Scumipr and
Tere mie UOT: 9 eigg so oad aI CERIO USI Os Oh GU ee omen ace 168 XX. New Genera and Species of Buprestide and Heteromera.
PV LEAT TSO) VV AML REOUSICE War, a ipreio Mere craic sche’ o eivie MIeie caaeciots 172 XXJ. Notices of British Fungi. By the Rey. M. J. Berke.ey,
RS. andi. 1. BROOM Haq), EUS, c..c0cs ccs oe ae «qe steeds 176
XXII. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Aleyonaria, with Descriptions of new Species from the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal. By Sruarr O. Rivtey, M.A., F.L.S., Assistant in the Zoological Department, British Maccutat ers nee Oe ae on OE
XXIII. Note on a Freshwater Macrurous Crustacean from Japan pea ? compressa, De Haan’). By Epwarp J. Miers, F.LS., F.Z.8 193
XXIV. Descriptions of new Species of Myriopoda of the Genus Zephronia from India and Sumatra, By ArrHuur G. BUTLER, LET URS end CUES COS in Bes GUE OO COC OT RAC een Ae uci OMCht Cora ke 19
Proceedings of the Geological Society ........... akan slorerin 198—200
New Books :—Conchologische Mittheilungen als Fortsetzung der Novitates Conchologice HORI COE CIOS EDL h Ean ace eCc 201
On some peculiar Organs of Eudendrium ramosum, by Dr. August Weismann ; Note on the Pearly Organs of Scopelus, by HB. Guppy, M.B., Surgeon R.N. ; On the Occurrence of Centrolophus pompilus on the East Coast. of England, by Dr. A. Giinther; The oldest Artiodactyle, by E. D. Cope; "On the Genus Clado- cera, Ehrenberg, by Dr. A. yon Heider; The Characters of the Teeniodontia, by E. D. Cope; Ona small Collection of Lepido- ptera, principally from Candahar, by Arthur G. Butler, F.L.S. &e.; New Forms of Coryphodontide, by E. D. Cope; An Anthropomorphous Lemur, by E. D. Cope ............ 201—212
NUMBER LII.
XXY. On certain Points in the Morphology of the Blastotdea, with Descriptions of some new Genera and Species. By R. ErHermer, Jun., and P. Hersert Carpenter, M.A., Assistant Master at BtomCollege visvctareseccevenvedonscaues Achy Wore hace cae 213
v1 CONTENTS.
Page XXVI. Further Observations on Kammplatten, and Note on Cteno- ptychius pectinatus, Ag. By THomas Stock, Natural-History De- partment, Museumrof Science and Art, Edinburgh. (Plate VIIL.).. 253
XXVITI. On some new Species of Aranetdea, with Characters of a new Genus. By the Rev. O. P. Camsprinvas, M.A., C.M.Z.8., &c.
Eplsleate NSN) 0 care. s eisrerers. a'b{oic.6.9 0, che wssvacns 2 <usse'e erate Tok one 258 XXVIII. Ninth Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fauna of Madacascar. By Dr, ArBERT GUNTHER, WIR.S. 0.0.00. 00 eee cen 262
XXIX. Some Sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory Remarks. By H. J. Canrzr, F.R.S. &c. (Plates XI. & XII.) .. 266
XXX. Report on the Nematodes in the Possession of the British Museum, with a Review of the Classification of the Order. By
Drety, Onuny. j(Plate XS) co.cc coe at nae ee eee eee a eee 301
XXXI. New Species of Geodephagous Coleoptera from North-west Mexico. Say EL IW BATES THURS. .§ ee icurcse om lec sis conten Sogn 2h)
XXXII. Descriptions of new Cetoniide, Buprestide, and Ceramby- cide from Madagascar. By CHarLes O. WATERHOUSE .......... 821
XXXII. Descriptions of some new Species of Myriopoda of the Genus Spirostreptus from Madagascar. By ArrHur G. BUTLER, EU Se HeZ1c05, 5 CCCs nes sus o's «oie ie eye oo.+ 918807 ecaie ut. 0, vas egencler tie Siete tari 328
The Genus Carterella versus Spongiophaga Pottst, by E. Potts; Atlan- tic Actiniaria of the Dredgings of the Despatch-boat ‘ Le Travail- leur,’ by M. A. F. Marion; Colour in Autumn Leaves, by T. Meehan ; Centrolophus pompilus, by Francis Day, F.L.S. &c.; On a Foetal Kangaroo and its Membranes, by Henry C. Chap- AYID EV Mel ye recuueetriisrce ote’ waned Meek nqaer s alee neers ters .. 3830—338
NUMBER LII. XXXIV. Notes on the Structure and Development of Siphonaria australis, Quoy & Gaimard. By Professor F. W. Hurron, of Can- terbury College, New Zealand. (Plate:XV.) 2.5 5..02.-00sceeceen 341
XXXV. Description of a Species of FPusus. By EpGar A. Smirn 344
XXXVI. Some Sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory Remarks. By H. JiCaAnrtEReiORis. QC. oo eecteciieric cei coin 346
XXXVII. Is Limulus an Arachnid? By A.S. Packarn, Jun... 369
XXXVIII. Additions to the Australian Curculionide. Part IX. IByPURANCIS JP, PASCOM; Halt S.i00C.1 25 acicte co serait eats eee eneereriete 374
XXXIX. On some new Genera and Species of Blattarie in the Collection of the British Museum. By Arruur G. BurieEr, JOG BS he the 7 a CR Cr ro FAO ORRR CS RIDIN gies GIS OSes ot OCC 383
CONTENTS. vil
Page XL. Descriptions of two new Species fof the Homopterous Genus Platypleura from Madagascar. By ArtHur G. Butuer, F.LS., IP ASSEN UNC ni Alan nranecinmyne eine eeerersisrs eenel otat shes tte oe teuera 388
XLI. Form and Nature of the Cirrous Appendages on the Stato- blast of Carterella latitenta, Potts, &c., originally designated ““Spongio-
phaga Potis.” By H. J. Carrer, F.R.S. &e. (Plate XIV.)...... 390 XLII. Undescribed Rhopalocera from the Malay Peninsula. By
Viol itd DSBS S06 5 Colin per ticG CpG Otte GPO eran rio ore 396 XLUI. On a Case of complete Abortion of the Reproductive
Organs of Vitrina. By F. p’ARRUDA FURTADO ..........++.2+5 O90
Proceedings of the Geological Society...........cc cee eeees 400, 401
New Book :—Aid to the Identification of Insects. Edited by CHarLEs OwEN WaterHovsE. Lithographs by Epwry Wixson...... 402
CHARLES Darwin; On a new Apterous Male among the Coccide (Acanthococcus aceris, Sign.), by M. J. Lichtenstein; Note on Euripus consimilis of Westwood, by Arthur G. Butler, F.L.S., F.Z8., &e.; Descriptions of Spirostreptus from Madagascar, by Arthur G. Butler, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.; The Alcyonaria of the Bay of Marseilles, by M. A. F. Marion; Alteration of Generic Names; On the Development of the Ganglion and of the “ Cili- ated Sac” in the Bud of Pyrosoma, by M. L. Joliet ; Develop- ment of Limulus, by Prof. H. N. Moseley, F.R.S. ...... 402—412
NUMBER LIV.
XLIV. On two new Muride from Tasmania. By OLpFIELD Pro MASE Ace british, MUSEUM hy. arasle sn e)sia,celifele sv elecse s'eisie) sys 413
XLV. Remarkable Forms of Cellepora and Palythoa from the Senegambian Coast. By H. J. Carter, F.R.S. &c. (Plate XVI.). 416
XLVI. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Longicorn Joleoptera (Lamiide) from Madagascar, By CuartEs O. WATER-
TOURS pono BULC RRO Dh EES Geos Uso nc CEE ob oc ac eeunae son nba 420 XLVII. Description of a new Species of Mantide. By Francis
1D, DARGIS. SodAR aoe so UOMO HmOn nO Hie HOMO n Sahm cmon Gans A 423 XLVIII. Note on the Classification of the Homoptera. By
TAR ANGE) 12 IPRS). 3 Ohh aor an Soba Un COO Ob OnGe bab ocfomdoe 424
XLIX. The Sponge-fauna of Norway; a Report on the Rey. A. M. Norman’s Collection of Sponges from the Norwegian Coast. By Prof. W. J. Sorvas, M.A, F.RS.E:, &e, (Plate XVIL) ...5..5% 426
LI. Researches on the Nervous System of the Larye of Dipterous Ieccten Coy erot MuWARD BRAND® “jc cess. o: yn slse serene eis 0b.
vill CONTENTS.
Page LIT. On the Nervous System of the Strepsiptera. By Prof. Ep- WWASRDy JESUS ORE Cth An, ay tom UGE ROO OE GUC ISCO CLIO Snot 456
LITT. Account of the Reptiles and Batrachians collected by Mr. Edward Whymper in Ecuador in 1879-80. By G. A. BouLENGER. 457
LIV. Charles Darwin. By M. DE QUATREFAGES .........00 467
Three more Freshwater Sponges, by E. Potts; Restoration of the Disk in Ophiurans, by A. E. Verrill ; On ‘ne Abyssal Malaco- logical Fauna of the Mediterranean, by M. Fischer ; Zoological Siamonvat Villatrandan «e./boc WA. culasaus: sgn eee eae 474479
TURGKER vid igich ec ttareitrecs CARER oreo ROSPRTL Cure CCR RR Een RPT ARERR St tery 0 480
PLATES IN VOL. IX. PuaTE I, New British Spiders, 10k TIT. few Corals. iV V. Marine Polyzoa. VI. Pachymatisma Johnstoni, VIL. Tetilla cranium. VU. “ Kammplatten.” IX. Structure of the Amcebe. X. New Nematodes. cee West-Indian and Acapulco Sponges. XI. New Species of Araneidea. XIV. Statoblasts of Carterella latitenta. XV. Development of Siphonaria australis. XVI. New Species of Cellepora and Palythoa. XVIT. Structure of Thenea Wallichii.
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
[FIFTH SERIES. ]
se eecasecsessor cece. per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.””
N. Parthenii Giannettasii Kel. 1.
No. 49. JANUARY 1882.
I.—Notes on British Spiders, with Descriptions of three new Species and Characters of a new Genus. By the Rey. O. P. CAMBRIDGE, M.A., C.M.Z.S., &e.
[Plate I.]
Upwanrps of two years have passed since my last communi- cation reporting progress on British araneology (Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) iv. p. 190, pl. xii., Sept. 1879). In the meantime part ii., completing ‘ Spiders of Dorset,’ has been published*, and contains notices and descriptions of all the species of British spiders known up to the beginning of 1881. Figures of several of the new species described, but not figured, in that work are now given, in the hope that they may assist collectors in their determination of the species. ‘The number of spiders recorded in Great Britain and Ireland (including those here described as new) is 520; but there is little doubt that this number might be considerably increased by diligent search in many as yet untried localities, especially when we consider that a small area of Dorsetshire alone has produced nearly 400 species.
* Proceedings of the Dorset Natural-History and Antiquarian Field Club, 1879-81, pp. 1-625, pls. ivi. (Sherborne, Dorset : L. H. Ruegg.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. ix. 1
2 Rev. O. P. Cambridge on British Spiders.
Order ARANEIDEA.
Fam. Drasside. Genus CLUBIONA, Latr.
Clubiona caerulescens, L. Koch. Clubiona cerulescens, L. Koch, Die Arachn.-Fam. der Drassiden, p. $31, Taf, xiii. figs. 213-215; Cambridge, Spiders of Dorset, p. 29.
Clubiona voluta, Cambr. Linn. Soc. Journ, xi. p. 553, pl. xiv. fig. 3.
Two adult males of this fine and striking species were found by myself on the 6th of September, 1881, on low plants among short underwood near Bloxworth. ‘This is the first recorded occurrence of the male in Britain, the only examples previously recorded (one at Bloxworth and one near Aber- deen) being females.
Fam. Dictynide. Genus novum AMPHISSA (nom. propr.).
Cephalothorax rather elongate-oval, somewhat broadly truncated behind; upper convexity very moderate ; profile- line even and slightly curved ; lateral constriction at caput as well as the normal indentations very slight. Clypeus low.
Eyes not very large, subequal, closely grouped together in two parallel, transverse contiguous rows, of which the poste- rior is nearly straight. The interval between the eyes of the hind central pair (which are smaller than the hind laterals, and of a somewhat misshapen form) exceeds a diameter; and each is contiguous to the hind lateral eye on its side. The eyes of the anterior row are contiguous to each other.
Legs moderate in length and strength (4, 1, 2,3), furnished with hairs and a very few spines. In the only example known (which is a male) two of these spines are short, black, and placed in a longitudinal line beneath the metatarsi of the first pair, and another, long, rather strong, prominent, and curved, beneath the tibie of the third pair. Hach tarsus ends with three curved claws, the inferior one being very small.
Falces moderately long, not very strong, vertical, and slightly divergent at their extremities.
Maxille moderate in length, strong, inclined towards the labium, and obliquely truncated at their extremity on the inner sides.
Labium not very large, its apex drawn out into a point reaching to the inner extremity of the maxille.
Sternum heart-shaped.
Rey. O. P. Cambridge on British Spiders. 3
Abdomen rather narrow-oval, moderately convex above, and not projecting over the base of the cephalothorax. Spinners placed beneath rather than at the posterior extre- mity ; and immediately in front of the ordinary ones is a transverse supernumerary spinning-organ, correlated with which, in the female, there would doubtless be found calamistra on the metatarsi of the fourth pair of legs.
Amphissa spinigera. (Pl. I. fig. 1.) Lethia spinigera, Camby. Spiders of Dorset, p. 468.
Length of the adult male 74; of an inch.
The general colouring of this curious and minute spider is yellow-brown, all the femora, especially of the legs of the first pair, being strongly tinged with blackish brown. ‘The abdomen has the appearance in spirit, under a lens, of being minutely spotted with dull reddish-yellow points ; and several pale transverse angular lines are visible on the hinder part of the upperside. The single longish black curved prominent spine beneath the tibie of the third pair of legs is very cha- racteristic ; but whether of generic or only specific value (and, if the latter, then whether only sexual) is uncertain.
When first described (/.c. supra) I included this spider doubtfully in the genus Lethia, Menge. Subsequent exami- nation, however, of the eyes, maxille, and labium have con- vinced me that a new genus is necessary forits reception. It is, moreover, amuch more Drassiform spider than the known species of Lethia.
The example above described was found in his study, and kindly sent to me, by F. M. Campbell, Esq., of Hoddesdon, in the early part of 1880.
Fam. Agelenide.
Genus Haunta, C. L. Koch.
Hahnia helveola, Sin.
Hahnia helveola, Sim. Arachn. de France, ii. p. 139; Cambridge, Spi- ders of Dorset, p. 72.
Several adult males were found among moss near Blox- worth (with numerous females also), on the 9th of November 1881. Up to that time I had met with the females only, this sex being more or less abundant at most other periods of
the year. Ds
4 Rev. O. P. Cambridge on British Spiders.
I'am. Theridiide. Genus Divana, Thor.
Dipena melanogaster, C. L. Koch. Atea melanogaster, C. L. Koch, Die Arachn. xi. p. 145, pl. ecexcii. figs. 941, 942; Cambridge, Spiders of Dorset, p. 478.
Theridion congener, Cambr. Zoologist, 1863, p. 8576,
On the 13th of June, 1881, I met with an adult male of this rare spider on a furze bush on Bloxworth Heath ; its only previous record as a British species is that of a female near Lyndhurst, Hants, in July 1858.
Genus Evuryopis, Menge.
Huryopis flavomaculata, C. L. Koch. Micryphantes flavomaculatus, C, L. Koch, Die Arachn, iil. p. 67, Taf. xev. fig. 220. Theridion flavomaculatum, Blackw. Spid. Great Brit. and Irel. p. 201, pl. xiv. fig. 132. Euryopis flavomaculata, Cambr. Spiders of Dorset, p. 100. On the 14th of June, 1881, I found an adult female under a thin clod of earth on Bloxworth Heath; it had only occurred once previously in this district (an adult male, in the month of June, about ten years ago), crossing the path in a wood.
Genus NERIENE, Bl.
Neriene innotabilis, Cambr. Neriene innotabilis, Cambr. Spiders of Dorset, pp. 151 and 574.
Adult females were found among dead leaves in woods near Hoddesdon at the beginning of July 1881. I have usually found the males adult at Bloxworth in May and the beginning of June. The epigyne is large and very prominent.
Neriene agrestis, Bl. (PI. I. fig. 2 6.) Neriene agrestis, Bl. Spid. Great Brit. & Irel. p. 276 (excluding refer- ences to the figures in pls. xix. and xxii.) ; Cambr. Spiders of Dorset, p. 486.
While on a visit to Mr. F. M. Campbell at Hoddesdon, in July 1881, I met with several examples of both sexes of this spider among low plants, and under stones in the damp oozy bed of a small stream, where it appears to be of frequent occurrence, though confined to that one spot.
The female, in respect to the form of the genital aperture
Rev. O. P. Cambridge on British Spiders. 5
(Pl. I. fig. 26), very nearly resembles that of the species which I take to be Neriene fusca, BI). (PI. I. fig. 2a); but its colours, like those of the male, are much richer, the legs being of a bright reddish orange, and the abdomen quite black, without any longitudinal pale stripe on the upperside, which is always present in N. fusca. It is very difficult to decide with absolute certainty on the identity of N. agrestis, Bl., and N. fusca, Bl. The female of N. agrestis, described by Mr. Blackwall, agrees best with those females which I have found always in company with the males of his N. fusca, while the female of this latter agrees better in some respects with those [ found in company with the males above recorded at Hoddesdon. It seems to me very probable that, as both species occurred in Mr. Black- wall’s district, and apparently in equal abundance, he may have confused the females of the two. Another element of confusion has arisen from Mr. Blackwall having lost all his types of both species, and supplied his artist with examples for the illustration of each, in his work above quoted, fur- nished by myself, but which, it has been since ascertained, all belong to one species only. This species is the one which, after much consideration, I conclude to be N. fusca, Bl. It is very abundant in this district, where, as yet, [ have never met with the other. The males ot N. fusca, Bl.-Cambr., are the smallest and lightest-coloured of the two, and have the occiput distinctly and decidedly gibbous in profile, while the females, similar in general colouring, have always, or very nearly always, the median longitudinal line on the upperside of the abdomen paler than the rest, often amounting to a distinct stripe, the general colour of the abdomen being yellowish brown. In the other species, which I conclude to be 1. agrestis, Bl., the males are not only larger than those above mentioned, but the colouring is much darker and richer, the legs being of a bright orange red-brown, and the abdomen black, while the profile of the occiput shows no gibbosity, being merely convex or simply curved.
At Hoddesdon I also found both sexes of the species which I take to be N. fusca, Bl., but not in the same locality as that in which the other species occurred.
In the same month (July 1881) an adult male of N. agrestis, Bl.-Cambr., was found by my nephew, F. O. P. Cambridge, near Southwell, in Nottinghamshire. I have also received it from Dr. L. Koch from Nuremberg; and Mons. Simon tells me that he finds it, though less commonly than its near ally
N. fusca, Bl.-Cambr., in France.
6 Rev. O. P. Cambridge on British Spiders.
Neriene excisa, Cambr.
Neriene excisa, Cambr. Spiders of Dorset, p. 487, and Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvil. p. 440, pl. lvi. no. 29.
Adult males of this very distinct species were found in a swamp near Bloxworth by Mr. F. M. Campbell on the 8th of September 1881 ; and subsequently both sexes have been met with on several occasions on the same spot by myself. This is its first record in the south of England, the typical examples having been found some years ago and kindly sent to me from Northumberland by Mr. James Hardy, of Old Cambus.
Neriene uncata, Cambr. Neriene uncata, Cambr. Spiders of Dorset, p. 433; and Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. p. 546, pl. xlvi. fig. 17.
On the 16th of September, 1881, and again in November of the same year, I found adults of both sexes of this fine species, the females in considerable abundance, in a swamp near Bloxworth.
> /
Neriene formidabilis, Cambr. Neriene formidatilis, Cambr. Spiders of Dorset, p. 185.
On the 22nd of November, 1881, I met with an adult female of this spider in a swamp near Bloxworth. This example measures a little over } of an inch in length ; but in other respects it exactly agrees with the typical specimen. The spiracular plates in both examples are of a pale yellowish hue.
Nertene lapidicola, 'Vhor.
Neriene rufipes, Bl. Spid. Great Brit. & Ivel. p. 251.
Neriene lapidicola, Thor., Cambr. Spiders of Dorset, p. 489.
Two adult females (found in the same locality and at the same time as the last species) differed in being smaller; the eyes also are smaller, and those of the hinder row are divided by equal intervals, whereas in N. formidabilis the interval between those of the hind central pair is distinctly smaller than that between each and the hind lateral eye next to it. The general colouring and appearance, however, of the two spiders is very similar; the spiracular plates are also pale yellowish in both; and the genital apertures are much alike. [ am inclined to think that the two examples now recorded are the females of NV. rufipes, Bl., a spider to which Dr. Tho- rell has given the specific name of lapidicola, in consequence of the name rufipes being preoccupied by a species of the same group named by Prof. Sundevall of Sweden. Whether these two or the spiders [ have named N. formidadilis are the true
Rey. O. P. Cambridge on British Spiders. 7
N. rufipes of Blackwall can scarcely be determined until I shall have been fortunate enough to meet with their respec- tive males; either of them would fairly answer to Mr. Black- wall’s description, though, in regard to the type of N. JSormidabilis, it may be remarked that the late Mr. Blackwall examined it some years ago, and returned it to me as unknown
to him.
Nervene laudata, Cambr. (Pl. I. fig. 3.) Walckengéra laudata, Cambr, Spiders of Dorset, p. 591.
I have again met with this spider during the summer of 1881 on Bloxworth Heath; and further examination leads me to remove it from the genus Walckenaéra to Nertene, to which last the position of the eyes appears to bring it nearer than to the former.
Genus WALCKENAERA, Bl.
Walckenaéra diceros, Cambr. Walckenaéra diceros, Cambr. Spiders of Dorset, p. 145, pl. iii. fig. 6.
On the 14th of April I met with an adult male of this exceedingly minute and rare spider among grass and weeds near the riverside at Hyde, near Bloxworth. I bad not met with it previously for more than twelve years. ‘The example now recorded differs from the type specimens only in being of a deeper, richer yellow-brown colour.
Walckenaéra penultima, sp.n. (PL. L. tig. 4.)
Adult male, length 7; of an inch.
The caput is slightly but roundly elevated; and in profile the spider has somewhat the look of Walckenaéra pumila, BL., the darker colouring of which species, however, as well as its very characteristic palpi and palpal organs, will prevent any contusion between the two. ‘he height of the clypeus is about equal to half that of the facial space ; and from just above each lateral pair of eyes a strong longitudinal tapering inden- tation runs back nearly to the occiput; a few bristly hairs are directed forwards trom just behind and within the ocular area, in the median line.
The colour of the cephalothorax is pale yellow margined by a fine black line, the elevated portion of the caput yellow- brown; the legs light yellow, strongly suffused with sooty- brownish on the tibiz and metatarsi, chiefly of the first and second pairs. ‘The abdomen is dull yellowish brown, sutfused towards and on the underside with a dusky brown hue.
8 Rev. O. P. Cambridge on British Spiders.
The eyes are very small, seated on small black spots, those of the fore central and two lateral pairs form a transverse curved row, each fore central eye being separated from the fore lateral next to it by an eye’s diameter. The eyes of the hind central pair are separated by rather more than a dia- meter’s interval, and, with those of the fore central pair (which are the smallest and nearly contiguous to each other), form a long narrow trapezoid, whose length is about double its width at the upper (or hinder) part.
The palp? are similar in colour to the legs, and ghort; the radial is shorter but stronger than the cubital joint, and has its fore extremity on the upperside a little prominent, with two very small points at its most prominent part, one of these points (the largest) bemg obtuse and black, and the other acute and pale. The digital joint is small, oval; the palpal organs are simple, not much developed, and have a small, fine, black, curved, filiform spine at their extremity.
The falces are rather weak, straight, and slightly inclined backwards towards the labium.
The /egs are short, tolerably strong; the tibie only a little less strong than the femora; they are furnished with coarsish hairs and a few erect bristles.
The sternum is convexly prominent, margined narrowly with black, and strongly suffused with dusky brown. It is of a short heart-shape or somewhat subtriangular.
The abdomen is oval, and projects considerably over the base of the thorax.
An adult and an immature male of this spider (which in colours nearly resembles Walckenaéra ludicra, Cambr.) were found among heather on Bloxworth Heath, on the 8th and
29th of April, 1881.
Walckenaéra melanocephala, Cambr. (PI. I. fig. 5.) Walckenaéra melanocephala, Cambr. Spiders of Dorset, p. 596.
Three adult examples (two females and one male) were found on the 24th of July, 1881, among grass in paths in a wood at Bloxworth, where [I had found the typical examples in the same month of the previous year. It is perhaps one of the most striking species, from the strong contrast of its colours, among those found in Great Britain.
Walckenaéra mitis, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 6.) Length of the adult female 5, of an inch. The colour of the cephalothorax, legs, palpi, falces, maxilla,
Rey. O. P. Cambridge on British Spiders. 9
and labium is yellow-brown, the sternum yellowish, and the abdomen pale dull luteous.
The cephalothorax is of an oblong form, slightly rounded at each end, the hinder part being rather broader than the fore part. The normal indentations are indistinct, and the lateral constriction of the caput very slight. The height of the clypeus equals, or is perhaps rather “Jess than, half that of the facial space.
The eyes are small, in two curved rows, forming a tolerably compact transverse oval figure. ‘The posterior row is the longest and most curved, and its eyes are equally separated from each other by about an eye’s diameter; those of the lateral pairs are rather the largest. The fore central pair are very minute and, with the hind centrals, form a trapezoid, whose length is a little greater than its breadth at the hinder part, and the anterior side is much the narrowest.
The legs are short and slender, 4, 1, 2,3, the difference be- tween those of the first and fourth pairs being very shght.
The falces are of moderate size and strength, straight and vertical,
The mazille are short, strong, straight, and obliquely trun- cated at their extremity on the outer side.
The labium is short and semicircular.
The abdomen is oval, bluff at the hinder extremity, consi- derably convex on the upperside, and projects a good deal over the base of the cephalothorax. The genital aperture is of characteristic structure, and is comprised in a rather large dark yellow-brown and blackish horseshoe-shaped area, form- ing a very conspicuous object in contrast to the pale colour of the abdomen.
Four examples of this little spider were found among moss near Bloxworth on the 29th of April, 1881.
It seems to be allied to W. ingrata, Cambr., but may be easily distinguished by the form and colour of the genital aperture.
Walckenaéra miser, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 7.)
Length of the adult female 1 line.
The colour of the cephalothorax is dull yellow (slightly tinged with orange-brown) margined with a black line, and more or less suffused on the sides (towards the margins) and at the thoracic junction with blackish. All the rest of the fore part is also of a similar colour, excepting the tibix of the first and second pairs of legs, which are deep yellow-brown, and the sternum, which is strongly suffused with bl ackish brown. ‘The metatarsi also of the legs above mentioned are suffused, but less strongly, with yellow-brown.
10 Rev. O. P. Cambridge on British Spiders.
The caput is broadish and bluff before, and slightly con- stricted on the lateral margins. Looked at in profile the occi- pital region is very slightly but perceptibly and roundly raised, just sufficiently so to interrupt the even curve of the general profile-line ; at the posterior part of the occiput is a small blackish suffusion, into which a suffused line of a similar colour runs from each hind lateral eye.
The height of the clypeus is rather less than half that of the facial space.
The eyes are of moderate size, seated on black spots, and form a largish area on the anterior upper slope of the caput ; the posterior row is the longest and very strongly curved, the anterior row being very nearly straight. ‘The intervals between the eyes of the posterior row are similar, being each equal to about an eye’s diameter. ‘Those of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a slight tubercle.
The legs are strongish but not very long, nor greatly un- equal in length, furnished with hairs and a few fine erect bristles ; 4, 1, 2, 3.
The falces are moderate in length, strong, straight, and ver- tical; armed with a few very minute teeth on each side of the groove in which the fang les when at rest.
The maxille, labium, and sternum do not present any note- worthy characters.
The abdomen is oval, and projects strongly over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a dull brownish-yellow colour, the sides and underpart more or less suffused with blackish brown ; and it is thinly clothed with short fine hairs.
The genital aperture is inconspicuous and very simple in form, consisting of a small oblong aperture with an oblique
narrow oblong-oval dark brown marking on each side of it,
probably legos the position, beneath, of the spermathece.
An example of this spider was found among moss in October 1879, at Bloxworth ; and another has been since re- ceived from Northumberland. It does not appear to me to belong to any species of which the male has yet been described and its colours and torm rendering it a characteristic species, I am induced to describe it as new.
If it were not that the eyes are so much larger, I should have considered that it might be the female of W. penultima,
to which in colours it bears a strong resemblance.
Genus Linyputa, Latr. Linyphia pallida, Cambr.
Linyphia pallida, Cambr. Spulers of Dorset, p. 216; aud Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. p. 435, p. lvi. no. 26.
In June 1880, and again in June and July 1881, I have
Rev. O. P. Cambridge on British Spiders. 11
found several examples of both sexes of this very distinct species, among grass and low herbage, in woods at Bloxworth. I had not met with it since March 1867. An adult male was also found at Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, in June 1881, by Mr. F. M. Campbell.
Linyphia experta, Cambr. Linyphia experta, Cambr. Spiders of Dorset, p. 203; and Trans, Linn. Soc. xxvii. p. 429, pl. lv. no. 23.
Adults of both sexes in some abundance occurred in a swamp near Bloxworth, in November 1881. The only ex- ample (a male) before recorded in this district, occurred in the village schoolroom at Bloxworth, in December 1867, brought in probably among the turf and sticks used for fuel. Several examples were subsequently received from Mr. James Hardy, by whom they were found in Berwickshire.
Linyphia approximata, Cambr. Linyphia approximata, Camby. Spiders of Dorset, p, 199; and Linn. Trans, xxvii. p. 424, pl. ly. no. 19.
I have not met with this spider since its first discovery in May 1863, until May 1, 1880, and also during the present year (1881), when in May, and again in September and November, I found several adults of both sexes in another part of the same marsh where it had previously occurred. Adults would probably be obtained in mild weather during the whole winter.
I'am. Epeiride. Genus EPErra.
Epetra alsine, Walck.
Epewa alsine, Walck., Cambr. Spiders of Dorset, p. 530.
An adult male of this handsome spider was found among rushes in a marshy spot near Bloxworth, on the 27th of August 18815; and a few days later another adult of the same sex, with an immature female, were met with among low plants in Berewood, adjoining Bloxworth. ‘This is the first record of the male in Great Britain, and of the occurrence of the species in this district.
The only examples previously recorded were found near Tring, in Hertfordshire, some years ago.
12 Rev. O. P. Cambridge on British Spiders.
Fam. Thomiside.
Genus PHitopromus, Walck.
Philodromus elegans, Bl.
Philodromus elegans, Bl, Spid. Great Brit. & Ivel. p. 94, pl. v. fig. 57 ; Cambr. Spiders of Dorset, p. 554.
This fine Philodromus has been unusually abundant during the past autumn (1881) on Bloxworth Heath; but, although J have examined numerous examples from time to time up to the 1st of November, no male in the adult state has been yet met with. Some few of the females were adult on the 17th and 31st of October ; but all the males had the digital joints of the palpi still in a tumid state. On the day last mentioned I placed four males alive in separate bottles, and have since fed them with flies; they are up to the present time (December 5th) well and active ; but the palpal organs are still undeveloped, leading me to conclude that they do not attain complete matu- rity until the early spring.
List of Spiders noted and described.
Clubiona cerulescens, LZ. Koch, Neriene laudata, Cambr., p. 7, Pll.
2 Amphissa (g. n.) spinigera, Cambr., Pyoqell dis. Hahnia helveola, Svm., p. 3. Dipcena melanogaster, C. L. Koch, ae: Reeronis flavomaculata, C. L. Koch, 24, Neriene innotabilis, Cambr., p. 4. —— agrestis, Bl., p. 4, Pl. I. fig. 2. excisa, Cambr., p. 6. uncata, Cambr., p. 6. —— formidabilis, Cambr., p. 6. lapidicola, Thor., p. 6.
fig. 3. Walckenaéra diceros, Cambr ., p. 7. penultima, sp. n., p. 7, Pl. I. fig. 4. melanocephala, Cambr., p.8, Ned eg) Ea teats —- mitis, sp. n., p. 8, Pl. I. fig. 6. miser, 6p. D.,. ps9, lee HOS he Linyphia pallida, Cambr., p. 10. experta, Cambr., p. 11. approximata, Cambr., p. 11. Epeira alsine, Walck., p. 11. Philodromus elegans, L7., p. 12.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Fig. 1. Amphissa (g. n.) spinigera, Cambr., 3.
a, spider, enlarged ; 6, pro-
file of cephalothorax and abdomen; c, eyes and falces, from in front; d, maxille and labium; e, left leg of third pair, from the outer side; f, portion of left palpus, from above and behind ; g,
natural length of spider.
Fig. 2.a. Neriene fasca, Bl., genital aperture of female. Fig. 2b. Neriene agrestis, Bl., genital aperture of female.
Fig. 3. Neriene laudata, Cambr., 3.
a, profile of cephalothorax and
abdomen, greatly enlarged; 6, outline of ditto from above; e, fore part of caput and eyes of male, from above and behind; d, right palpus of male, from outer side in front; e, ditto, from
On Japanese and Corean Lepidoptera. 13
inner side in front and turned upwards; f, genital aperture of female ; g, natural length of spider ( ¢).
Fig. 4. Walckenaéra penultima, sp. n., 3. a, profile of cephalothorax and fore part of abdomen, oreatly enlarged ; b, fore part of caput and eyes, from above and behind; e¢, left palpus, from above and be- hind ; d, natural length of s vider.
Fig. 5. We alckenaéra melanocephala, Crate a, profile of cephalothorax and abdomen of male, much enlarged; 6, cephalothorax of male, showing form of caput and eyes, from above and behind; ¢, pro- file of cephalothorax of female ; d, eyes and falces of female from in front; e, right palpus of male inverted, from outer side in front; 7, genital aperture of female; g, natural length of spider (d).
Fig.6. Walckenaéra mitis, sp.n., 9. a, profile of cephalothorax and ab- domen, much enlarged; 6, cephalothorax from above and behind ; c, eyes, from in front ; d, genital aperture ; e, natural length of spider.
Fig. 7. Walckenaéra miser, sp.n., 2. a, cephalothorax and fore part of abdomen, in profile, much enlarged ; 6, outline of cephalothorax and abdomen, from above; ¢, fore part of caput and eyes, from above ; d, eyes, from in front; e, genital aperture; f, natural length of spider.
Wl—On Lepidoptera collected in Japan and the Corea by Mr. W. Wykeham Perry. By ArtHuR G. BUTLER, PS BeZ. 8.
Mr. W. Wykenam Perry, of H.M.S. ‘ Iron Duke,’ has re- cently sent to the Museum an interesting series of Lepido- ptera (all, with two exceptions, referable to the Rhopalocera), collected by himself in Hakodaté, Yokohama, Kobé, and at Posiette Bay, Corea, during the present year.
Although the species obtained in Japan exhibit the ordi-
nary features of all small collections received from these islands, it is nevertheless interesting to us to obtain, for the first time, specimens from Kobé. But the most important portion of this consignment is the series from Posiette Bay, as giving us some idea of the Lepidopterous fauna of the Corea ; it represents a combination of Japanese, European, and Chinese features which is most instructive.
If any lepidopterist should assert (upon the authority of specimens not received direct from collectors, but purchased through dealers) that the species of Japan and Amur- land are for the most part identical, Mr. Perry’s Corean series must present a difficulty to be solved, It contains, in several instances, Japanese and European types of closely allied species side by side ; and those forms which are common in Eastern Siberia seem to be equally abundant in N.E
14 Mr. A. G. Butler on Japanese
Corea; those forms which have their representatives in Japan are more worn and rubbed than the typical Japanese species occurring with them, thus indicating that their time of emer- gence from the pupa is earlier. ‘The fresher species are chiefly females, the males having not yet emerged when Mr. Perry left the country.
For my part, knowing that Lepidoptera said to come from the Amur fetch a higher price than their allies from Japan, I should at all times receive with the greatest caution any state- ment of the identity of specimens the history of which was not beyond all question.
The following is a list of the species :—
Nymphalide. SATYRINE.
1. Satyrus dryas. Papilio dryas, Scopoli, Ent, Carn, p. 153, fig. 429 (1763). Posiette Bay, Corea, N.E., August 1881.
2. Satyrus bipunctatus. Satyrus bipunctatus, Motschulsky, Etudes Entom. ix. p. 29 (1860). Hakodaté and Kobé, in July ; Yokohama and Posiette Bay, Corea, in August. 3. Satyrus hyperantus. Papilio hyperantus, Linneus, Fauna Suecica, p. 278 (1761).
Posiette Bay, Corea, N.E., August 1881.
4, Satyrus ocellatus, sp. n.
2. Nearly allied to S. hyperantus, but with all the ocelli of about three times the size; those on the under surface with confluent irides and oval in form. LExpanse of wings 2 inches.
Posiette Bay, Corea.
Although the ocelli in S. hyperantus are very variable, this variation is in a decreasing direction from the normal condi- tion; I have never seen them enlarged so as to give the insect the aspect of a Mycalesis or Ypthima; and therefore I have thought it best to give this form a name.
5. Neope Fentont.
Neope Fentoni, Butler, Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 4, vol. xix. pl. xci. (1877).
3 ¢. Posiette Bay, Corea.
and Corean Lepidoptera. 15
The male has the under surface of the secondaries coloured exactly as in Ménétriés’s figure of the female.
6. Lethe sicelis. Debis sicelis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii, Ded. pl. i. fig. 3 (1862),
Yokohama, August 1881.
Two very "much worn female examples were obtained, proving that its time of appearance must be much earlier i in the year.
7. Sadarga gotama. Mycalesis gotama, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E, I. Comp. i. p. 232 (1857). Yokohama, August. 8. Ypthima argus. Ypthima argus, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 56 (1866). Hakodaté (July) ; Yokohama (August).
9. Melanargita halimede.
Arge halimede, Ménétriés, Bull. Acad. Petr. xvil. p. 216 (1859); Schrenck’s Reisen, ii. p. 87, pl. ili. figs. 6, 7 (1859).
Twelve examples, Posiette Bay, N.E. Corea, in August.
Of the specimens obtained nine are perfectly typical ; but three (two males and a female) are somewhat melanized, so as to show a tendency to approach the Chinese species J/. ‘mert- dionalis ; the differences on both surfaces, however, are too strongly marked to permit one for a moment to think of re- garding them as truly intermediate forms; they still exhibit the characteristics of J. halimede.
NYMPHALINE.
10. Argynnis coreana, sp. n.
Nearly allied to A. nerippe of Felder, but the sexes more, equal in size ; the black spots on both surfaces of both sexes considerably smaller, those upon the median interspaces of the primaries not guadrate on either surface; ground-colouring paler; male with the thickened sexual patch upon the first median branch very broad and prominent, and the submar- ginal spots isolated instead of united into a band as on the female ; on the under surface also all the spots are smaller, the silvery spots less prominent, and the discal ocelloid spots of the secondaries very small and dull in colouring; the female is altogether duller, has the bases of the wings above of an altogether greener colour, with the black lines on the basal
16 Mr. A. G. Butler on Japanese
area thicker, the submarginal pale spots whiter, the secon- daries with a black spot on the radial instead of on the sub- costal interspace, thus making an uninterrupted series of four spots ; the apical area of primaries and the whole ground- colour of the secondaries dull olive- green; the silver spots on the primaries better formed, and those on the secondaries larger than in Yokohama fernales, although decidedly smaller than in Nikko females of A. nerippe. Hxpanse of wings, 3 3 inches, ? 3 inches 4 lines.
Two males, Posiette Bay, N.E. Corea; one female, Hako- daté.
The form of this species is somewhat different from that of A. nerippe (seven fine examples of which are before me), the wings being somewhat more elongated and the costa of prima-
ries ‘consequently less arched.
11. Argynnis japonica. Argynnis laodice, var. japonica, Ménétriés, Cat. Acad. Petr. Lep. ii. p- 102, pl. x. fig. 3 (1857). Six males, Hakodaté ; six females, Posiette Bay, Corea.
12. Argynnis laodice. Papilio laodice, Pallas, Reise, i. App. p. 470 (1771). Two males and three females, Posiette Bay, N.E. Corea.
13. Argynnis rabdia. Argynnis rabdia, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xix. p. 93 (1877). Two females, Posiette Bay, N.E. Corea.
14. Argynnis daphne, var. fumida.
Differs from the Huropean type in its duller and more smoky colouring and larger black spots on both surfaces ; it is, how- ever, of the same size, and therefore considerably smaller than ‘A. rabdia, from which it differs also in its duller coloration.
Two females, Posiette Bay, N.E. Corea.
We have the male of this form from Yesso.
15. Brenthis Perryt, sp. n.
¢. Allied to B. selene, but larger, and with all the black markings on both surfaces considerably larger and broader, more like those of Argynnis oscarus, the eround- colour richer (but not red as in Eversmann’s s figure of A. oscar us) ; the silver spots on the under surface more metallic ; the apical red-brown patch of the primaries and the two large : patches on the apical
and Corean Lepidoptera. 17
and anal ‘areas of secondaries much broader and darker Ex- panse of wings 1 inch’9 lines. Posiette Bay, N.E. Corea, August. 16. Limenitis sibilla. Papilio sibilla, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 781 (1767). Hakodaté, July.
Lycenide.
17. Everes hellotia.
Lycena hellotia, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. ii. p. 124, pl. x. fiz. 6 (1857).
Hakodaté and Kobé, July.
18. Lycena ladonides. Lycena ladonides, De VOrza, Lép. Jap. p. 20 (1869). Kobé, July; Yokohama, August.
19. Lycena argia.
Lycena argia, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr, Lep. ii. p. 125, pl. x. fig. 7 (1857).
Hakodaté and Kobé, July ; Yokohama, August. The specimens, though numerous, were for the most part much worn.
20. Lycena egon. Lycena egon, Denis, Wien. Verz. p. 185 (1776).
One worn female, Posiette Bay, N.E. Corea.
21. Lyccena lycormas.
Polyommatus lycormas, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. ix. p. 57 (1866).
One worn male, Yokohama, August.
22. Niphanda fusca.
Q. Thecla fusca, Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N.-China’s, p. 9 (1853) ; Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. i. pl. iv. fig. 5 (1855). Q. Amblypodia fusca, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Pét. iii. p. 469 (1861). oF gaa dispar, Bremer, Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 24, pl. in. fig. 4 64).
One male, Posiette Bay, Corea.
23. Chrysophanus timeus. Papilio timeus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 186 EF (1779). Hakodaté and Kobé, in July. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. ix. 2
18 Mr. A. G. Butler on Japanese
Papilionide. Prrrinz.
24. Terias suava. Terias suava, Boisduyal, Sp. Gén. i. p. 670 (1836). One male, Yokohama, in August. A narrow-winged Chinese species.
25. Terias Mariesti. Terias Marvesti, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1880, p. 198. One female, Yokohama, in August. It is singular that the rarer sex only of this species should have been obtained.
26. Terias Hobsont. Terias Hobsont, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 668. Two females, taken in Yokohama in August. This species has hitherto only been known to occur in For- mosa, 27. Colias poliographus. Colas poliographus, Motschulsky, Etudes Entom., ix. p. 29 (1860). Hakodaté and Kobé, July.
28. Colias simoda.
Colias simoda, De VOrza, Lép. Jap. p. 16 (1869).
Hakodaté, in July.
This Colias is difficult to separate from the preceding when one has a large series to examine, owing to the tendency to hybridization known to exist between close allies in this genus; typical examples of the two torms are readily recog- nizable. It is of course possible that C. poliographus and C. simoda may belong to one variable species ; but they must be carefully reared from the egg before one can with fairness assert their identity.
29. Ganoris crucivora. Pieris brassice, var. crucivora, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 522 (1836). A pair taken at Hakodaté in July.
30. Ganoris dulcinea, sp. n.
Most nearly allied to G. megamera of Japan, but very
and Corean Lepidoptera. 19
distinct. Wings above milk-white, with the veins very slenderly grey, ‘put darker towards the apical margins: pri- maries with slender black costal margin ; the basal ‘two fifths of the costal border irrorated with blackish scales; a pyrami- dal greyish-brown apical patch, divided by white internervular lines into four decreasing spots; a slightly blacker spot just beyond the middle of the second median interspace ; veins at base of all the wings edged with blackish scales: body blue-
° black ; thorax clothed with bluish- -grey hairs; abdomen grey
) at the sides. Under surface milk-white, the wings with
dusky veins: primaries with the spot upon the second median interspace nearly as above, but slightly browner; a second larger and oblique spot across the fourth fitth of the interno- median interspace ; costal border slightly greyish towards the base; no apical markings : : secondaries with the costal border
at base slightly tinted with pale buff. Ixpanse of wings
2 inches 4 lines. Posiette Bay, N.E. Corea, in August. This species i ffors from Al its ilies in the character of the
apical markings of the primaries above.
31. Leptosia amurensis.
Leucophasia amurensis, Ménétriés, Bull. Acad. Pét. xvii. p. 215 (1859) ; Schreuck’s Reisen, ii. p. 15, pl. i. figs. 4, 5 (1859).
Posiette Bay, N.E. Corea, in August. 32. Leptosia Morset. Leptosia Morsei, Fenton, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1831. @, Hakodaté, in July.
PAPILIONINE. 33. Papilio teredon. Papiho teredon, Felder, Reise der Noy. Lep. i. p. 61 (1865).
Yokohama, in August.
34. Papilio hippocrates. Papilio hippocrates, Felder, Verh. zool.-botan, Ges. Wien, xiv. p. 314. n, 356 (1864).
Yokohama, in August.
bo 4
20 Rev. T. Hincks on the Polyzoan Avicularium.
Hesperiide.
35. Pamphila venata. Hesperia venata, Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N.-China’s, p. 19.(1853). Pamphila venata, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. 1. pl. v. fig. 7 (1859).
&, Posiette Bay, Corea, and Yokohama; ¢ ¢ , Hakodaté.
36. Pamphila sylvatica. Pamphila sylvatica, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Pét. iii. p. 474 (1861); Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 34, pl. iil. fig. 10 (1864). Posiette Bay, Corea.
HETEROCERA.
Chalccsiide.
37. Pidorus atratus. Pidorus atratus, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xx. p. 402 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 9, pl. xxii. fig. 9 (1878). Yokohama, in August.
Lithosiide.
38. Setina micans.
Setina micans, Bremer & Grey, Schmett. N.-China’s, p. 15 (1853),
Posiette Bay, N.E. Corea.
The description by Bremer does not give a good idea of the general colouring of the upper surface; he speaks of it thus, “ Corpore et alis ex flavo albido-micantibus,” and later on as cs shining yellowish white,” whereas the primaries are shining white, with pale buff borders, and the secondaries pale buff; the thorax is also white; the head, collar, and abdomen buff, Notwithstanding this incorrect or, at least, imperfect deserip- tion of the ground-colour, every thing else in the description is so exact that I cannot doubt that the species before me is Bremer’s insect. We have a large female (12 inch in ex- panse) from Pekin.
Ill.—On certain remarkable Modifications of the Avicu-
larium in a Species of Polyzoon ; and on the Relation of the Vibraculum to the Avicularium. By the Rev. Tuomas Hincxs, B.A., F.R.S.
THE homology between the curious avicularian appendage which is present on so many of the Cheilostomata and the
Rev. T. Hincks on the Polyzoan Avicularium. 21
zocecium with its contained zooid has been amply demon- strated and is now generally admitted. Indeed the rudimen- tary or primary forms of the organ exhibit so slight an amount of divergence from the ordinary cells, that we have no diffi- culty in recognizing the morphological relationship between the two; and from this starting-point a Series of transitional forms conducts us to the most highly specialized term, in which the zocecial type is effectually masked. The true *¢ bird’s-head,” with its elaborate prehensile apparatus, its delicate tactile organ, and its half-rhythmical movement, is confined to a few genera; but between it and the earliest stage of the transformation (a slight modification of the oral valve) is interposed a multitude of forms, exhibiting a wonder- ful variety of structure, and discharging the important func- tion of defence in many diverse ways. The morphological line which leads up to the articulated and movable “ bird’s- head” is flanked by a host of branch lines, in which the development assumes many directions and culminates in very different structures. In a large proportion of these structures the prehensile faculty is very feebly manifested, if at all. The mandibular portion, which is the representative of the oral valve of the cell, is little fitted to seize intruders or to hold them in its grasp. In very many cases the hooked extremity, which distinguishes the “ bird’s-head”’ is altogether absent ; the mandible is rounded or spatulate, and works more like the lid of a box than as a seizing-organ. In such cases the de- fensive action must be limited, it would seem, to the opening and closing of the mandible, which may have a deterrent effect on unwelcome visitors. As the appendages are often developed in immense numbers over the colony, it is quite conceivable that the safety and comfort of the polypides may be largely promoted by their movements.
On the other hand, where only a single avicularium is pre- sent (as often happens), or the size is very diminutive, and the action of the mandible proportionately feeble and incon- spicuous, it is difficult to understand what useful office it can discharge.
In a considerable number of cases the mandible assumes < form which is still less compatible with any prehensile func- tion. ‘The pointed extremity is more or less elongated into a spine-like process, which projects beyond the fixed beak on which the movable jaw works. In some species (e. g. Schizo- porella vulgaris, Moll) this modification is carried to a great extent, and the result isa long and slender setiform appendage, which may help, as it sways to and fro, to keep off creatures or substances that would be injurious to the polypide. Occa-
22 Rev. T. Hincks on the Polyzoan Avicularium.
sionally this structure is varied by the development of a chiti- nous expansion along each side of the spine, by which it is converted into a kind of flapper.
The avicularium with more or less elongated mandible is a step towardsthe second of the appendicular organs with which the Cheilostomatou& Polyzoa are furnished, the vibraculum. The latter, in its most highly specialized form, is the termi- nus of one of the branch lines before referred to. ‘There can be no reasonable doubt that it is a derivative from the avicula- rium, and not an independent modification of the oral valve of the zocecium*; for the steps by which the one appendage passes into the other are easily traceable. The observations which I am about to record crown the evidence, by exhibiting within the history of a single species the leading stages of the trans- formation. ‘They also illustrate in a very striking way the instability of avicularian structure, and the liability to varia- tion which is one of its chief characteristics.
The criterion by which it has been proposed to distinguish the vibraculum from the avicularium (the absence of a beak) is, of course, a purely arbitrary one ; for the mandible takes on the specifically vibracular function before the beak has vanished. In the highest form of vibraculum the beak is’ retained, but is so modified as to supply a deep terminal notch or cleft, in which the seta is suspended without hindrance to the freedom of its play. In this form the function is most specific and is clearly defined; planted close to the orifice of the cell, its seta sweeps energetically at intervals over the front and dorsal surfaces, and helps to secure freedom of egress and action to the polypide.
I come now to the observations which it is the chief object of this paper to record.
Amongst the species in which the avicularium is furnished with an elongated mandible is the ubiquitous Microporella ciliata, Pallas, which has well nigh Fig. 1. accommodated itself to all climes and circum- stances. It exhibits, however, this peculiarity, that the condition is not constant: in some cases the avicularium is of the ordinary type (woodcut, fig. 1) ; i others the mandible is more or less prolonged into a straight and slender spine (woodcut, fig. 2). The prolongation is usually moderate ; and, so far as hitherto observed, it is an extension merely, without any further modification.
* Darwin, ‘ Origin of Species,’ 6th edit. p. 194.
Rev. T. Hincks on the Polyzoan Aviculartum. 23
But in specimens from the Queen Charlotte Islands, which have been placed in my hands by Dr. G. M.
Dawson, of the Canadian Geological Survey, the Fig. 2. appendage occurs in a very different guise : so far as the mandibular portion is concerned, its appear- ance is completely changed, and it is at gnce evi- dent that a very important structural modification has been effected. ‘The mandible has altogether lost its lid-like character, and is now a very tall membrano-chitinous appendage, commonly ex- ceeding in length the entire cell, broad at the base, and tapering off to a fine point above, where it is slightly curved (woodcut, fig. 3). The expanded trian- gular portion below, which represents the normal mandible, has undergone little change; but
its office now is to support the Fig. 3. vibraculoid appendage which I have described. Just above the point where the extremity of the true mandible begins to expand into the quasi-vibraculum, there are two small spinous projections; these mark the commencement of a mar- ginal extension of the vibraculum, which runs along each side from this point to the apex, diminish- ing in width as it approaches the top. This marginal increment curls upward, and gives a_ channelled appearance to the appendage. The whole structure is of a membrana- ceous character ; and there is always a slight twist near the base of it. When the transformed mandible is at rest on the fixed beak, the free portion of it occupies a suberect position.
The modification is not confined in this case to the man- dible, but extends to other elements of the structure. In the first place, the rising on which the organ is placed is much larger and more prominent than in the normal form, and recalls the vibracular cell which supports the movable seta in Mastigophora Hyndmanni. The beak also has undergone a change which, though slight in itself, is significant.
The anterior extremity, which in the normal condition is directed straight outwards, running to a point, is here more or less notched, and we have a distinct suggestion of the vibra+ cular cleft in which the seta of the more highly specialized
94 Rev. T. Hincks on the Polyzoan Avicularium.
forms is suspended. This modification, which is very slight in degree, secures to a corresponding extent a freer range of movement.
In this remarkable variety, then, the avicularium of the normal M, ciliata is replaced by a well-developed organ with vibracular function, which has made a considerable advance towards the structure of the most specialized vibracula. Placed as they are onthe summit of a considerable rising, at a short distance below the orifice, the tall sete command the whole of the oral tract; and their vigorous sweep must do much to prevent the accumulation of noxious matter within its bounds.
It should be mentioned that the ordinary forms of the species also occur somewhat abundantly on shells from the Queen Charlotte Islands. Another interesting modification occurs in the same species. On a large colony, obtained by Capt. Cawne Warren s probably from the coast of Ceylon or from Bass’s Straits, the avicularium is furnished with the spinous prolongation of the mandible, and along each side of the spine a delicate membranous expansion 1s developed (woodcut, fig. 4), which completely alters 1ts appearance and fits it for a new func- tion or for the discharge of the old one in a different way. ‘The avicularian jaws and the vibracular sete are replaced in this variety by the flapper; and these varied modifications are embraced within the life- -history of a single species.
We are already acquainted with the changes which occur in the radical fibres of the Polyzoa correspondent with diver- sities of habitat. When the sponge or other soft substance is the site of the colony, they develop a system of hooks, to act as grapnels; when the smooth, tough frond of the sea- weed, they elaborate adhesive disks for attachment. It would seem that a like ready adaptability to changes of cireum- stance is also characteristic of the avicularian appendages.
These observations, besides their morphological interest as throwing a clear light on the genealogy of the vibraculum, bring out very forcibly the instability of avicularian struc- ture, to which I have already referred; and in the presence of such facts as I have now adduced and others like them, I find myself unable to agree with those who assign a high value to the appendicular organs for purposes of classifi- cation.
On new Genera and Species of Coleoptera. 25
Summary.
In the Polyzoon Microporella ciliata, Pallas, the following forms of the avicularian organ occur :—
1. Ordinary avicularium with pointed beak.
2. Avicularium with the mandible elongated into a spine.
8, Avicularium with the spinous mandible supporting a membranous flapper.
4, Vibraculoid structure with tall, well-developed seta and partially-modified beak.
IV.—WNotes on Coleoptera, with Descriptions of new Genera and
Species*.—Part 1V. By Francis P. Pascoz, F.L.S. &e.
Most of the species described below have been in my collec- tion for many years. Haag-Rutenberg and Mr. F. Bates have during the time published many genera and species of Tenebrionide ; but as the former is no longer amongst us and the latter has given up the study, I have resumed the task of making known some of the many unpublished forms in my possession; and to them I have added a few from other groups. Drs. Horn and Leconte have given us excellent accounts of the United-States species; but they sternly refuse to look at any other forms than theirown. Dr. Horn finds fault with some of us for not studying the American species: but we cannot procure them; collections from the United States rarely or never come into the market; and American entomo- logists do not seem to care for any thing outside the States.
In this and former papers I have designedly avoided all recondite characters ; they are often only to be obtained by dissection, involving perhaps the destruction of the specimen ; and too often, to avoid this, characters which are found in one are assumed to exist in their near allies. ‘To give a ready clue to the name of the species is, I consider, the great object of descriptions.
List of Genera and Species. COLY DID As. ANTHRIBIDE. Dotieus (r. g.) palmaris. TEN EBRIONID AS, EUCNEMID. Gueare
Hylotastes terminatus. Apostethus (x. g.) terrenus.
Gempylodes superans,
* For Part IIL, see ‘ Annals,’ 1875, xv. p. 59.
26 Mire,
HELoPIN».
Blepegenes equestris. Telethrus (2. g.) ebeninus.
HELOPININ”!.
Micrantereus tentyrioides,
CNODALONINA.
Camaria chlorizans.
Paseoe on new Genera
Espites (n. g.) basalis. Diopethes (7. g.) arachnoides. Immedia (7. g.) occulta. Exapineus (n. g.) politus. STRONGYLIINE.
Aleyonotus (n. g.) iridescens.
CISTELIDA.
Prostenus militaris.
clandestina. iocerus.
decipiens, parilis. Calydonis (x. g.) refulgens. —— nitens.
cuprea. : lugubris.
Gempylodes superans.
G. fuscus, lateribus capitis ante oculos vix elevatis; antennis arti- culis ultimis modice transversis. Long. 53 lin.
Hab, Siam.
Dark dullish brown; head irregularly punctured, grooved on each side before the eyes; antennz with the seventh to the tenth joints transverse and slightly moniliform, last joint oblong-ovate, as long as the three preceding together ; pro- thorax less than twice as long as broad, finely punctured, with a narrow but deep longitudinal eroove ; elytra nearly four times as long as broad, “coarsely punctured, the alternate intervais strongly ribbed ; ‘abdomino-intercoxal process tri- angular; metasternum longitudinally grooved; abdominal segments finely punctured.
Gempylodes (Gempylus, Cuv. & Val., a genus of elongate- bodied fishes), described by me in the * Journal of Entomo- logy’ (ii. p. 132), was compared to Jecedanum, Er., unknown to me at that time, except from the author’s short generic description, but which Prof. Westwood afterwards identified with Guérin’s previously described Aprostoma, which that writer strangely referred to the Brenthidee. Aprostoma is re- markable, cnter alia, for its long tarsi, due principally to the basal joint.
LTylotastes terminatus.
H. niger, prothorace (medio antice lateribusque exceptis) et elytris (parte posteriore tertia excepta) miniaceis. Long, 6 lin.
Hab. Borneo (Sarawak).
Narrowly elongate, sides nearly parallel; head black, closely punctured ; antenne black, third and following joints to the tenth triangular , compressed, the last oblong and sub- trifid at the apex ; prothor ax not quite so long as broad,
and Species of Coleoptera. 2h
miniaceous, an anterior triangular spot and sides black; scu- tellum rounded behind ; elytra nearly four times as long as broad and rather narrower than the prothorax, miniaceous (except the apical third), each with five raised lines, the inter- vals gently concave; body beneath and legs dull black ; intermediate and posterior tarsi longer than their tibie.
This handsome species is covered with a dense silky pile ; H. formosus, de Bonv., the nearest ally of the few described species, has flabellate antenne (perhaps a sexual character), a more transverse prothorax, and the elytra violet-black, except at the (reddish) base.
DOTICUS.
Rostrum breve, transversum ; antenne infra oculos insertie, brevi- uscule, articulis duobus basalibus incrassatis, tertio ad sextum tenuibus, gradatim brevioribus, tribus ultimis clayam formantibus. Oculi rotundati. Prothorax transversus, postice latior, carina basali ad latera abbreviata. Llytra brevia, basi elevata, Pedes antici elongati; tarsi articulis duobus basalibus dilatatis, tertio perbrevi, profunde bilobo; pedes intermedii et postici brevius- culi; cove antice fere contigue.
Allied to Arwocerus, in all the characters of which it nearly agrees; but the remarkable length of the anterior legs with the broad basal and second joints of their tarsi, and the third joint very short and deeply embayed in the second, forbid its location in that genus.
Doticus palmaris.
D. breviusculus, fuscus, squamulis piliformibus griseis tectus; elytris basi nodosis. Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Queensland (Wide Bay).
Rather short, dark brown, covered with greyish hair-like scales; head flattish between the eyes, slightly convex behind ; eyes close to the prothorax; antenne not longer than the head and prothorax together, testaceous, the last three joints blackish, except at the base ; prothorax nearly twice as broad at the base as at the apex; elytra as broad as the prothorax at the base, narrowing slightly towards the apex, which is somewhat obtuse, striate, the alternate interstices slightly raised, the second and third forming together a well-marked elevation at the base ; third and fourth abdominal segments narrowed in the middle.
APOSTETHUS.
Caput transversum ; clypeus apice rotundatus, a capite discretus ; labrum quadratum, productum ; antenne apicem versus crassiores,
28 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera
articulo tertio elongato, 6°-10™ moniliformibus. Oculi angusti. Prothorax transversus, utrinque rotundatus, apice emarginatus. Elytra breviter ovata, angulis anticis rotundatis ; epiplewra inte- gra. Pedes subtenues ; tive curvatee, compress ; tarsi breves. Prosternum elevatum, fureatum. Metasternum pbrevissimum. Coxe postice subapproximatee.
From Opatrum this genus differs in its prominent oe forked prosternum, and extremely short metasternum. Achora* has a narrow clypeus, emarginate at the apex and hiding the labrum, straight tibie, and prosternum elevated but not
forked.
Apostethus terrenus.
A. obovatus, fuscus, indumento terreno indutus ; antennis extus pedi- busque fulvescentibus. Long. 43 lin.
Hab. Queensland (Port Bowen).
Obovate, moderately convex, brown, and covered by an earthy squamulose crust; head closely punctured, a deep curved groove separating the clypeus from it; antenne ful- vous towards the tip, the first joint only partially covered by the supraorbital ridge, the third joint as long as the two following together, last joint broadly ovate, pointed ; protho- rax Tanner dilated ct the sides, rugosely punctured, ‘the disk with three longitudinal impressions, anterior angles acute, slightly produced ; scutellum small, transversely triangular ; elytra about a ehird longer than broad, sulcate- -punctate, rah
puncture bearing a short seta,
Blepegenes equestris.
B. oblongus, nitide cupreus; capite prothoraceque muticis, hoc modice convexo, haud transyerso, utrinqgue angulato. Long. at ehin.:
Hab. New South Wales (Bellinger River).
Oblong, glossy copper; head unarmed, impunctate, a V- shaped impression between the eyes; neck black, granulate ; antenney with the third joint longest, the following (except the shorter fourth) subequal ; prothorax impunetate, mode- rately convex, nearly as long as broad, the sides forming a broad angle; scutellum small, transverse; elytra elliptic, rather flattish on the disk, striate, ineisnees at the sides
slightly raised. Notwithstanding the marked dissimilarity of the species
* Achora is synonymous with Prionotus, Muls., a name used long before by Cuvier fur a genus of fishes and by Laporte for a genus of Hemiptera.
and Species of Coleoptera. 29
from B. aruspex (the only exponent of the genus at present), I can find no character sufficient to warrant its separation, unless the remarkable armature of the head and prothorax of the latter be considered of generic importance. I had, how-
ever, at one time thought of proposing for it the generic name of Metriogonus.
TELETHRUS.
Caput transversum, pone oculos haud constrictum ; clypeus subpro- ductus, a capite sulco discretus; labrum parvum; antenne modice elongatie, articulis tertio quartoque equalibus, sequentibus plus minusve triangularibus, ultimo ovato. Prothorav rotundatus, convexus. Sevtellum nullum. Elytra breviuscula, basi protho- racis haud latiora; epiplewra angusta. Pedes mediocres ; tibie recta, anticee intus (apicem versus) dente unico instructie ; tars? breviusculi, antici articulis quatuor basalibus transversis, arcte applicatis. Metasternum brevissimum ; mesosternwm paulo exca- vatum. Processus intercoxalis latus, apice truncatus.
J place this genus near Jsolampus principally on account of the absence of a scutellum; in the broad abdomino-inter- coxal process it agrees with Spherotus and Osdara. The epipleure are not distinctly marked off from the elytra.
Telethrus ebeninus.
T. niger, nitidus ; capite prothoraceque impunctatis ; elytris striatis. Long. 5 lin.
Hab. Paré * (Santarem). Glossy black, especially the legs; head and prothorax im- a ) One punctate, the latter very convex, and about as broad as long the anterior half the largest ; pronotum marked off from the flanks by a slender raised line; elytra not much longer than y. : sence: S broad, very convex, slightly tapering near the apex, punctate- striate, the striae sharply defined, the punctures strong] : ? BG ty late aR ahha StY impressed and impinging on the interstices.
Micrantereus tentyrivides.
M. anguste ovatus, niger; prothorace confertim punctato ; elytris irregulariter et leviter tuberculatis; femoribus intermediis dente parvo instructis. Long. 54 lin.
Hab. Arabia (Yemen).
Narrowly ovate, black, scarcely shining; head and pro-
* Not always certain of the exact localities of many of the species, I have used the name Para for the lower province and Amazons for the
upper, the two great political divisions at present of the Amazons-yalley region.
30 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera
thorax closely punctured, the latter rather broader than long ; scutellum. very transverse; elytra crowded with small irre- gular tubercles, having more or less a reticulate character, the intervals punctured; intermediate femora with a small tooth towards the apex ; tarsi moderately elongate.
Of the described species, this comes nearest to the Senegal M. anomalus, Guér., but is much narrower (resembling in outline a Yentyria) and far less strongly and more closely tuberculate. It is at present the only Asiatic representative of the genus.
Camaria chlorizans.
C. oblonga, viridi-metallica, femoribus tibiisque cupreis ; antennis nigrescentibus ; elytris striatis. Long. 6 lin.
Hab. Pard (Santarem).
Oblong, metallic green; femora and tibiz coppery ; tarsi, except at the claw- joint, bluish black ; antennze blackish, the last five joints oblong, dilated ; prothorax transverse, finely punctured, well rounded at the anterior angles ; scutellum scutiform, yellowish; elytra striated, the strize indistinctly punctured.
In its coloration this species seems to be very distinct.
4 a tae Camarta clandestina. C. sat anguste oblonga, cuprea, prothorace transverso, lateribus parallels, angulis anticis obtuse rotundatis; elytris striatis. Long. 8 lin.
Hab. Pard (Santarem).
Rather narrowly oblong, coppery ; head between the eyes, including the clypeus, triangularly depressed, the triangle at the sides bounded by a raised line; antenne blackish, the terminal joints slightly thickened ; prothorax transverse, parallel at the sides, the anterior angles obtusely rounded, finely punctured, and dotted with pale purplish spots ; elytra striated, strize with indistinct oblong punctures ; intermediate and posterior tarsi elongate.
This species may be placed near C. nitida; it is remark- able for the sculpture of the head.
Camaria decipiens.
C. oblonga, cuprea; prothorace modice transverso, lateribus paulo angulisque anticis gradatim rotundatis; elytris striatis. Long. 8 lin.
Hab. Paré (Santarem). In general appearance similar to the preceding; but the
and Species of Coleoptera. BAL
flat triangular space between the eyes is not bounded by a raised line, the eyes are more widely apart, owing to the greater breadth of the head, the antenne have the seventh to the tenth joints transverse, the prothorax larger, with its sides gradually rounded from near the base, giving Hess pro- minence to the anterior angles, and the strive on the elytra more distinctly punctured. The intermediate and posterior tarsi are also shorter.
CALYDONIS.
Caput exsertum, transversum ; clypeus a capite haud discretus, apice integer ; labrum breve ; antenne breviuscule, gradatim crassiores. Prothorax transversus, lateribus fortiter marginatis. H/lytra ob- longa, apice integra. Pedes subelongati; femora haud clavata ; tibie vix curvatie ; tarse subtus dense pilosi, anteriores articulis tribus basalibus transversis, ultimo elongato, infra canaliculato. Processus abdomino-intercoxalis triangularis; mesosternuim antice V-formi excavatum.
This genus is allied to Camaria, but is differentiated by its short clypeus not marked off from the head, and by the trans- verse terminal joints of the antenne, which are consequently much shorter. The elytra are not striated as in Camarva, and are more parallel at the sides.
In the two species described below the tarsi are clothed be- neath with a dense silky ochreous pile.
Calydonis refulgens. C. oblonga, lete purpureo et viridi varians, antennis tarsisque nigris ;
articulis tertio quartoque antennarum brevibus, longitudine sequa-
libus. Long. 8-9 lin.
Hab, Amazons, Para.
Oblong, brilliant metallic purple and green, varying accord- ing to the light; head finely punctured, depressed below the eyes, which in certain positions show spots of rich purple ; antenne black, third and fourth joints oblong, the rest, except the last, transverse, all the joints coarsely punctured ; pro- thorax much narrower behind, finely punctured ; scutellum scutiform; elytra finely seriate-punctate; last joint of the intermediate tarsi shorter than the rest together.
Calydonis cuprea.
C. oblonga, cupreo-metallica ; capite antice haud depresso; arti- culis tertio quartoque magis elongatis. Long. 9 lin.
Hab. Par&
32 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera
Oblong, glossy metallic copper; head finely punctured, not depressed in front ; clypeus impunctate; antenne dark brown, moderately punctured, third and fourth joints oblong, equal, the rest, except the last, transverse ; prothorax much narrower behind, finely punctured; scutellum scutiform; elytra finely seriate-punctate ; last joint of the intermediate tarsi nearly as long as the rest together.
In this species the prothorax is more transverse and is more obtusely rounded at its anterior angles.
ESPITES.
Caput transversum, fere ad oculos inclusum; clypeus productus, apicem versus angustior, a capite sulco arcuato notatus ; labrum breve ; palpi maxillares articulo ultimo subtriangulari; antenne breviusculee, extus gradatim crassiores, articulo tertio longiore, 7°-10™ transverse triangularibus, ultimo breviter ovato. Pro- thorax transversus, apice vix emarginatus, basi bisinuatus, late- ribus bene marginatus, angulis posticis acutis. Z/ytra oblonga, quam prothorax paulo latiora; epipleura angusta. Pedes sat breves, tibiw sublineares ; tarsi breves, robusti. Prosternum pro- ductum ; mesosternum declive; metasternum elongatum, Pro- cessus intercoxalis subtriangularis, apice rotundatus.
This genus appears to be allied to Chartotheca, but diffe- rentiated, ¢nter alia, by its sloping mesosternum, short stout tarsi, and narrower clypeus. I have adopted Mr. I. Bates’s name (MS.).
Espites basalis.
E. oblongo-ovalis ; capite, prothorace pedibusque czeruleis; elytris colore variantibus, basi aureis, postice et ad suturam violaceis, medio purpureis ; corpore infra nigrescente. Long. 3 lin.
Hab. New Guinea (Saylee).
Oblong ovate ; head and prothorax shining light blue, the latter impunctate, its length more than half its breadth; scu- tellum triangular, blue; elytra varying in colour according to the light, but very brilliant, the base gold changing to coppery gold, the suture and sides posteriorly steel-blue varying to green, the middle and apex purple; antenne dark brown or blackish ; body beneath glossy black.
DIOPETHES.
Caput postice constrictum, in medio gibbosum ; clypeus latissimus, haud productus, antice rectus, a capite indistincte discretus ; labrum breve. Antenne breviuscule, articulis quinque ultimis transversis, ultimo apice late triangulari. Prothorax transversus, apice late emarginatus, postice angustior. Elytra subglobosa,
and Species of Coleoptera. 33
prothorace multo latiora ; epiplewra angusta, vix inflecta. Pedes mediocres ; tibiw arcuate; tarsi breves, lineares. Mesosternum leviter excavatum. Processus abdomino-intercoxalis triangularis.
This remarkable form (the globose elytra, with its closely apphed scutellum, rising high above the prothorax) perhaps finds its nearest ally in Spherotus, from which it may be distinguished, ¢nter alia, by its narrow intercoxal process and short tarsi. So far as I can make out from the parts én s¢tu, the jugulum is broad, not showing much of the maxilla, while the mentum is partially received into an emargination of its anterior border.
Diopethes arachnotdes,
D. breviter ovatus, vix nitidus, fuscus ; prothorace levigato ; elytris valde elevatis, grosse seriatim punctatis. Long. 23 lin.
Hab. Bahia.
Shortly ovate, the comparatively small transverse prothorax much narrower than the globular elytra, which are abruptly and considerably elevated, together with the scutellum, above the former; antenne a little longer than the head, rufous- brown, the first four joints not varying much in length, the ninth and tenth very transverse, the last semicircular; head slightly punctured ; prothorax narrower at the base, the pro- notum separated from the flanks by a very slightly raised line; each elytron with about eight rows of large punctures, the intervals considerably raised ; claw-joint of all the tarsi longer than the preceding together.
IMMEDIA.
Caput transversum, paulo exsertum ; clypeus breviter emarginatus, a capite vix discretus; labrum transversum, integrum; labium parvum, cordiforme. Antenne articulis 9° et 10° transversis, Pyo- thorax transversus. Hlytra rotundata, elevata ; epiplewra latis- sima, Metasternwm brevissimum. Ceteris ut in Cyrtosoma.
In its rounded form the exponent of this genus is more nearly allied to Cyrtosoma among Cnodalonine (to which it must be referred on account of its short metasternum) than to the elongate forms of the Helopine. It may be the Cxodalon minutum of Dejean’s catalogue, mentioned by Lacordaire when treating of Cyrtosoma.
Immedia occulta.
I, rotundata, valde convexa cuprea; elytris purpuratis, punctatis, punctis annulo viridi-metallico circumdatis. Long. 2 lin.
Hab. Bahia. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. ix. 3
34 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera
Rounded, very convex, copper-brown; elytra dark purple, seriate-punctate, each puncture sublinear and surrounded by a metallic-ereen ring ; head moderately punctured, an impressed line at the base of the antennary rigs; antenne gradually thicker, the third joint about half as long again as the fourth, the third triangular, ninth and tenth very transverse, the last rounded ; prothorax very short, sparingly punctured; scutel- lum triangular; elytra nearly as broad as long, epipleura very broad at the base, gradually narrower to the apex, seriate- punctate, each puncture surrounded with a greenish metallic ring (not noticeable without the aid of a lens) ; claw-joint nearly as long as (posterior tarsi) or longer than the preceding joints together.
EXAPINAUS.
Caput retractum, transversum ; clypeus apice integer, a capite in- distincte discretus ; labrum breve ; mentum subquadratum ; labowm cordiforme ; antenne verisimiliter apicem versus crassiores, sed articuli terminales quatuor desunt. Prothoraa transversus, apice emarginatus. lytra prothorace haud latiora, convexa. Pedes mediocres ; tidiw intermedi arcuate ; tarsi anteriores articulo basali rotundato et valde amphato. Processus abdomino-intercox- alis triangularis. Jesosternum V-formi excavatum.
This appears to me to be quite an isolated genus which perhaps may be best placed after Tetraphyllus. "The remark- ably dilated basal joint of the anterior tarsi is possibly only a sexual character. Beyond the above diagnosis the other cha- racters agree with the Cnodalonine as detined by Lacordaire.
Exapineus politus.
E. late obovatus, nitide fulvo-castaneus ; capite prothoraceque sub- tilissime punctatis; elytris seriatim minute punctatis. Long. 6 lin.
Hab. Amezons.
Broadly obovate, yellowish chestnut, highly polished ; the suture and base of the elytra a trifle paler, beneath darker ; head rather small, moderately transverse; third joint of the antenne nearly three times as long as the second, the fourth to the seventh elongate triangular, dark brown (the first three fulvous) ; prothorax more than twice as broad as long, very minutely punctured ; scutellum small, triangular; elytra about a half longer than broad, with rows of minute punctures ; fore tibie slightly curved, hind tibia straight.
and Species of Coleoptera. 35
ALCYONOTUS,
Caput transversum, exsertum; clypeus a capite haud discretus, apice subemarginatus ; labrum parvum ; antenne breves, articulis 1°-5™ oblongis, 6°-10™ transversim dilatatis, ultimo oblongo-rotun- dato. Pronotum subquadratum, a pleura linea elevata separatum. Elytra elongata; epipleura angusta. Prosternum elevatum ; me- sosternum antice excisum. Processus abdomino-intercoxalis an- guste triangularis. /vmora haud clavata; tibie breves, quatuor anteriores arcuate ; tars? infra dense pilosi, antici et intermedi articulis (ultimo excepto) transversis; unguiculis dentatis.
Camarimena, to which this genus may be approximated, is at once differentiated by the absence of a well-defined line separating the pronotum from the flanks of the prothorax. Miklin says of the pronotum, “ a pleuris interdum costa latiori separatum ;” but in the only reliable species (C. vardabilis)
the separation is only marked by a slight angle.
Alcyonotus tridescens.
A. elongatus, subcylindricus, nitide niger ; elytris viridi-purpura- scentibus; femoribus in medio fulvis. Long. 9 lin,
Hab. Cape-Coast Castle.
Elongate, subcylindrical, glossy black; elytra greenish purple, varying according to the light; femora fulvous, apex and base black; head finely punctured; antenne brownish
] towards the tip, the last five joints pubescent; prothorax longer than broad, the sides nearly parallel, the anterior angles rounded, very finely punctured; scutellum scutiform; elytra more than twice as long as broad, slightly rounded at the sides, minutely seriate-punctate, the intervals smooth, but with scattered very minute punctures; beneath very glossy black, the abdominal segments slightly striated longitudinally ; all the joints of the anterior and intermediate tarsi, except the last,
broadly dilated.
Prostenus militaris.
P. niger, opacus ; elytris coccineis; metasterno abdomineque chaly- beatis. Long. 5 lin.
Hab. Amazons.
Head, antenne, prothorax, and legs deep black and opaque; elytra rich scarlet ; metasternum and abdomen glossy steel- blue, short erect black hairs scattered over the body; joints of the antenne to the eighth inclusive gradually dilated ; pro- thorax transverse, well-rounded at the sides, obsoletely punc- tured; scutellum cordiform, black; elytra with broad and
shallow striz not visible without a lens. 3%
36 On new Genera and Species of Coleoptera.
No other described species is allied to this in colour. My specimens are from Ega, and, like others from the Amazons district, were collected by Mr. Bates, F.R.S.
Prostenus vocerus.
P. supra viridescenti-niger, infra pedibusque chalybeatis; antennis violaceis; prothorace transverso. Long. 53 lin.
Hab. Pard.
Above greenish or bluish black, beneath and legs steel- blue, antenne violet ; head rather sparingly punctured ; pro- thorax transverse, well rounded at the sides, closely and minutely punctured ; scutellum triangular ; elytra finely seriate- punctate, not striated; antenne with the eighth, ninth, and tenth joints broadest.
The prothorax is transverse as in the preceding and in P. periscelis, Perty, but differs from both im coloration, and structurally from the latter in the less dilated antennee.
Prostenus parilis,
P. supra cyaneo-niger, infra pedibusque chalybeatis ; antennis vio- laceis ; prothorace angustiore, paulo longiore quam latiore. Long. 52 lin,
Hab. Amazons.
Above dark bluish black, beneath and legs steel-blue; an- tenne violet; head closely punctured ; prothorax rather longer than broad, slightly incurved at the sides nearthe base, minutely and very closely punctured ; scutellum scutiform ; elytra finely seriate-punctate ; antenne with the eighth, ninth, and tenth joints broadest, the seventh shghtly dilated; imtermediate and posterior femora strongly clavate.
Allied to the preceding, but prothorax oblong, not trans- verse, and the intermediate and posterior femora strongly clavate.
Prostenus nitens.
P. angustior, nitide fuscus ; elytris nitidissime cupreo-fuscis ; an- tennis violaceis. Long. 43 lin.
Hab. Amazons (Ega).
Narrower, glossy brown, except the antenne and elytra ; the former violet, as long as the body, all the joints from the second flattened and gradually dilated to the ninth and tenth ; prothorax narrow, longer than broad; elytra very glossy copper-brown, depressed on the basal half and towards the suture concave, finely seriate-punctate; femora moderately clavate; tarsi elongate, slender.
A very distinct species.
On the ‘Travailleur’ Zoological Exploration. 37
Prostenus lugubris.
P. sat obscure niger, corpore infra pedibusque chalybeato-violaceis, illo fortiter punctato ; prothorace valde transyerso. Long. 5 lin.
Hab. Brazil (Morro Velho).
Black, rather opaque, body beneath and legs dark violet ; head closely punctured ; prothorax much broader than long, very closely punctured, each puncture with a small white scale at the base; scutellum cordiform; elytra minutely seriate-punctate, gradually broader posteriorly ; antenne black, coarsely punctured, the joints only moderately dilated, eighth, ninth, and tenth the most dilated ; femora moderately clavate.
In outline and general appearance this species may be ap- proximated to P. periscelis, but, tnter alia, is at once distin- guished by its broad prothorax.
V.—Summary Report upon a Zoological Exploration made in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic on board the ‘ Travailleur.’ By M. A. M1tne-EKpwarps *.
FURNISHED with every thing necessary for scientific investi- gations, the ‘ Travailleur’ quitted Rochefort on the 9th June last, and only returned there on the 19th August. During these seventy days of navigation, in which we traversed more than 2000 sea-leagues, we were in harbour only for the time strictly necessary for taking in coals and provisions at Cadiz, Marseilles, Villafranca, Ajaccio, Oran, Tangier, Lisbon, and Ferrol. All our time was employed in making soundings and dredgings ; but we shall refer in the first place only to those executed in the Mediterranean, afterwards taking up those of the Atlantic.
The first methodical investigations made at a considerable depth in the Mediterranean date from 1841, and are due to the naturalist Edward Forbes, who confined them to the /Egean, and did not get below a depth of 300 metres. In 1870 the ‘Porcupine’ only dredged upon the north coast of Africa; in 1875 M. Marion, off Marseilles, could not investi- gate the sea beyond 350 metres ; and thus the greatest depths remained almost unexplored ; and it was to their study that we devoted a part of the month of June and the whole of July.
* Translated by W.S. Dallas, F.L.S., from the ‘Comptes Rendus,’ 28th November and 5th December 1881, pp. 876 and 9381.
38 M. A. Milne-Edwards on the
In this way we accumulated rich collections, which were immediately submitted to investigation.
M. L. Vaillant undertook the examination of the Fishes and Sponges; M. E. Perrier took charge of the Echinoderms ; M. Marion of all the other zoophytes and the Annelids; M. P. Fischer of the Mollusca; Dr. Jullien of the Bryozoa; M. Terquem of the Ostracoda; M. de Folin and M. Schlum- berger of the Foraminifera and the Radiolaria; and M. Certes of the Infusoria and some other Protozoa. I reserved to myself the investigation of the Crustacea. M. Stanislas Meunier has determined some of the rocks torn by the dredge from the bed of the sea; and, finally, M. Périer, Professor in the School of Medicine and Pharmacy at Bordeaux, is to analyze the samples of the bottom. In the summary report, which I now lay before the Academy, I merely indicate the results obtained by the naturalists whose names I have just mentioned; it will therefore be easy to recognize the part that belongs to each of them.
As was the case last year, our dredgings only furnished us with a few fishes. At depths not exceeding 450 metres we took some Gobies, Phycis mediterranea, and several speci- mens of Plagusia lactea, a very rare species of Pleuronectide ; finally, at a distance of a few miles from Marseilles, at a depth of 1068 metres, the tangles brought up Argyropelecus hemi- gymnus.
A great number of Crustaceans which were known only from the Atlantic also inhabit the abysses of the Mediter- ranean. We have ascertained the existence there of Lispo- gnathus (Dorynchus) Thomsont, Norman, which is so abun- dant in the Bay of Biscay; of the Geryon which we had previously captured in the submarine valley of the north of Spain, which must be distinguished from the Norwegian Geryon tridens, and to which we have given the name of Geryon longipes; and of Lbalia nux, Norman ; Cymonomus (Ethusa) granulatus, Norman; Munida tenuimana, Sars ; Calocaris Macandrei, Bell; and Lophogaster typicus, Sars. Off Toulon, at 455 metres, we captured two new Oxyrhynchi, one of them belonging to the genus fleterocrypta of Stimpson (LHeterocrypta Marionis, A. M.-K.), which previously inclu- ded only three species, two belonging to America, and the third to Senegambia. The second is not very far from Ama- thia; we have called it Ergasticus Clouet, to commemorate at once the name of our ship* and that of Admiral Cloué, whose cooperation was most useful to our expedition.
* From é¢pyaotikés, laborious.
‘ Travailleur’ Zoological Exploration. 39
At the same depth, off Planier, we obtained a new species of the genus Galathodes, so abundantly represented in the great depths of West-Indian sea, and the existence of which in the Bay of Biscay we ascertained in 1880. This Gala- thodes (G. Marionis), like its congeners, is blind; its eyes exist, but have no pigment.
Among the Mollusca some remarkable species dredged at 550 metres within sight of Marseilles deserve to be cited, such as Pholadomya Loveni of the coast of Portugual, Limop- sis aurita, Terebratella septata of the Pliocene of Sicily, and a new species of Nassa. We give also a list of the species found at this depth *.
Between 500 and 2600 metres there are formed at certain points enormous accumulations of empty shells, Pteropods, and pelagic Heteropods, over a bed of very fine mud, in which live species of Nucula, Syndesmya, Leda, Nassa, Siphonentalis, and Dentalium; specimens of Xylophaga dorsalis, a species which often attacks the gutta percha of the telegraphic cables, are lodged in the fragments of drift-wood. On the shore of Morocco we collected Jodiola lutea, a species discovered in 1880 in the Bay of Biscay. Lastly, the sand and mud of the Barbary coast are full of small MJarginelle, such as characterize the shelly bottoms of Spain and Portugal.
The investigation of the Bryozoa of the great depths has been hitherto almost entirely neglected; and hence Dr. Jullien has found in the collections made by us many remarkable species which establish a passage between the fauna of the Mediterranean and that of the Atlantic. Some of them were previously represented only by forms regarded as peculiar to the Cretaceous deposits.
The Coelenterata include some interesting types; and their study has revealed facts which deserve mention. The Zoan- tharia Malacoderma only furnished a large Llyanthus with long non-retractile tentacles. ‘The Coralliaria are not nume- rous. Caryophyllia clavus was taken down to a depth of 300 metres. Dendrophyllia cornigera appeared off Ajaccio, forming banks at 540 metres; to its branches were attached
* Preropopa: Hyalea tridentata, H. vaginellina, Cleodora lanceolata. HETEROPODA: Carinaria mediterranea. GASTEROPODA: Trophon vaginatus, Chenopus Serresianus, Nassa limata, N. Edwardsii, sp. n., Emarginula fissura, Lingicula leptochila. ScapHorpopa: Dentalium agile, Siphonentalis quinquangularis, LAMELLIBRANCHIATA: Limopsis aurita, L. minuta, Arca pectunculoides, Malletia cuneata, Nucula sulcata, Pecten influens, P. Hoskynsii, Astarte sulcata, Isocardia cor, Venus multi- lamella, Newra cuspidata, N. abbreviata, Syndesmya longicallus, Pholado- mya Lovenit. Bracutopopa: Terebratella septata, Terebratula vitrea, Terebratulina caput-serpentis.
40 M. A. Milne-Edwards on the
some Caryophyllie identical with those collected in the Atlantic by the ‘ Travailleur.’ Several specimens of Desmo- phyllum crista-galli, resembling those of the Bay of Biscay, were collected by the ‘ Charente’ upon the telegraph cable at 450 metres; they were associated with Caryophyllia clavus and with Caryophyllia electrica, A. Milne-Edwards, which Dunean has lately redescribed under the name of C. Calvert. The coralligenous station of Cape Sicié (50-80 metres) gives shelter to numerous Annelids; but nearly all of them have already been indicated off Marseilles; one of them, Serpula crater, has been met with upon the telegraph cable down to a depth-of 1800 metres. We may also notice a small Gephy- rean which has not previously been found in the Mediterranean, namely Ocnesoma , Steenstrupii, the usual companion of the Brisinge in the Atlantic.
On two different occasions the dredge brought up specimens of Brisinga, which were certainly not numerous, and were of small dimensions when compared with those of the Atlantic ; but the presence in the Mediterranean of this magnificent star- fish, which has hitherto been thought peculiar to the cold and deep regions of the ocean, is an entirely unexpected fact. Our Brisinge were obtained between 550 and 2660 metres. We may also cite Archaster bifrons, which was supposed to be peculiar to the Atlantic, and a new species of Astertas (A. fichardi, Perrier), taken at 540 metres, endowed with the faculty ot reproducing by the division of its body into two parts.
During the whole of the expedition we collected samples of the bottom, which were treated with osmic acid and placed in well-closed tubes, to be afterwards submitted to the exami- nation of M. Certes. It was indeed interesting to ascertain whether Infusoria resembling or of different form from those of the surtace lived in the great depths. These organisms, how-
ever, were not met with; the soft Rhizopods, or those with chitimous carapace, which occur at the surface of the sea, are rare; finally, the examination of the finest granules never betrayed the existence of Bacteria or other Microbia. A sounding made between Nice and Corsica, at 2660 metres, furnished several small Actinophryes.
The study of the Foraminifera is far from being completed ; but the results already obtained show the variety of the species, and the existence of numerous oceanic types and forms known in the fossil state. One Foraminifer especially is of much interest, because, when young, it displays the form of a Cristellaria, and subsequently that of a Nodosarta. M. Schlumberger has described it under the name of Amphicoryna.
The Sponges are not at all abundant at great depths.
‘ Travailleur’ Zoological Exploration. 41
Beyond 600 metres and down to 2660 metres they were represented only by Tettl/e and Holtenia Carpentert. The latter species approaches much nearer the surface in the Mediterranean than in the Atlantic; we have ascertained its existence at 507 metres off Toulon; and in this zone it occurs with certain representatives of the littoral fauna, such as Polymastia mamillaris and Tethya lyncurium.
It results from our investigations that the Mediterranean must not be regarded as forming a distinct zoological province ; we believe that this inland sea has been populated by the immigration of animals coming from the ocean. These, finding in this recently-opened basin * a medium favourable to their existence, established themselves in it definitively ; and often their development and reproduction have taken place more actively than in their original locality. Near the shores especially the fauna exhibits a luxuriance which the other European coasts rarely present. One can easily under- stand that some of these animals, placed under novel biological conditions, have become slightly modified in size or in other external characters, which explains the slight differences existing between certain oceanic forms and the corresponding Mediterranean forms. If the primordial separation of the two faunas has been accepted, this is because the productions of the Mediterranean were compared with those of the North Sea, the English Channel, or the coasts of Brittany, whilst those of Portugal, Spain, Morocco, and Senegal ought to have been selected as terms of comparison. ‘The animals of these regions must, in fact, have been the first to emigrate towards the Mediterranean ; and in proportion as we know these faunas better, we see the differences which zoologists thought they could observe between them gradually disappear.
The explorations that we had made in the Mediterranean during the month of July necessitated some complementary researches in the Atlantic, especially on the coasts of Spain and Portugal; and the Minister of Marine authorized us to continue our dredgings on board the ‘ Travailleur’ during the month of August.
In the abyssal parts of the Atlantic, the bottom, instead of being uniformly covered by a thick bed of ooze, was of a very varied nature, and formed sometimes of compact limestone, sometimes of pebbles resembling Pyrenean rocks in their
* See, as to the period of the formation of the Mediterranean, Blan-
chard, “ La Géographie enseignée par la nature vivante ” (Bull. Assoe. Sci. France, July 7, 1878, p. 200).
42 M. A. Milne-Edwards on the
composition, sometimes of Nummulitic limestone, and some- times of an ooze almost exclusively composed of Foraminifera*. Near the northern coast of Spain numerous and for the most part unknown Corals had been developed at certain points, and at depths of more than 1000 metres, with marvel- lous luxuriance, sheltermg a whole population of Mollusca, Annelids, Crustacea, and Zoophytes. ‘lhe dredgings that we made in these spots reached depths which had never been ex- plored in European seas. On the 17th August, m the Bay of Biscay, in 44° 48’ 30" N. lat. and 7° 0’ 30” longitude west [of Paris], we dredged in a depth of 5100 metres, and met with numerous animals, of small size it is true, but some of them belonging to elevated groups, such as an Annelid, an Amphi- pod Crustacean, and three Ostracoda ; the other species, which were very various, belong to the groups Foraminifera and Radiolaria. The temperature of the stratum of water that rested upon this bottom of 5100 metres was 3°53 C. (387 oat.)
I have already said that generally the Fishes escaped our researches ; nevertheless off the coast of Portugal, in sight of Cape Espichel, at about 1200 metres, we took three very rare species of sharks, which never seem to quit the abysses of the ocean, namely Centrophorus squamosa, C. crepidalbus, and Centroscymnus caelolepis, which were described a few years ago by MM. Barboza du Bocage and Brito-Capello. Another fish, Mora mediterranea, was also captured under the same circumstances.
The collections of Crustacea are very abundant. Lispo- gnathus Thomsont, Norm., Seyramathia Carpentert, Norm., and CGeryon longipes were found at depths varying between 896 and 1225 metres. Bathynectes longispina, discovered by Stimpson off Guadeloupe, was met with by us off Cape Ortegal at about 900 metres. A Pagurid of the great depths seems to me to be identical with an American species (Hupa- gurus Jacobii, A. M.-l.)f.
The group Galatheide is numerously represented. In 1880 I indicated the existence of a Galathodes in the Bay of Biscay at 1950 metrest. Another species was captured this year on
* M. Schlumberger has found 116,000 Foraminifera in 1 cub. cent. of this mud.
+ This species is identical with Parapagurus pilosimanus, Smith.
{ Galathodes acutus, A. M.-E.—The rostrum is slender, pointed, and as long as the inner antennee. The carapace has two lateral spines, one at its anterior angle, the other, which is very small, behind the cervical groove. The second, third, and fourth segments of the abdomen are armed in the median line with a spine directed forward.
‘ Travailleur’ Zoological Exploration. 43
the north coast of Spain at 900 metres; like the preceding, it is blind *.
An Elasmonotust, also blind, found at 1068 metres off Oporto is very distinct from the four species of this genus which inhabit the American seas. A Diptychus also exists in Kuropean watersf.
Pontophilus norvegicus, Sars, supposed to be peculiar to the northern seas, occurred, associated with the preceding species and with another unknown spinous Pontophilus§. A Macruran of the family Hippolytide must form a new genus|l. Its eyes have no corneas, and are terminated by three small spines. The genus Acanthephyra, of which I have described several species from the West-Indian seas, has a representa- tive {| in the abysses of the ocean off the Berlingues at 2590 metres. Its colour, like that of the Gnathophausie, is a mag- nificent carmine red, A Pasiphaé which the dredge brought up from 900 metres presented exactly the same coloration. Among the most important acquisitions made in these same
* Galathodes rosaceus, A. M.-E.—The rostrum is broad and lamellar, and terminates anteriorly in three points, of which the median one is keeled above, and the lateral ones very short, The sides of the carapace are armed with four spines. The segments of the abdomen are rounded above. The arm and forearm of the chele bear a few spines; the hands are unarmed ; the colour is rosy.
+ Elasmonotus Vaillant, A. M.-E.—This species is well characterized by the arrangement of the gastric region, which is much elevated, and bears in front two small symmetrical points dominating the rostrum. The latter is short, simple, and pointed. The abdomen is keeled transversely, and armed upon the first two segments with a median projection bearing two little spines.
{t Diptychus rubrovittatus, A. M.-K.—This species differs from D. nitidus by its smaller eyes, its more widened and shorter carapace, its more triangular and less slender rostrum, and its stronger and more stumpy chele, Its colour is purplish rosy, marked on the chelee with lighter bands. (Brought up from a depth of 900 metres. )
§ Pontophilus Jacquet’, A. M.-E.—The body is larger and more thick- set than that of P. norvegicus; its rostrum is shorter and does not reach to the level of the corneze. A single median spine exists upon the cara- pace above the anterior cardiac lobe; two other lateral spines appear in tront of this. Lastly the branchial lobe also bears a spine.
|| Z2eéchardina spinicincta, A. M.-E.—The rostrum scarcely passes be- yond the basal joints of the outer antennze ; it bears twelve teeth above, and five below. The carapace bears, in front, on each side of the gastric region, three small spines, and a cincture of spicules behind the cervical groove. The feet of the first two pairs are didactyle; those of the last two pairs are multiarticulate and monodactyle.
{| Acanthephyra purpurea, A. M.-E.—The rostrum is slender, nearly straight, and bears nine teeth on its upper and five on its lower margin, The third segment of the abdomen is armed with a median posterior point directed backward. Another similar, but smaller, point exists on the fifth and the sixth segment.
44 M. A. Milne-Edwards on the
regions [ may note a Pycnogonidan living at 1918 metres,
and remarkable for its size*; with the legs extended it mea-
sured 0:25 metre. In its external characters it greatly
approaches Colossendets leptorhynchus, Heeck. It is the iant of the Pycnogonids of our seas.
The Mollusca were very numerously represented to the north of Spain; and several species were new. ‘The subjoined list will give a faint idea of this fauna; for the picking-out of the smaller species is not yet completed.
The Bryozoa form a notable proportion of the animals that we have found upon rocky and pebbly bottoms. ‘Twenty- seven species belonging to known genera, and ten which must be placed in new genera, have already been recognized by Dr. Jullien. Interesting facts arise out of their investigation. Seto- sella vulnerata presents ovicells only in the ereat depths of 1000 metres ; nearer the surface, whether in ‘the Mediterra- nean or near the Shetlands, it seems to be unable to reproduce. Another species of the same genus, S. /?ichardit, is distin- euished by the unicellulate arrangement of the zoarrum. We may also indicate Anarthropora monodon, Busk, Mucronella abyssicola, Norm., Schizoporella unicornis, and Jlucronella Peachii, Johnst., which had not been previously met with in these regions, and appeared only to exist either on the Shet- land coasts or in the American seas.
The collection of Coralliaria is especially remarkable for the abundance and beauty of the specimens belonging to the genera Lophohelia and Amphihelia. Lophohelia prolifera was dredged at about 1000 metres. Amphihelia oculata was ob- tained from the same station, as well as Amphthelia rostrata, Pourtales, previously known only in the West-Indian sea.
* Colossendets Villegentii, A. M.-E.—The rostrum is shorter than that of C. leptorhynchus; but the body i is longer.
+ PrERopopa: C uvieria, Spirialis, Hyalea, Cleodora, &c. GASTERO- Popa: Murex Richardi, sp. n., Trophon vaginatus, Columbella acute- costata, Marginella clandestina, Hela tenella, Trochus gemmulatus, Trochus Vaillantii (atlinis 7. Ottoi, Philippi, from the Tertiaries of Sicily), Zzy- phinus Folini, sp. n., Turbo filosus (identical with those from the Sicilian Tertiaries), Solariwn discus, Pyramidella mediterranea, Acteon exilis, Sca- phander punctostriatus. SCAPHOPODA: Siphonentalis quinquangularis, Dentalium agile. ULAMELLIBRANCHIATA: Spondylus Gussont, Tima Marionis, sp. n., Amusium lucidum, Pecien vitreus, P. Hoskynsi, Limopsis aurita, L. minuta, Arca nodulosa, Nucula sulcata, Malletia obtusa, M. cuneata, Neera rostrata, N. striata, Axinus ferrugineus, A. biplicatus, Lyonsia formosa, Syndesmya longicallus, &e. Bracuiopopa: Tere- bratella septata, Terebratulina tuberata, T. caput-serpentis, Terebratula sphenoida, Terebratula sp. (a very large species, of the size of 7. Wyvil- let, Davidson, from the Antarctic seas, and very nearly allied to 7’. ane from the Pliocene of Southern Italy), 2thynchonella sicula.
‘ Travailleur’? Zoological Exploration. 45
M. Marion indicates further a series of Desmophyllum crista- galli, and two new species of Caryophyllians—one that must be ranged among the true Caryophy/lie, while the other takes its place in the group of the Bathycyatht. The Hydroids, everywhere feebly represented, belong to northern forms (Dicoryne flexuosa, Sars, Lophotenia tenuis, Sars). <A species of Aglaophenia (A. Folinit) is new.
Among the Vermes we may indicate some fine Sipuncu- lians belonging to North-Atlantic types (Ocnesoma Steenstrupt, Sipunculus norvegicus). A Phascolion and an Aspidosiphon will have to be carefully compared with the species recently described by the naturalists of Christiania.
The Chetopod Annelids are not rare. One of the most remarkable is a large blind Hunice (Hunice amphihelic, Marion) found in a parchment-like tube, around which was developed a fine polypary of Amphihelia oculata. We may mention further a fine Arvcta allied to A. Kupfert, Ehl., a Euphrosyne, a Terebella, an Amphoretian, a Nereis, species of Polynoé, and a Vermilia, the tube of which is attached to Lophohelic.
All the Alcyonaria possess great interest. ‘There are :— 1. Funiculina quadrangularis, Pall. ; 2. Pennatula aculeata, Kor. & Dan.; 3. Kophobelemnon stelliferum, Miller; 4. Um- bellula ambiqua, Marion*, a very curious species, which closely approaches U. grandiflora, Koéli., from Kerguelen’s Land ; 5. Plevaura desiderata, Marion, found at 1094 metres, and not yet described ; 6. Muricea paucituberculata, Marion; 7. [sis (Mopsea) elongata, Ksper; 8. ‘Two very curious Gorgonide, the intermediate characters of which are very remarkable and which belong to new types.
The Echinodermata are very numerous; and among these animals the Stellerida possess a very marked predominance. The dredge brought up numerous fragments of Brisinga, and even a perfect example of this fine sea-star. M. Perrier has ascertamed that the arms undergo metamorphoses with age ; and their study proves that the genus Hymenodiscus is inti- mately related to the Brisinge.
Among the new species of Asteriidee we may indicate two Pedicellasteres (one with five, the other with six arms), and a very remarkable small sea-star which must form a genus under the name otf Hoplaster spinosus, Perrier. The Ophiu-
* This species differs from Umbellula Thomsont by having its sarco- soma destitute of calcareous sclerites. ‘The polyps are grouped, without any bilateral arrangement, upon a large intlation; there is no rhachis. The axis at its upper extremity forms a very wide and twisted lamina, so as to throw out all the polyps in a pendent bunch.
46 On the * Travailleur’ Zoological Exploration.
ride are represented by the genera Ophioglypha, Ophioderma, Ophiacantha, Ophiothrix, Amphiura, and Asteronyxe. A species remarkable for its short and raised arms was previ- ously unknown; it was found at 390 metres, and has been designated Astrophis pyramidalis. We may also cite nume- rous examples of Phormosoma, which seem to belong to two species—one identical with Phormosoma hystrix, Wyv. Th., and another that we found last year in the Bay of Biscay.
Sponges were collected in great numbers ; most of them, captured at more than 1000 metres, belong to the type Hex- actinellidee. We cannot here furnish a complete list of them. We may indicate several Farree, Aphrocallistes Bocaget, Holtenia Carpenter, Sympagella nux, Hyalonema lusitanicum, Pheronema Carpentert, and a magnificent specimen of Ae nema setubalense. Two fine specimens of Huplectella suberea were taken off the Berlingues at 3307 metres ; a little further north the dredge brought up a new species allied to the Meld- ingie, which has been named by M. Vaillant Parafieldingia socialis *,
In samples of the bottom from the Mediterranean M. Certes was unable to find any Infusoria; a sounding taken in the ocean at 1145 metres furnished him with an organism which may belong to that group and with a fine Euglypha of elon- gated form, resembling both in form and structure the fresh- water Difflugie described by Dr. Leidy.
In a report so brief as this I have only been able to indicate the most remarkable results acquired for science by the expe- dition of the ‘'Travailleur.’ It is possible, however, now to form some idea of the numerous materials for study that we have collected ; and it may be asserted, without fear of con- tradiction, that one could not now hope to gather so ample a harvest of new facts by exploring with ordinary means even the most distant regions of the globe. These submarine explorations promise still further revelations ; and we must continue them. It will not do for France to leave to others the care of studying the depths of the seas which bathe her shores; it is a task that belongs to her, and she must make its accomplishment a point of honour.
* The spherical spicular aggregations, instead of being enclosed in a spiculosarcodic tissue, as in the Fieldingic, are contained in a loose felted mass composed of long acicular sclerites.
On new Longicorn Coleoptera. 47
VI.—Descriptions of new Longicorn Coleoptera (Prionide and Lepturide) from Madagascar. By CHARLES O. WATERHOUSE.
Prionide.
Macrotoma gracilicornis, n. sp.
Elongata, parallela, angusta, brunnea, opaca; capite thoraceque rugosis, elytris dense granulatis, antennis gracilibus parce puuc- tatis, tibiis haud spinosis. <¢.
Long. 14 lin.
This is an elongate, narrow, light-brown species. An- tennee slender, scarcely reaching to the apex of the elytra; the basal joint thick, strongly and closely punctured; the third joint very long, as long as the fourth, fifth, and nearly half the sixth joints together, nearly cylindrical, sparingly punctured above, more closely at the side ; the fourth to eighth joints sparingly punctured ; the apex of the ninth and all the tenth and eleventh joints opaque and longitudinally finely striate; the eleventh joint is as long as the tenth and two thirds of the ninth together, it gradually becomes wider to rather beyond the middle, and then narrows to the apex and is unusually acuminate. The head is coarsely rugose, the eyes widely separated. Thorax closely and coarsely rugose, one third broader than long, moderately convex (with a short slight impression in the middle of the base), shghtly nar- rowed anteriorly, the sides very gently arcuate and with the rugosities appearing like irregular crenulations; the posterior angles furnished with an acute conical short tooth directed outwards and backwards. Llytra subparallel, thickly beset with minute slightly shining granules, more distinctly so at the base than at the apex; convex at the base, very slightly impressed between the shoulder and the scutellum; the apical angle with a small acute tooth. Anterior femora moderately asperate, but the asperities are not acute; the tibie sparingly punctured, the punctures closer along the margins. Inter- mediate legs smoother. Posterior femora sparingly punc- tured, with a few small acute asperities below; the tibia sparingly and finely punctured. Sterna fuscous. Abdomen ferruginous, with dusky margins to the segments, the apical segment scarcely emarginate.
Hab. Madagascar, Fianarantsoa.
The form of the apical joint of the antenne and the scarcely emarginate apical segment of the abdomen will be found useful characters in distinguishing this species.
48 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on
Macrotoma sodalis, Waterh.
This species was described from a single female example from Fianarantsoa (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1880, v. p. 413). The British Museum has just received three examples (two males and one female) which I think must be referred to this ae The female differs from the type in being larger,
194 lines long ; the thorax is rather less narrowed anteriorly, the sides have some short acute teeth ; ; and the spine at the posterior angle is curved and stronger than in the type.
The males differ from the female which accompanied them in having the legs more robust and the tarsi broader; the antenne extend nearly to the apex of the elytra; the basal joint is more robust, coarsely punctured ; the third joint is rather stout, a little narrowed to its apex, strongly and closely punctured, and beset with very short acute spines, especially below ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth joints are sparingly punc- tured, ‘the seventh more thickly punctured, the eighth to eleventh opaque and longitudinally channelled. The femora and tibie have the edges set with strong acute spines ; but the anterior femora have few or no spines above; the anterior tibia are opaque and rough.
One of the males has the spine at the posterior angle of the thorax straight and very acute; the other specimen has this spine stronger and curved. Length 15 lines.
All the specimens have the thorax sparingly clothed with yellowish pile, and the elytra beset with stiff hairs.
Supposing all these specimens to be referable to MZ. sodalis, the question now arises, how do the males differ from J/, obscura, Waterh. (lc. p. 410)? JL obscura was described from a single male al from Antananarivo, 22 lines long, and of a blackish colour. The males just received are smaller, brown, and have the anterior tibie furnished with comparatively few spines arranged in a single line on each edge; in JZ. obscura the spines are close together, and are
’] arranged in a double series on each edge. M. obscura and M., sodalis may hereafter prove to belong to the same species; but at present it appears better to
consider them distinct. Lepturide.
Anthribola femorata, n. sp.
Testaceo-brunnea, plus minusve ochraceo-pubescens ; capite thorace- que supra vittis duabus nigrescentibus, elytris (lateribus denu- datis evidenter sat crebre punctatis) sat brevibus, postice bene
new Longicorn Coleoptera. 49
attenuatis, paulo divaricatis, gutta humerali, altera sub humero, macula sub scutello et altera post medium nigris, fascia communi ante medium ochraceo-pubescente ; pedibus brunneis, femoribus incrassatis, subtus dente acuto armatis. ¢ 9.
Long. 6 lin.
Hab. Fianarantsoa (Rev. W. Deans Cowan). Brit. Mus.
In the ‘Annals & Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. xv. (1875) p. 414, I described a species, which I called Sagridola quinquemaculata, from a female example. Mr. H. W. Bates, in the ‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ (xiv. 1879, p. 251), described an allied species (for which he also proposed a new genus) under the name Anthribola decoratus, from an example which he queries as a female.
The species above described and the two species I have just alluded to are all very closely allied, and are very simi- larly coloured, although my S. guinguemaculata has the yellow spots much more clearly defined. Having now the sexes of two of the species, I am in a position to give charac- ters by which all three may be distinguished, as follows :—
A. quinquemaculata.—Of this species I have only seen the female. It has no black subbasal band on the elytra nor spot below the shoulder ; it has a quadrangular yellow spot at the apex of each, not extending up the suture. The sterna and legs are blackish brown, clothed with very short fine grey pubescence ; the tibize are very slender; the femora are only moderately thick, and have no tooth below. The apical seg- ment of the abdomen below is acuminate, very shining, sparingly and very delicately punctured.
The specimen which I mentioned as the male of this species in the ‘Annals’ for March 1880 (p. 215) belongs to the following species.
A. decorata.—This has a black subbasal band across the elytra, sometimes interrupted, but leaving a black spot below the shoulder; the yellow at the apex forms a stripe on the suture. Sterna and legs (except the inner part of the femora) densely clothed with longer and coarser rusty-yellow pubes- cence. The legs are much stouter than in A. quinquemaculata ; the femora are more incrassate, with a small acute tooth below (in both sexes) near the apex. The male has the apical segment of the abdomen (seen from below) thickly and distinctly punctured, truncated at the apex, and distinctly concave. ‘The female has this segment less acuminate than in A. quinquemaculata, and has the punctuation much more distinct.
A. femorata is a smaller insect, of a more uniform brownish colour, with brown legs, with more prominent he shorter
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. ix.
50 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on new Buprestide.
and much more acuminate elytra, with the coloration of A. decorata, but less bright, with the subbasal black band nar- rower and interrupted. The femora are dentate and black- ish below in both sexes, moderately thick in the female, very thick in the male, and projecting in a marked manner beyond the apex of the elytra. ‘The pubescence on the sterna and legs is dirty yellow, very delicate and less thick on the tibia and tarsi; the tibia are very slender. The apical segment of the abdomen as in A. decorata.
I think that my Sagridola flavicollis would be better placed in the genus Anthribola, on account of its slender antenne ; but its thorax is more regularly convex and has no central channel.
Mastododera Jansoni, n. sp.
M., nodicolli affinis et similis, nigra; antennis, pedibus elytrisque rufis, his basi angustissime infuscatis, thoracis angulis posticis magis elevatis.
Long. 11-13 lin.
Very close to M. nodicollis, Klug, of which I at first mistook it for a variety. In colour it differs in having the legs entirely red, and there is scarcely any trace of black at the base of the elytra. The thorax has the discal swellings scarcely visibly raised, whilst the swellings above the poste- rior angles are much more elevated and more convex. ‘This difference is very marked when the insect is viewed from behind.
Hab, Madagascar, Fianarantsoa.
VII.—Descriptions of new Buprestide. By CuHares O. WATERHOUSE.
Nascio carissima, n. sp.
Elongata, angusta, viridis ; capite supra, thoracis vitta mediana lata, cyaneo-nigris; elytris apice haud spinosis, gutta humerali plagisque duabus cyaneo-nigris, plagis gutta flava ornatis.
Long. 24 lin.
Head and thorax densely punctured. Thorax evenly con- vex, slightly constricted behind the middle. Elytra punctate- striate, the surface all finely coriaceous; the apex of each elytron slightly rounded, and finely serrate on the outer side. The suture is black ; and there is a round spot on each shoulder.
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on new Buprestide. 51
Rather behind the middle of each elytron there is an elongate purple-black or bluish-black patch (the two patches united posteriorly by a narrow band across the suture), which emits from the lower outer angle a fine line which extends to the apex. There is a round yellow spot in each patch.
This species resembles N. viridis, M‘Leay, but has the apex of the elytra simple &c.
Hab. North Australia. In Mr. Janson’s collection.
Psiloptera thoracica, n. sp.
Elongate and parallel-sided, rather depressed, of a uniform brassy-bronze colour. Head coarsely punctured. Thorax one third broader than long, rather flat on the disk, sloping down at the anterior angles, rather rounded at the sides in front of the middle, gently sinuate before the posterior angles, which are acute and somewhat diverging; there is a shallow sparingly punctured longitudinal impression in the middle of the disk, the space on ‘each side of it being almost without punctures; and outside this, anteriorly, there is a small irregular smooth patch; the sides posteriorly are very distinctly ‘inflated and ver y strongly punctured ; on the inner side of the inflation the surface is deeply impressed and rugu- lose. The elytra at the base are not broader than the thorax, parallel to rather behind the middle, where they are a very little broader, and then narrowed to the apex, which is narrowly truncated: each elytron has three very slightly raised lines (besides the suture) ; these lines are a little narrower than the rather strongly, not very thickly, punctured intervening spaces ; they are smooth, but with about seven or eight ovate finely punctured impressions ; at the side there is asomewhat broad submarginal, impressed, finely punctured stripe, with very fine whitish ‘piles the margin itself is incrassate below the shoulders. The prosternal process is bicanaliculate. ‘lhe prosternum and flanks of the prothorax are very coarsely punctured.
Hab. 8.E. Africa, Mamboio. Brit. Mus.
Curis corusca, 0. sp.
Parallela, depressa, cuprea; thorace vittis duabus cyaneis, lateribus angulatis, elytris parallelis, ad apicem angustatis striato-punc- tatis, plaga obliqua nigrescente juxta suturam notatis, lateribus postice haud reflexo-marginatis.
Long. 52 lin.
Form of C. caloptera, Boisd., but with the thorax decidedly but obtusely angular at the sides. Head very thickly punc- #
52 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on new Buprestide.
tured, not quite so strongly concave as in C. caloptera. Thorax tinted with golden green on the disk, with a short deep-blue elongate spot on each side of the middle line, which is neither impressed nor elevated ; the punctuation is moderately close, but lightly impressed on the disk, closer and stronger at the sides, not so strong nor so close as in caloptera. here is a small fovea in the middle of the base, a stronger one at the side at the angulation, and a slight impression within the posterior angle. The elytra are relatively a trifle shorter than in caloptera, with the margins posteriorly not reflexed, scarcely or only very finely crenulated, the apices obtusely rounded. The punctuation, which is arranged in lines, is delicate on the disk, very strong and distinct at the sides, all the interstices appearing smooth.
Hab. Australia. Brit. Mus.
This species forms a passage from C. caloptera to C. viridi- cyanea, T’airm.
Conognatha tnterrupta, n. sp.
Parallela, nitida, lete cyaneo-violacea, subtus cyanea; scutello elon- gato, elytris ad apicem vix angustatis, sulcatis, ante apicem utrin- que macula triangulari pallide flava marginem attingente.
Long. 10 lin.
This insect belongs to a group of species which are parallel in form, having the denticulation at the apex of the elytra commencing after the yellow band (C. trézonata, eximia, &c.); the usual band, however, is interrupted, so that there remains only a spot on each elytron at the side. ‘The thorax is very convex, not much narrowed in front, with the posterior angles not nearly so much diverging as in C. eximia; the punctua- tion is not very close, and is very fine. The scutellum is long and parallel, rounded at the apex. The striz of the elytra are continued to the base, but are not there much im- pressed, very deep towards the apex. ‘The prosternum is somewhat unusually convex, or as if inflated.
Hab. Bogota. Brit. Mus.
Before describing this species I had to look at M. J. Thom- son’s “ Typi Buprestidarum,” in which several species of this genus are described, and have noted that C. paradisea, Th., appears to be C. equestris, Fabr.; C. princeps, Th., is C. princeps, Gory ; C. comitessa, Th., appears to be C. Batesi?, Saunders.
Prof. E. Ray Lankester on new British Cladocera. 53
VIIL—On new British Cladocera discovered by Mr. Conrad Beck in Grasmere Lake, Westmoreland. By EK. Ray LANKEstTeR, M.A., F.R.S., Jodrell Professor of Zoology in University College, London.
Two years ago I identified Leptodora hyalina, Lillj., and
Hyalodaphnia Kahlbergensis, Schédl., as British Cladocera in
specimens sent to me by Mr. Bolton, of Birmingham, who
had obtained them from the Olton reservoir near that town.
But few of the remarkable forms of Cladocera which occur in the larger lakes of Continental Europe had previously been recognized as occurring in this country; and it was therefore interesting to establish the occurrence of the two species above named.
The list of British Cladocera has now been extended by the observations of Mr. Conrad Beck, who, during the past summer, examined the Entomostracous fauna of Gras- mere Lake, and made careful drawings of the specimens obtained, which he was kind enough to submit to my exami- nation at University College. Mr. Beck has been able to refer the forms observed by him to the following species, three of which are new to British waters ; and I may add that I have compared his drawings with the published drawings of these species and can confirm the accuracy of his identi- fications.
1. Leptodora hyalina, Lilljeb. ¢. Taken Sept. 16th.
2. Hyalodaphnia Kahlbergensis, Schédl. Abundant, Sept. 9th to 16th.
3. Holopedium gibberum, Zaddach. Thirty specimens, each encased in a gelatinous globe, Sept. 7th to 16th.
4, Latona setifera 8 and ?, Straus (Weissman). Sept. 3rd to 14th.
5. Bythotrephes, sp. Sept. 14th. This appears to be a new species, distinct from the Bythotrephes longimanus of Leydig.
At the same time, together with these interesting species, hitherto unknown in Britain, Mr. Beck observed and made drawings of the following, already known to Baird as British species, some being of rare occurrence :—/S?da erystallina, O. I’. Miller (Straus genus); Daphnia vetula, Miiller, and D, reticulata, Jurine ; Hurycercus lamellatus, O. F. Miiller (Baird genus) ; Alona quadrangularis, Miiller (Baird genus) ; Pera- cantha truncata, Muller (Baird genus).
It appears probable that in lakes where species of the Sal- monid Coregonus are found, there also will be found the large deep-water Cladocera, such as /Holopedium and Bythotrephes, which serve these fish as food.
54 Mr. J. Hopkinson on the
IX.—On some Points in the Morphology of the Rhabdo- phora, or true Graptolites*. By Joun Hopkinson, F.L.S., GS:
Proressor M‘Coy, in his ‘ British Paleozoic Fossils,’ pub- lished in 1854, in describing a graptolite from the Skiddaw Slates and other beds, to which he gave the name of Grapto- lites latus, speaks (p. 4) of “ transverse diaphragms” being present near the base or proximal termination of the calycles (hydrothece), and shows the position of these diaphragms in a figure (pl. 1B. fig. 7) which probably represents part of a branch of Didymograptus patulus or an allied species; but it is impossible to refer with certainty to any one species his aggregate Graptolites latus, now universally admitted to have been founded upon fragments of branching forms.
No further allusion appears to have been made to the pre- sence of any diaphragms or septa until, in 1868, I stated (Journ. Quekett Microsc. Clul Os Vole 1. P. 161) that I could find ‘no indication of a dividing septum ” in graptolites “if we except a few forms in which there is an impressed line between the hydrothecx and the periderm ” (perisare), which I then compared to that ‘at the base of the hydrothece in the Sertulariade.”” I accepted, however, the generally-received view that the graptolites agree with ‘the Hydrozoa in their hydranths not having been cut off from the common ccenosare by an actual entire or perforated septum, differing thus in their structure from the majority of the Polyzoa.
More recently Professor Allman, in his ‘ Monograph of the Calyptoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids’ (Ray Society, 1872), not admitting the presence of any septum or constriction, has compared the calycles of the Rhabdophora to tie fixed nemato- phores (sarcotheca:) of the Plumularide. He observes (p. 179) that “the denticles of the graptolite have their cavity unin- terruptedly continuous with that of the main tube, there being no diaphragm or constriction of any kind at the point where the one passes into the other ;” and, alluding to Prof. M‘Coy’s observations already mentioned, he says that he “ speaks of a septum at the base of the denticles in certain graptolites, but subsequent observations have not tended to confirm this statement.”
I have recently had the opportunity of examining an ex- tensive collection of graptolites made by Mr. W. Kinsey Dover, F'.G.8., from the Skiddaw Slates, mostly from Skid-
* Read before the British Association (Section C), York, Sept. 7th, 1881. An abstract appeared im the ‘ Geological Magazine’ for October.
Morphology of the Rhabdophora. D5
daw and the adjacent hills, amongst which are a few speci- mens from Falcon Crag distinctly showing internal structure. The species of which the structure is most clearly defined are Didymograptus extensus, Hall, D. patulus, Hall, and Tetra- graptus serra, Brong. (= 7. bryonoides, Hall). In several specimens of these species the hydrotheca are seen to be sepa- rated from the perisare by a distinctly-marked septum ; and the perisare is, moreover, in specimens of all the three species, seen to be jointed, or crossed by transverse septa.
In a portion of a branch of Tetragraptus serra (fig. 1) this structure 1s particularly clearly seen. ‘he specimen is pre- served in section with its interior partly filled in with mineral matter differmg altogether from the slaty matrix in which it is enclosed; and iron-pyrites has taken the place of its once chitinous external membrane.
On the dorsal margin is the virgula with a wavy outline. Next to this is the perisarc or common canal which formed the channel of communication between the individual hydranths, looking where filled in like a jointed tube, and where the infiltrated mineral matter has been re- moved, or has never been deposited, ap- pearing as a series of rectangular depres- sions divided from each other by trans- verse walls or, rather, distinct ridges ; for they do not nearly fill up the space between the two sides of the perisare. The hydrothecee, where their interior is filled in with mineral matter, are each articulated with the corresponding rect- angular cavity of the perisarc, a ridge or partial septum dividing them from it; Fig. 1.—Part of a and where their interior is not filled in branch of Tetragraptus they are divided from the perisare and *7"% natural size. from each other by a perceptible ridge.
They are curved, springing from the perisare at an angle of from 30° to 40°, which gradually increases to 50°; and they are wider at their distal than at their proximal end, the margin of which is of a curved form, slightly flattened where in contact with the corresponding division of the perisare. In one portion their external apertures areseen. Here and there the pyrites has filled up spaces which have probably been caused by the contraction of the infiltrated mineral matter, giving a few of the thece a jointed appearance; but this is evidently an accidental occurrence, and the regular jointing of
56 Mr. J. Hopkinson on the
the sections of the perisare and line of junction of the thecee with it could not be thus explained.
In the other specimens examined very similar appearances are presented. In both Didymograptus extensus and D. patulus there is a jointed perisare with thece distinctly sepa- rated from it. ‘They appear, in fact, to have budded from it as the leaves of an exogenous tree bud from the stem or twig which supports them, and not to have been continuous with it as are the leaves of endogenous trees with their sup- port. In this point it would seem that we have an analogy with the vegetable kingdom. It is well known that in some graptolites we frequently have the perisare preserved without the calycles which should spring from it; and so may we have a tree without its leaves, though in both cases there has been organic connexion between the now disconnected mem- bers. In the graptolite, as in the tree, there is no actual septum ; there is a ridge, a constriction, occasionally forming a very sharp line of demarcation, but in most cases scarcely, if at all, perceptible.
This “impressed line”’ I first noticed in 1868 in graptolites from the Lower Silurian rocks of the south of Scotland. In 1872 I found several specimens of the species Monograptus bohemicus, Barr., M. Nilsson?, Barr., and M. letntwardinensis,
Figs. 2,2 a. Different portions of the branch of Tetragraptus serra represented in fig. 1, magn, 5 diameters.
Figs. 3,3 a. Different portions of a branch of Didymograptus extensus, magn. 5 diameters.
Hopk., in the Ludlow rocks near Ludlow, more clearly indi- cating such a structure; but it is not until now that I have been able actually to see not only the external indication of a
Morphology of the Rhabdophora. 57
dividing ridge, but the ridge itself, projecting into the internal cavity of the graptolite, and so clearly in some instances that when examined under the microscope its thickness can be mea- sured and the extent of its projection estimated. The accom- panying figures (figs. 2, 3) are reduced from drawings thus made with the microscope and camera lucida.
It would thus appear that in certain graptolites the calycles seem to be completely cut off from their supporting perisare, this appearance being due to a constriction or the presence of a partially-dividing ridge, and also that in these same forms there are at least constrictions in the perisare dividing it into sections, from each of which a calycle is produced. This is the structure which generally obtains in the recent Thecaphora ; and I therefore think that it can now no longer be maintained that the ee of the graptolite are not. true hydrothece arrived at from previous investi- gations into the morphology of the Rhabdophora, and espe- cially of the reproductive organs of certain graptolites *, that they are the Paleozoic representatives of the recent Hydro- phora, thus being confirmed by specimens from rocks which would naturally be supposed to be most unlikely to yield fossils showing minute internal structure.
That these appearances have not been more frequently seen is probably owing to the imperfect state of preservation in which the Rhabdophora usually occur, and the very rare occurrence of specimens in section with the interior removed.
Mr. Dover’s collection of graptolites is probably the most complete which has hitherto been made from the Skiddaw Slates ; and a careful examination of it might add considerably to the hitherto-known fauna of these beds. Some graptolites are shown by specimens in his possession to have attained a very large size, there being many single branches of Didymo- grapte and Tetragrapti about a toot in length, a few of which show no signs of termination at either end. Hvery division ot the series has been diligently worked for fossils by him ; but it is only from one bed, exposed at Falcon Crag, that specimens preserved in an uncompressed state and showing internal structure have been obtained.
* See Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 4) vol. vii. p. 317,
33 Geological Society.
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
November 2, 1881.—R. Etheridge, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The following communication was read :—
“On the Genus Stoliczharia, Dune., and its Distinctness from Parkeria, Carp. and Brady.” By Prof. P, Martin Duncan, M.B. ifond., F.R.S., F.G.8., Pres, R.M-S.
The author discussed in detail the characters of his Syringosphie- rid, a group of Rhizopoda established by him for the reception of the spheroidal organisms known in India as Karakoram stones.
The order Syringospheeridxe consists of spherical or spheroidal bodies composed of numbers of conical radiating congeries of minute, continuous, long, bifurcating and inosculating tubes, and of an inter- radial tube-reticulation arising from and surrounding the radial congeries. The tubes open at the surface in eminences and in pores. The walls of the tubes consist of granular and subspiculate carbo- nate of lime. ‘here is no coonenchyma. In Syringospheria (fully characterized by the author in ‘ Scientific Results of the Yarkand Mission,’ Calcutta, 1879 p. 10), the body is covered with large compound wart-like prominences with intermediate verrucosities, or with modifications of such structures ; and between these eminences are shallow depressions bounded by tubes. The surface has tubes opening upon it from the internal radial series and also from the interradial reticulation ; there are also masses of tubes running over it and converging on the eminences. In Stoliczkaria, a second genus, the surface is covered by numerous granulations, separated by intervals about equal to their breadth. There are no pores on the surface; but tube-openings occur in the granulations. The central ones, which are small, are the terminations of the very numerous radial series, which, in section, are not very conical but nearly straight ; and give off minute offshoots to the surrounding conyo- luted and varicose larger tubes of the interradial series, which open towards the periphery of the granulations. There is no ccenen- chyma. ‘The species is named Stoliezkaria granulata.
The author compared the structure of the Syringospheride with that of Purkeria, to which they have a considerable resem- blance in external appearance. The internal structure differs. Parkeria shows a radial series of large tubes, a system of inter- spaces in concentric series, and a labyrinthic structure of irregu- larly-shaped chamberlets, communicating with each other and cancellous in appearance. The interspaces are traversed by one or more large radial tubes; and the floor of each interspace towards the centre is made up of the minute chamberlet structure, the openings of which communicate only with the interspace beyond. The labyrinthic structure sometimes stretches across the interspaces,
Geological Society. 59
and the radial tubes communicate at their sides with the labyrinthic chamberlets of the lamelle forming the floor and roof of the inter- spaces. The continuity from the centre of the body to the circum- ference is thus defective, and the body consists of radial tubes and of a labyrinchie structure of a cellular and semicellular character.
The author maintained that the two structures were intrinsically different ; and he also indicated a difference in the mineral condition of the fossils, Parkeria being always phosphatic, whereas no phos- phate of lime could be detected in Stoliczkaria,
November 16, 1881.—R. Etheridge, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The following communications were read :—
1. “ Additional Evidence on the Land Plants from the Pen-y-glog Slate-quarry, near Corwen.” By Henry Hicks, Esq., M.D., F.G.S.
The author stated that since the date of his former paper (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., August 1881) he had ascertained that plant- remains occurred in the slaty beds down to the base of the quarry, though much obscured by cleavage. The larger specimens are in the form of anthracite. Mr. Carruthers states that there is sufficient evi- dence to show that they are the remains of vascular plants with some resemblance to the Lycopodiacese. Some of the fragments are from 4 to 5 inches wide, and the author had traced trunks some feet in length. He thought they had drifted to the position where they were now found. Leaf-markings generally are not preserved; but, from the wrinklings still remaining on some specimens, he thought it probable they had been covered with leaves spirally arranged. Some fragments show scars arranged irregularly on the surface ; probably these are fragments of roots. The plant seems to some extent to combine the characters of Stigmaria, Sigillaria, and Lepidodendron. Further details of the appearance of the specimens were given. For one which appears to differ from all hitherto described he proposes the name of Berwynia Carruthersi.
2. ** Notes on Protataxites and Pachytheea from the Denbighshire Grits of Corwen, North Wales.” By Principal Dawson, LL.D., EAR EEGs.
The author stated that he had obtained specimens of the Plant- remains from near Corwen, and that among them there were two kinds, one dark, the other light-coloured. In the former the long cells and woody fibres are filled with rods of transparent siliceous matter, and the walls represented by a thick layer of carbon, The lighter kind consists of the siliceous rods alone, which are thus in the same state as the asbestos-like silicified Coniferous wood of the Californian gold-gravels. In both the siliceous rods show traces of the irregu- larly spiral ligneous lining of the cell-walls. From these and other characters the author refers the specimens to his genus Prototavites,
60 Geological Society.
which, he says, is not an Alga, but a woody terrestrial plant. The author did not state that Prototawites actually belonged to the Taxinee, but that its fossilized wood showed a resemblance to that of some fossil Taxinew. ‘The remains discovered by Dr. Hicks differ, as already recognized by Mr. Ktheridge, from Prototaaites Logani, Daws. ; and the species may be named P. Hicksii.
Of Pachytheca the author stated that he had specimens from the Upper Silurian of New Brunswick, and these and the Welsh specimens seem to belong to the genus Atheotesta, Brongn., and to be nearly allied to 42. devonica, Daws., from the Devonian of Scotland. These fossils occur associated with Prototaxites, not only at Corwen, but in the Upper Ludlow of England, in the Upper Silurian of Cape Bon Ami, and in the Lower Devonian of Bordeaux quarry opposite Campbellton in New Brunswick; and as the author maintains Aitheotesta to be a seed, and Brongniart compared it with the seeds of the Taxinex, this may be taken as additional evidence in favour of the Taxine or, at any rate, Gymnospermatous nature of Proto- tavites.
December 7, 1881.—R. Etheridge, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The following communications were read :—
1. “On some new or little-known Jurassic Crinoids.” By P. Herbert Carpenter, Esq., M.A. Communicated by Prof. P. Martin Duncan, M.B. Lond., F.R.S., F.G.S.
The author first described in detail a species from the Great, Oolite, principally of Lansdown, and hence known as the “ Lans- down Encrinite.” It was described in 1828 by Dr. J. E. Gray as Encrinites (Apiocrinites) Prattiz, and subsequently by Goldfuss as Aptocrinites obconicus, and by D’Orbigny as Millericrinus obconicus, whilst Bronn, in 1848, recorded it as Millericrinus Pratti. The stem varies greatly in length and in the number of its joints; and from the characters presented by the fossils the author came to the conclusion that the species was either pedunculate or free; and he cited various examples of nearly allied pedunculate and free Crinoids, The general aspect of the calyx, the component plates of which were described in detail, is exceedingly pentacrinoid, whether it is viewed from the side or from above; and the arm-joints are short and nearly oblong in outline, having pinnules alternately upon opposite sides. Thenearest allies of Millerierinus Prattii are M. Nodotianus, d’Orb., and the var. Buchianus of M. Munsterianus; and of Penta- crini the one which most resembles it in the characters of the
calyx is the North-Atlantic P. Wyville-Thomsont.
The remainder of the paper was devoted to the description of two Jurassic Comatule, namely Antedon calloviensis, from the Kelloway Rock, described before the Society on June 22, 1881, and a new species, Antedon latiradia, from the Great Oolite of Bradford.
Miscellaneous. 61
2. ** Notes on the Polyzoa of the Wenlock Shales, Wenlock Lime- stone, and Shales over the Wenlock Limestone. From material supplied by G. Maw, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.” By G. R. Vine, Esq. Communicated by Dr. H. C. Sorby, F.R.S., V.P.G.S.
The author has received from Mr. Maw about 14 hundredweight of materials washed out of the Wenlock deposits of Shropshire, representing the contents of from 6 to 8 tons of unwashed material. From this material he extracted the specimens of Plants, Actinozoa, Echinodermata, Crustacea, and Polyzoa; and he gave a tabular synopsis of the species and their distribution, with the addition of types from the Wenlock Limestone and of the species of Brachiopoda referred to in a paper by Messrs. Maw and Davidson in the ‘Geological Magazine’ for 1881.
With regard to the Polyzoa, the author remarked that below the Cretaceous series the two great divisions of Chilostomata and Cyclo- stomata do not hold good, and suggested that the classification of Paleozoic Polyzoa should be based on the arrangement and character of the cells, in combination with habit. The forms characterized in the present paper were Stomatopora dissimilis, Vine, and vars. elongata and compressa, Ascodictyon stellatum, Nich. & Eth., A. radi- ciforme, sp. n., A. filiforme, sp. n.?, Spiropora reqularis, sp. n., S. intermedia, Vine, Diastopora consimilis, Lonsd., Ceriopora, Goldf., Hornera crassa, Lonsd., H.? delicatula, sp.n., Polypora? problematica, sp. n., Fenestella prisca, Lonsd., Glauconome disticha, Goldf., Ptilo- dictya lanceolata, Lonsd., P. Lonsdalei, sp. n., (= P. lanceolata auctt.), P. scalpellum, Lonsd., P. interporosa, Vine, and P. minuta, Vine.
MISCELLANEOUS.
On the Postembryonie Development of the Diptera. By M. H. Viartanzs.
Aone insects, it isin the Muscide that we observe the greatest differences between the larva and the perfect animal; and it is also in them that the metamorphoses that take place during the pupal period are the most profound, which explains why exact investi- gations upon the metamorphoses of insects have been directed principally to these insects or to nearly allied animals. Having repeated the work of my predecessors *, I have been able to discover some new facts, of which I now have the honour to place a summary report before the Academy.
When the larva becomes motionless and transformed into a pupa, not enly does the skin of the segments answering to the head and
* My investigations were made in M. Milne-Edwards’s laboratory ; they relate to Musca vomitorva,
62 Miscellaneous.
thorax of the adult disappear, but the skin of the whole body is destroyed, in consequence of a degeneration of the hypodermic cells, to such an extent that at a certain moment the animal is only limited by a thin cuticle, beneath which is a thick layer of embryo- nic cells, originating, as described by me in a previous communication* , from the muscular nuclei which have proliferated, and before the invasion of which the contractile substance of the muscular fibres has disappeared.
The embryonic cells which almost completely fill the body of a pupa are not derived from the muscular nuclei alone; they are also formed by the proliferation of the cells of the adipose body. This function of the cells of the adipose body was not previously known. When a larva is on the point of becoming a pupa, numerous daughter cells appear in the midst of their protoplasm; subsequently the envelope and the nucleus of the cells of the adipose body dis- appear; the daughter cells are set free, multiply in their turn, and display all the characters of embryonic cells.
The return of the tissues to the embryonic state is the cause of this very remarkable fact, that at a certain moment the pupa has really the characters of an embryo. When we examine a section made across the abdomen of a pupa of from two to four days stand- ing, we observe that the body is composed of only two layers of central cells, one forming a solid cord, composed of the epithelial cells of the digestive tube which have reverted to the embryonic state, the other peripheral, consisting of the embryonic cells origi- nating from the muscular nuclei and the cells of the adipose body.
When the tissues of the larva are destroyed, the tissues of the adult form. We know from the investigations of M. Weissmann, that the integuments of the head and thorax are developed at the expense of a certain number of buds preexistent in the larva, and designated histoblasts (Imaginalscheiben). From not having had recourse to the method of sections, my predecessors have been mis- taken as to the structure of these little bodies ; they are not, as has been supposed, small saccules filled with cells. The histoblast, when not much developed, appears in a section to consist of a hollow sphere, one half of which bad been immersed in the other; we may therefore consider it to be formed of two lamine, an internal and an external one. The inner lamina is thick and composed of pyri- form cells placed side by side ; the outer lamina is thin and consists of a single layer of flattened cells. During the development of the histoblast the outer lamina disappears, and the inner lamina in- creases to form the integuments of the adult. The histoblasts of the eyes present the same structure as the others; the following are the only peculiarities observed in them. ‘The inner lamina is composed of large cells, very regularly arranged side by side, of a cylindrical form, terminated at its outer extremity by a flattened base, drawn out into a point at the other extremity. Hach of them is continuous by its produced extremity with one of the fibrils of
* See ‘ Annals,’ ser. 5, vol. vii. p. 852.
Miscellaneous. 63
the optic nerve. Among the large cells small ones are observed. As M. Weissmann has shown, each of the large cells will become one of the simple eyes, the totality of which constitutes the retina. The small cells become the choroid cells.
My predecessors, who had not observed the destruction of the integuments of the later segments of the larva, thought that the integuments of the abdomen of the adult were formed by a simple transformation of the hypodermic cells of the latter. Having already shown that the whole of the skin of the larva disappears, I had to ascertain how the integuments of the abdomen of the adult are de- veloped. I have ascertained that they are formed at the expense of the embryonic cells which fill the body of the pupa, and the origin of which has been indicated above. These embryonic cells become converted into hypodermic cells. This change does not take place at all points of the abdomen at the same time; but, in each seg- ment, the hypodermis of the gdult appears at first at four points, two below and two above.
As the organs of the larva disappear, and the organs of the adult are formed, the nervous centres undergo very important internal modifications. Their investigation, which has not even been touched upon, is environed with technical difficulties. I have succeeded in overcoming nearly all of these. I have traced step by step the inter- nal modifications that the nervous centres undergo during pupal life; and I shall shortly have the honour to make known to the Academy the principal results of my researches upon this subject.— Comptes Rendus, Nov. 14, 1881, p. 800.
Development of the Ovum of Melicerta. By M. L. Jourer.
The development of the embryo of the Rotatoria has hitherto been studied only in two genera, namely in Brachionus by Salensky, and in Pedalion by Barrois. The mode of segmentation is still unknown.
Although we have ascertained that the development of the winter egg and of the male egg agrees generally with that of the female summer egg, it is more particularly upon this last that our investi- gations have been made.
Within the sac of maturation it presents, in the midst of the germinal vesicle, asmall but very distinct germinal spot. After deposition this spot soon disappears. It did not appear to me that there was any emission of a polar globule. The first segmentation- plane, perpendicular to the larger axis of the egg, which is an irre- gular ovoid, divides it into two very unequal segments. Afterwards these two segments divide symmetrically, and so that each of them furnishes eight of the spheres which constitute the egg in the stage XVI. We observe only that the spheres derived from the larger primary segment are larger than the others, and larger in propor- tion to their distance from the animal pole. It seems as if each of them had a certain degree of animality. During the whole
64 Miscellaneous.
period of the segmentation the behaviour of the nuclei and asters is very remarkable. We also observe a movement of rotation (already recognized by Barrois in Pedalion), which tends to trans- port the spheres derived from the small segment from the animal pole to the opposite pole, skirting the dorsal surface, while the large spheres give place to them and glide along the ventral surface.
At the stage XVI. the egg consists of a row of four small cells derived from the small segment and occupying the dorsal surface, of a row of four spheres gradually increasing in size occupying the ventral surface, and of two rows of four cells placed on the sides, four of them derived from the large and four from the small seg- ment.
It is only after this stage XVI. that the dorsal and lateral cells begin to multiply much more rapidly than the ventral ones and to spread over their sides. In proportion as these small cells glide over the surface of the large ones the latéer sink by an oscillatory move- ment, which at first removes the smaller ones, until finally the last and largest of them slips inits turn beneath the former ones, leaving an orifice (the blastopore), which remains visible for some time, almost exactly at the spot where the mouth will afterwards be formed.
Even by the situation it occupies from the moment of the closure of the blastopore, it is easy to see that the last sphere enveloped corresponds to the intestine, which it will serve to form, if not en- tirely, at least in great part.
In the same way, by the manner of their inclusion, the two fol- lowing large spheres will be upon the ventral surface of the former, in the situation that will be occupied by the genital glands. Sub- sequently, when the spheres come to divide and subdivide, this arrangement will become very obscure ; but for a certain time after the closure of the blastopore it remains perceptible, and shows that the embryo is formed, if not of continuous lamellae, at least of masses of tissue which obviously correspond to the endoderm, meso- derm, and ectoderm of the higher animals, both by their position and their destiny.
When the subdivision has been carried to its last limit, the egg appears as a finely moruloid mass, in which we can recognize ofly an outer light layer and a dark central one. The cephalic region always remains lighter. We can no longer distinguish the blastopore.
Soon afterwards an oblique furrow, which constricts the mass and separates the tail, appears on the side and along the ventral surface ; the tail is thus folded under the ventral surface “and directed towards the head, as inthe embryo of Brachionus and Pedalion.
About the level of the extremity of the tail a depression appears in the cephalic mass. I do not know whether this corresponds to the depression described by Salensky in Brachionus ; but it indicates the appearance, not of the mouth, but of the vibratile pit situated below the lip in the adult. A little later, and a little higher up, the mouth makes its appearance as a depression which no doubt sinks
Miscellaneous. 65
far enough to form the mouth, but certainly not sufficiently to form the mentum. Still later, and also upon the back, the cloaca will be formed by an invagination of the ectoderm ; and this, although very long in the adult, is still very short in the larva, and remains reduced to a simple emargination in the Floscularie. The cephalic region is soon bounded by a slight fold, which indicates the margin of the chitinous covering. The eyes make their appearance as two red points ; cilia begin to move, at first upon the infrabuccal pit, then upon the mouth, and finally upon the top of the head, where they form a sort of circlet. The armature of the mastax is formed, the tail withdraws by degrees towards the extremity of the egg, the envelope of which it finally ruptures. It has already been described by several authors; and I shall dwell only upon this fact, that, like the larva of Lacinwlaria figured by Huxley, it presents cilia upon three points of the body—a continuous and scarcely sinuous circlet placed above the mouth, a second circle surrounding this circlet and the mouth, and extending even over the vibratile pit, and, lastly, a tuft of cilia at the extremity of the tail. The larva remains active for several hours, and then attaches itself by means of the glands contained in its tail. It is then that it begins to collect in the vibratile pit the minute particles suspended in the water. These it mixes with the secretion from a gland, hitherto taken for a ganglion, and, according to the judicious observations of Gosse and Williamson, forms of them those little balls which, when juxtaposed, constitute the tube that it inhabits.—Comptes Rendus, November 21, 1881, p. 856.
On a Yellow Variety of the Common Eel (Anguilla vulgaris, F7.). ’ By Dr. Heryeicu Botan, of Hamburg.
On the 2nd July, 1879, a very interesting, pure sulphur-yellow variety of our river-eel, which had been taken in the Elbe near Hamburg, was brought to me for the aquarium of our Zoological Garden here. This first example was followed by thirteen other similar ones in the interval between the 4th September and the 9th October of the same year. In the summer of the present year (1880) the occurrence of the yellow eels in the Elbe was repeated. On the 5th May I received two specimens, and then gradually, up to the 13th August, seven others.
Only the eel ‘first captured, which is still nale in the aquarium, is pure yellow without black spots. It is “about 32 centim. (13 inches) long. Its upper surface and sides are of a beautiful light lemon-y ellow ; the muzzle is rather more orange-coloured. In the hinder half of the body, and especially the tail, ‘there are on the sides numerous whitish spots in the yellow. The whole underside is whitish and shining, while the yellow parts of the body are dull. The fins are pale yellow and so translucent that the finer blood- vessels may be detected in them with the naked eye; in the same way the blood shows reddish through the skin on the whitish lower
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5, Vol. ix. 5
66 Miscellaneous.
jaw; and at the base of the tail, below the vertebral column, the pulsating movement of the blood passing from behind forwards in the subcaudal veins can be distinctly recognized.
The eyes of our animal are smaller than in the normal state, and therefore appearrudimentary. They are reddish violet ; their back- ground is without pigment, so that it appears red; on the other hand, dark pigment exists in an equatorial zone (taking the normal axis of the eye as axial); of course, however, these conditions can- not be ascertained with perfect certainty in the living animal.
As the yellow colour of this ee] has remained unaltered to the present time (20th September, 1880) we have in it an example of the very rare case of leucethiopism ina fish. Although the other yellow eels were at the first glance very like the one just described, they have proved very different from it in their whole behaviour. All had black spots upon a lighter or darker ground, and these spots were distributed either only upon the upper part of the head, or also over parts of the back, The eyes were always normal. In size the animals did not essentially differ from the first-mentioned eel.
The thirteen animals of this kind received by our aquarium in the course of the year 1879 all changed their colour by the winter ; they gradually became darker and darker, until at last they had acquired the coloration of normal eels. This is the more remark- able as there were among them animals which, with the exception of the blackened head, were perfectly pure yellow, exactly like the above-described albino. The nine eels received by our aquarium this summer (1880) were likewise spotted with black upon a yellow ground. As yet they have not changed colour.
Similar yellow black-spotted eels have been observed several times besides the present cases. In the literature of the subject I find only one case. Srandt (Bull. de Acad. de St. Pétersb. vol. x. 1852, p. 13) and von Siebold (Stisswasserfische von Mitteleuropa, p. 19, note) mention an eel presented by Dem. Taglioni to the Paris Museum, which was pale brownish yellow (nankeen-yellow) and normally coloured only at the extremities of the nose and tail. The colour of the eyes is not stated in the description given by Meunier (in D’Orbigny’s Dictionnaire d’Hist. Nat. tome i. 1841, p. 249). Brandt calls this the only example of a leucotic fish.
According to an oral communication, Prof. Mobius, of Kiel, re- ceived a similar female eel, fully 3 metre long, on the 29th May, 1868; the animal had normal eyes.
According to a report in the public papers another eel of the kind was recently taken in a piece of water to the south-east of Bremen. Tn answer to a letter of inquiry addressed to the [former] possessors, MM. F. Klevenhusen & Co., of Bremen, those gentlemen have given me the following information about this fish :—The eel was exactly the colour of a goldfish and had black eyes; it had four or five black spots in the neighbourhood of the head; the belly also was darker than the back, so that in water it appeared as if the eel was lying on its back. The animal has been presented to the Bremen Museum ; in spirit it has lost its red colour and become yellow.
Miscellaneous. 67
Further, as regards the occurrence of leucotic fishes, Brandt, in the memoir above cited, describes a sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus), one foot in length, which was kept in the basin of the fountain of the Winter Garden at St. Petersburg, and had been brought there from Nischnij-Novgorod. With the exception of an inner silvery border, the iris was destitute of black pigment, so that the eye in front appeared for the most part veined with red, in consequence of the vessels shining through. With the exception of the very light pale grey fins, the ground-colour of the fish was pale brownish orange, with a flesh-coloured tinge on the sides and belly, while the somewhat darker dorsal surface had a yellow tinge.
Siebold (/. ¢. p. 18) mentions a loach (Cobitis barbatula) of a pale reddish colour and with a red pupil, which he found in the fish- market at Munich; and in the same place he cites Baldner, who describes a white burbot (Lota vulgaris) and a pale loach (Cobitis barbatula). These are the few examples of leucwthiopism that are known to me.
Consequently the occurrence of an albino eel (such as that above mentioned), as well as such an abundant appearance of yellow eels with black spots, have been previously unknown.—<Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Jahrg. 47 (1881), p. 136.
On the Origin of the Central Nervous System of the Annelida. By Prof. KLEINENBERG.
The author gives a summary of the results obtained by him in studying the development of the Polychaeta, upon which he proposes hereafter to publish a more extended memoir with figures. At present he confines himself to making known the development of a single species, the larva of Lopadorhynchus, until its transformation into the perfect animal.
The most interesting point in the present communication is the discovery of the circular nerve of the vibratile organ of the larva, and the investigation of the development of the central nervous system of the perfect animal. The author has found that during the transformation of the larva into the perfect animal the circular nerve disappears completely, together with the vibratile organ ; and the rudiments of the typical central organs are not derived from the transformation of the circular nerve, but originate from other parts of the ectoderm. Consequently the nervous system of an Annelid is not homologous with that of its larva. Kleinenberg thinks that the larve of the Annelida possess only the central anterior nervous system of the Coelenterata, but that the perfect animals have central organs proper to them ; so that ‘ the organ of the inferior type ori- ginates and functions in the larva, but is eliminated and replaced by new formations in the adult animal.”—Att della RR. Accad. dei Lincei, Transunti, vol. vi. p. 15, 1881.
68 Miscellaneous.
How Orb-weaving Spiders make the Framework or Foundations of Webs. By the Rev. Dr. H. C. McCoox.
Rey. Dr. H. C. McCook said that he had given attention during the past summer to the mode of constructing webs prevailing among orb-weaving spiders. He had been led to make some special studies of the extent to which air-currents are utilized in laying the foun- dation-lines upon which the orbs are hung by a remark of Rey. O. Pickard Cambridge in his work on the Spiders of Dorset*. “¢ Spider-lines,” he says, ‘‘may frequently be observed strained across open spaces of many feet and even yardsin extent. This has been explained by some naturalists to have been done by the help of a current of air carrying the thread across. I cannot, of course, say that it has never been thus effected, though I have certainly never myself witnessed it. I have, however, on several occasions seen a spider fix its line, then run down to the ground, across the intervening space, and so up the opposite side, trailing its line as it went ; and then having hauled in the slack, it fixed the line to the desired spot. This I believe to be the usual mode of proceeding in such cases.”
Dr. McCook was satisfied that on both the above points this dis- tinguished araneologist had failed to possess himself of all the facts ; but he took up the points in question anew during the summer, and made notes of his studies. His previous opinion was fully confirmed. He had in a great number of cases observed orb-weavers passing from point to point by means of lines emitted from their spinnerets and entangled upon adjacent foliage or other objects. These mimic “* wire- bridges’ > were of various leng ths, owing to the direction of the wind and the relative positions of the spider and the standing objects around it. Lines of two, three, and fouwr feet were frequent ; : lines of from seven to ten occurred pretty often ; he had measured one twenty-six feet long, and in several cases had seen them strung entirely across country roads of from thirty to forty feet. Many of these lines he had seen carried by the wind directly from the spiders’ spinnerets, had observed the entanglement, had seen the animal draw the threads taut and then cross upon them. That all the lines were similarly formed and used he had no doubt.
It was more difficult to determine the other question, viz. whether the lines used for the foundations of orb-webs were formed in the same way. Undoubtedly such lines are often made precisely asserted by Mr. Cambridge. Dr. McCook had many times observed this; he had seen an orb-weaver after traversing a considerable space by a series of successive bridge-lines settle upon a site between the forked twigs of a bush, and carry her foundation-lines around in the manner described. But, on the other hand, he was prepared to say that the air-laid bridge-lines were also used for the founda- tions or frames of orbs.
First, he had observed that the hours in the evening at which
* Vol.i., (Introduction, p, xxi.
Aliscellaneous. 69
the greatest activity in web-weaving began were those in which also began the formation of the bridge-lines. The latter action quite invariably preceded the former.
2. Again, a study of the foundation-lines of many webs gave more or less conclusive evidence that they were laid by the aid of air-currents. For example, the webs of some species, as Acrosoma mitrata, A. spinea, and A. rugosa, were frequently found strung between young trees separated by two or three yards. That these builders might have dropped to the ground, crept over wood, grass, and dry leaves, carrying the thread in the free outstretched claw, is, perhaps, not impossible, but did not seem at all probable to the speaker, although short spaces over smooth surfates might well be cleared in this way. One web he found spun upon lines stretched from the balustrade of a bridge that spans a deep glen in Fairmount Park to the foliage of a tree that springs out of the glen at least twenty-five feet below. Unless foundations were formed by line- bridging the interspace of a yard or more, it must be inferred that the spider had dropped from the balustrade to the glen, crossed the interval to the trunk of the tree, ascended it, and, having made the detour of nearly sixty feet to the point directly opposite that from which she started, drawn her long line taut, and so completed her foundation. Dr. McCook thought that such a supposition could not be entertained, and it was clear that a breeze carried the line across from the spider’s spinnerets.
Even stronger examples of circumstantial evidence were noted. Very many webs of Tetragnatha extensa and T. grallator were seen spread upon bushes overhanging pools and streams of water ; others were seen stretched between separated water-plants, or from such plants to the shore. ither the foundation-lines were borne by air- currents, or the spiders must have crossed upon the water, carrying their lines. The latter Supposition is not wholly untenable, the speaker thought, but would hardly be raised by any one who had studied the spinning-habits of the creature.
One other example may be cited. At Cape May, by the Landing, where pleasure-boats used for sailing upon the inlet are stored, there is an immense colony of Epeiroids, chiefly Epetra strix, E. vulgaris, and £. domiciliorum (Hentz). Great numbers of these spiders had their lines strung between the opposite, exterior walls of the boat- houses, which are built upon piles driven into the water. These lines were about 9 feet long, stretched over the water at heights varying from 1 to 10 feet. Most of them passed from wall to wall; many were fastened at one end upon piles and sticks driven here and there between the houses. Even if one were to admit that Vetra- gnatha could carry a free line over the smooth surface of an inland pool, it is past belief that the above-named [peiras performed the same act upon the rough waters of an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean. The only reasonable conclusion is, that bridge-lines were formed by air-currents.
3. It was greatly desired that to the above cases of circumstantial
70 Miscellaneous.
proof might be added actual observations of the use for foundations of those lines stretched by air-currents. Three summer evenings were devoted to obtaining this result, without complete success. On one evening the observer was interrupted and called off at the very critical period of his observation; on the other two evenings the wind was unfavourable. But some valuable results were obtained, and the webs of three adult individuals of Hpeira striv, one male and two females, were selected, the den or nest of each spider located, and the web entirely destroyed, including the foundation- lines. The latter precaution was made necessary by the fact that orb-weavers had been noticed to use the same foundation-lines, for many days, for the erection of their new webs. Young spiders had been seen on several occasions to utilize the radii and foundations of abandoned webs of adults as the frame-lines of their small orbs. The great value which may attach to these old foundations appeared strikingly in subsequent studies, and also the difficulty if not impos- sibility of procuring suitable foundations for the webs of large spiders without the aid of the wind.
Two of the webs (one of the females’) were so situated that the prevailing air-currents so carried the lines that they could not pos- sibly find an entanglement. In consequence, neither of these spiders succeeded, during two entire evenings, up to half-past ten o’clock, in making a web. They frequently attempted it in vain. One, which was more closely watched, was in motion during the whole period, passing up and down, from limb to limb, apparently desirous of fixing her orb in the former site, but completely confused and foiled. The site was one, moreover, which would have allowed her to carry around a thread with comparative ease, being a dead sapling that forked near the ground. ‘The spider domiciled during the day on the ground, but had her orb at the top of the forks, a height of 6 feet. Thus the space to traverse in passing frem the top of one of the forks to a similar point on the opposite one presented comparatively few difficulties. But no attempt was made to carry the line around; and as the wind had evidently not changed during the night, no web appeared upon the tree in the morning. During the next evening the same restless movement along the bare limbs of the sapling was repeated, and was terminated at a late hour by a rare accident. A large moth, attracted by the lantern, became entangled upon a single short thread strung between two small twigs, whereupon E. striv pounced upon it, swathed and fell to feeding on it. Next morning a tiny orb-web had been built around the shell of the moth at the point of capture.
During both evenings this spider at frequent intervals poised herself at the extremity of twigs, and emitted threads from her spinnerets which entangled upon some of the short twigs, but never upon the opposite fork, as the wind was steadily contrary. No other entanglement was secured, as there was no object in the direc- tion of the wind for a great distance. However, Dr. McCook could at any time obtain an entanglement upon his hand by arresting the
Miscellaneous. 71
thread. By imitating the motion of a swaying leaf or limb, the spider was caused to perceive the attachment and immediately ven- tured upon the line. Once the thread fastened upon the observer's face, and the animal was allowed to cross the line (4 or 5 feet) until within a few inches of the face, when she took in the situation, in- stantly cut the line and swung downward and backward over the long are, and, after a few oscillations, climbed up the line to the point of departure. Her willingness to use the air-currents for making transit-lines was thus quite as manifest as her inability.
The third spider exhibited a like behaviour.
4. The third individual, a male, did not attempt to spin an orb in the former site; the wind was Sree nieple: but there would not have been much difficulty in carrying a cord around. He came out of his rolled-leaf den at 7.20 p.m., andfor more than an hour laboured to secure a web foundation. He was located upon a dead end of a bough of a tree with many branching twigs. As with the former individual, so with this: many efforts were made to obtain founda- tions by sending out threads from the spinnerets ; and to this end he tried most of the numerous points of the twigs covering the territory which he seemed to have chosen as his general range. One of these, a little pendant which hung in the centre of the group, was taken as the basis of a most interesting operation. The spider dropped from the pendant by a line 3 or 4 inches long, grasped the line by one of the second pair of feet, and rapidly formed a triangular basket of threads by connecting the point of seizure with lines reaching to the feet of the remaining second and the third and fourth pairs. In this basket he hung head upwards, the body held at an angle of about 45°, the two fore feet meanwhile stretched out and groping in the air, as though feeling for the presence of obstructions, of enemies, or of floating threads. At the same time he elevated his spinnerets and emitted a line, which was drawn out at great length by the air and secured no entanglement. The body of the spider had a gentle lateral oscillation, w hich appeared to the observer to result from a voluntary twisting of the central rope by the animal, but may have been caused by the he the effect, in either case, was to give the line a wider swing and much increase the chances of entanglement.
However, there was no entanglement, and the spider dropped several inches further down, and repeated exactly the process as described above. This was repeated again and again; and when the observer allowed the line to attach to his person the spider at once proceeded to satisfy himself of the fact, and then to venture a crossing. In all these actions there was evidence of a habitual mode of securing transit by bridge-lines.
During the intervais of these attempts, and indeed preceding them, the spider passed back and forth along all the branching twigs, leaving behind him trailed threads or lines connecting the ends, many “of which seemed to be purely tentative. At last a contral point was taken, a short thread dropped therefrom and attached to
2 Miscellaneous.
» one of these tentative lines. The confused network of circumjacent lines was gathered together in a little flossy ball at the point of union, which was now made the centre of the orb, the first drop- line and the two divisions of the cross-line constituting the three original radii. From there the spider proceeded to lay in the radii and complete the orb. The speaker described this process in full, as illustrated by the industry of this and other individuals. The time occupied in constructing the orb proper was half an hour, while the work of prospecting for and obtaining a foundation con- sumed more than an hour. Even then the orb was very irregular, and showed decided traces of the want of the usual well and orderly laid foundations. Anexamination of a number of web-sites which had been marked upon the same grounds showed that, in every case where the surroundings had allowed an easy and good entanglement by the wind, the spider had made webs at an early hour, and with straight and regular foundations.
Dr. McCook concluded that the above observations, although not wholly conclusive in themselves, were sufficient warrant for the be- lef that air-currents have a large part in placing the original frame- work or foundation-lines of orb-webs, and that spiders habitually make use of them for that purpose. He doubted, however, whether there was any thing like a deliberate purpose to connect the point of occupancy with any special opposite point. It seemed to him that the spider acted in the matter very much at haphazard, but with a general instinct of the fact that such behaviour would somewhere secure available attachments. Many of her bridge-lines were evi- dently tentative and were chiefly at the mercy of the bre eeze, although some observations seemed to indicate a limited control of the thread by manipulation.
He added that on previous occasions he had actually observed the laying in, by air-currents, of lines which were immediately used for foundations. The above studies had been undertaken simply to verify such studies, and because he had retained but the briefest notes of former observations. While this use of air-currents is cer- tainly placed beyond doubt, it is as certainly not the only mode of laying foundation-lines, and is dependent very much upon the site chosen, the condition of the wind, the abundance of prey, &c. Webs built in large open spaces are perhaps always laid out by bridge- lines ; in more contracted sites the frame-lines are generally car ried around, and often a foundation is the result of both methods* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad., Oct. 4, 1881.
* Since these notes were communicated, a copy of ‘ Nature’ (Sept. 22, 1881) has been received, in which it is said that Mr. Cambridge, in the second volume of his ‘Spiders of Dorset, modifies the opinion above quoted concerning the influence of air- -currents, I have not yet received that volume, but make this statement on the authority of the journal referred to.—H. C. McC.
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
[FIFTH SERIES. ]
No. 50. FEBRUARY 1882.
X.—On some new Species of Corals. By Bryce WriGcut, F.Z.8. &e. [Plates IL., IlT., & IV. ]
Or all the Hydroid Zoophytes few are more remarkable for their structure or conspicuous for their beauty of form or rich- ness and variety of colour than the hydrocoralline Stylas- teridee.
Of one genus of this group, Distichopora, a considerable number of species are now recognized; but, owing to the fragile texture of the hydrophyton and the great depths they inhabit, ¢. e. 80 to 300 fathoms*, only fragments of some species have been hitherto obtained. After having had many examples under examination, principally those of Déstéchopora coccinea and D, violacea, I find that these splayed corals rarely attain to any size, 3 or 4 inches being the average height of full-grown specimens. I was therefore much pleased, when examining the extensive and beautiful series of natural-history and other objects collected by Lady Brassey during the well- known voyage of the yacht ‘Sunbeam’ in 1876, to find amongst others two perfect examples, each of an undescribed species, new to science, which throw considerable light upon
* Count de Pourtales, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. Cambridge,
ese Ae nvol.:11. a Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. ix. 6
74 Mr. Bryce Wright on new Species of Corals.
the form and structure of these corals, and show that the Distichoporide fall into two natural divisions, each characte- rized by the foliations of their branches—those in D. Brassey?, D, Allnutti, and D. crregularis being more or less solid and rounded, and those in D. violacea, D. coccinea, Ke. beng compressed and broad, shelving off at the edges, and more displayed (‘ gladiiform”’).
The only fossil species known (D. antiqua, Defrance) is found in the Tertiary deposits of France—the habitats of the living species being the Gulf-stream and in and about the West-India Islands and Florida, for D. nitida, Verrill, and D. cervina, D. foliacea, D. sulcata, D. barbadiensis, and D. con- torta, of Pourtales. Most of these species are of a whitish tint, with the exception of D. foliacea, which is a pale pink-orange, whereas those inhabiting the Pacific are much more vivid in their colours: —D, violacea, Pallas, from Fiji and its vicinity, violet; D. coce’nea, Gray, from the Marshall group, deep crimson; and D. rosea, Kent, Kast Australia, of a pale rose- colour. D. wrregularis, Moseley, from Zamboanga, in the Philippines, is of a light pink, and the two species ‘herein de- scribed are of a fuscous or deep foxy-red orange and of a pinkish orange respectively. Lady Brassey’s specimens come from the Gilbert Isles, near the equator, and were presented to her by his Hawaiian majesty King Kalakaua. Two frag- ments, apparently undescribed, in the British-Museum collec- tion may probably come from some of the Pacific islands and belong to the same division as those now described.
The bathymetrical position from which Lady Brassey’s specimens were procured has unfortunately not been recorded, but they must have been, I think, obtained by diving, not by dredging; and as Sir W yville "Thomson, in the “deep- -sea dredging expedition in the i‘ Challenger,’ obtained a solitary fragment at a depth of 10 fathoms, it seems feasible to suppose that the depths they inhabit in the southern seas are not so great as in those of the Mexican Gulf, more especially as the colours are so much brighter. The area over which the Distichoporide extend is from N. lat. 20° to §. lat. 30°, W. long. 150° to 180°.
Transverse and vertical sections of the branches (see Pl. IV.) show that the gastropores and dactylopores vary considerably in their relative gradation of sizes and in their arrangement, both forms of zooids being regularly and irregularly distri- buted even in the same species (see figs. 6 and 6*, Pl. LV.). These pores are enclosed by a compact network varying in the size and disposition of the meshes according to the respec-
f=) tive species; in their immediate vicinity the walls of the
Mr. Bryce Wright on new Species of Corals. Ge
tubuli or canals are thicker than towards the extremities, and the enclosed ccenosare is much denser, and opaque. The broken stems from which the sections were cut, exhibit immediately around the pores a dense white opaque body ; and thence to the outside of the branch the peculiar colour of the coral obtains. These colours disappear in the microsco- pical sections.
HYDROIDEA. Section HypROCORALLINA, Moseley. Fam. Stylasteride, Lamarck. Genus DisticHorora, Lamarck.
Distichopora Brasseyt, nov. sp.
(Pl. IL. fig. 1, Pl. IV. figs. 3, 4, 4*, 4**.)
Ccenosteum a deep red, tinted or slightly mottled with orange at the extremities of the stems and adult branches, paling off into white and pale orange-yellow, basal portion of coral moderately solid ; branches long and erect, slightly tortu- ous, not so curved or foliaceous as in most of the other species, rounded but slightly compressed in the plane of the flabellum ; termination of main branches bilobed and occasionally trilobed ; lateral branchlets not frondose; but chiefly elongate and obtusely pointed or clavate, moderately distant from each other; main stems closely set together. Surface of coenosteum very minutely and tortuously canaliculated, as in the vertical section. ‘The pore-rows in this and the transverse section ex- hibit the gastropores rather irregularly spaced and outlined, with the dactylopores slightly intermixed. Pore-rows sinuated very inequilaterally on each side of the flabellum. Stellate prominences or ampullz (verrues stelliformes, Lamarck) abundant on the front and sides of branches, largely deve- loped, hollow, and finely pustulated and prominent. These ampulle are of late growth, when the organism was _ tully developed, since, while frequently occurring in proximity to the poriferous lines, they are never or very rarely intersected by them. Fig. 4**, Pl. IV., illustrates this very well, showing two separate ampulla with the poral line running between. The back of the coral is free from this arrangement. The figures in Plate LV. represent a frond of this species reduced to +, to illustrate the form of branches as compared with those ot D. Alinuttt and D. coccinea, both figured natural size.
Height of specimen 16 inches, width 26 inches.
Hab. Gilbert Islands.
GE
76 Mr. Bryce Wright on new Species of Corals.
This unique coral is the largest and most perfect example known. Unfortunately, during the voyage of the ‘ Sunbeam’ a few of the fronds at the left side were broken off; otherwise its width would have been 3 or 4 inches more.
Distichopora Allnutt?, nov. sp.
(Pl. IIL. figs. 1 & 2, and PL. IV. figs. 5, 6, 6%.)
Coenosteum fuscous orange-red in colour, paling towards the extremities, infundibuliform, the branches ramifying from a massive solid stem; base very compact; branches stout, bulbiform, nearly circular, moderately ramose, with the ex- tremities flattened, obtusely furcate; the younger and lateral branchlets more acutely pointed; main branches closely packed, giving a very stout appearance to the entire coral. Surface of ccoenosteum more coarsely canaliculated and granulate than in D. Brassey, corresponding to the vertical and transverse sections (Pl. LV. figs. 6, 6*); poriferous zones on flabellar edges; gastropores closely placed to each other, with minute dactylopores on either side. Ampullee small, flat, separated, forming a broad stellate mass, more conspicuous on the younger branches than on the older ones, placed towards the edge of the flabellum. Walls of canals thicker than in D. Brasseyi or D. coccinea. Canalicular meshes rather large. One of the fronds is figured life-size, with transverse section. Longest axis 9 inches, shortest 8 inches. Height in all 43 inches.
Hab. Gilbert Islands ?
Figured 4 natural size.
One portion, that coloured white, has been overrun with some hydroid Actinian polyp.
Distichopora coccinea, Gray. (Ply. digs.7,93.)
I figure a frond and section of D. coccinea, to show its struc- ture in comparison with the two preceding species, as they appear to indicate different groups of this genus. In the one the branches are rounded; in the other (D. coce/nea and D. violacea) they are compressed, somewhat broad, with shelving edges. In the former the gemmation takes place more late- rally than in this species, where the main centres of the stem have a series of small compressed tubercles. Dr. Gray suggests that these may be the commencement of new branches, which a specimen in the British Museum seems to confirm.
Many examples of D. coccinea appear to be complete corals,
Mr. Bryce Wright on new Species of Corals. 77
from showing a white portion on the stem below the ordinary deep-crimson ccenosteum. This is sometimes illusory, and does not always represent the true base of the coral, but is simply dead matter, caused by the solidification of the coeno- sarc, the frond (perfect in itself) being only a portion of the entire coral,
ANTHOZOA.
Amongst the numerous varieties of Anthozoan zoophytes of the Kupsammidean types contained in the Brassey col- lection is one which I am unable to refer to any recognized genus, its affinities lying between Balanophyllia and Den- drophyllia. Like the former genus, it is free, simple, and erect ; but the septa do not coalesce in either of the three examples, nor are they so many in number, or the columella so massive and well developed; and in the latter genus the corals are imbedded on either side of the branches ramifying from the main stem. The coenenchyma overrunning the knoll upon which the corals are based is probably less an integral part of the animals themselves than a secretion laid down to render compact the decomposed trap-rock upon which they stand, so as to give them a firmer hold. There being no genus known to which it can be assigned, I have erected it into a new one, which I have much pleasure in dedicating to its discoverer,
Lady Brassey.
Fam. Madreporaria Aporosa.
Subfam. Hursauurpz, Lamarck. Genus BraAsseYIA, Bryce Wright. Brasseyia radians, nov. sp. (PI. IV. figs. 1, 2.)
Corallum isolated, simple, erect, placed on the summit of a massive irregular-shaped block, the ccenenchyma being con- fluent between the corallites and over the entire mass, which has grown upon a decomposed trap-rock. ‘he whole of this basal portion is incrusted with numerous marine organisms, Polyzoa, Serpule, Spirorbis,&c. Corallum simple, irregular in form, rugose, swollen at the base, and contracting towards the calice, ovoid; longest axis of largest coral at base 1} inch, at calice 1 inch; height 2 inches. Cost broad, finely punc- tured or granulated, without cross bars. Kpitheca dense, walls thick. Periphery ovoid and indented, irregular in out~
line. Fossula deep; columella spongious, occupying about
78 Mr. Bryce Wright on new Species of Corals.
half the cup. Septa plain, margins simple, surfaces level with top of opening ; primaries sloping forwards and down- wards to the columella, arranged in five cycles of 2-3 systems; interseptal loculi open, free from trabecule. Colour cloudy white below the live portion of the coral, which is a chestnut- brown.
Extreme height 43 mches 5” length of largest corallite 2 inches ; circumference of stem 5 inches.
Hab. Southern Seas. The precise locality is not known.
Balanophyllia Kalakauat. (Pl. IL. figs. 3 & 4.)
This species is represented by two examples, the largest one situated on the base of the coral just described, the other fixed to the side of one ofthe specimens.
Corallum simple, tall, subcylindrical ; base large, spreading, adherent, slightly tuberculated, wrinkled. Cost granulated, without cross bars ; pelliewlar epitheca thin. Calice ovoid,
walls thick; columella prominent, spongious, porous, well deve- loped. Septa i in 5-6 cycles, coalescent (as in figure), margins sinuated, surfaces evanulated,
Height of largest example 14 inch.
Hab. South Seas. Precise locality unknown.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prats II.
Distichopora Brasseyi, Bryce Wright, 4 nat. size.
PuateE III,
Fig. 1. Distichopora Alinutti, Bryce Wright, front view, 3 1 nat. size. Fig. 2. Distichopora Alinutti, Bryce W richt, side view, 3 “nat, size. Fug. 3. Balanophyliia Kaiakauat, Bryee Wright, nat. size.
Fig. 4. Opening of calice of B. Kalakauai.
PLATE LV.
Fig. 1. Brasseyia radians, Bryce Wright, 3 nat. size. Fig. 2. Calice of Brasseyia radians, nat. Size.
Fig. 3. Frond of Distichopora Brasseyi, + nat. size. Fig. 4. Transverse section of Distichopora Brasseyt. Fig. 4*, Vertical section of Distichopora Brassey. Fig. 4**. Section across two ampullee and poriferous zones, Fig. 5. Frond of Distichopora Allnutti, nat. size. Fig. 6. Transverse section of Distichopor a Alinutte, Fig. 6*. Vertical section of Distichopora Alinuttt. Fig. 7. Frond of Distichopora coccinea, nat. size. Fg. 8. Transverse section of Distichopora coccinea. Fxg. 8*. Vertical section of Distichopora coccinea,
Prof. O. C. Marsh on the Dinotaurta. 79
XI.— Classification of the Dinosauria.
By Prof. O. C. Marsy*.,
In the May number of the ‘ American Journal of Science’ (p. 423), I presented an outline of a classification of the Jurassic Dinosaurian reptiles of this country which I had personally examined. ‘The series then investigated is depo- sited in the museum of Yale College, and consists of several hundred individuals, many of them well preserved, and repre- senting numerous genera and species. ‘T’o ascertain how far the classification proposed would apply to the material gathered from wider fields, I have since examined various Dinosaurian remains from other formations of this country, and likewise, during the past summer, have visited most of the museums of Europe that contain important specimens of this group. Although the investigation is not yet complete, I have thought the result already attained of suflicient interest to present to the Academy at this time.
In previous classifications, which were based upon very limited material compared with what is now available, the Dinosaurs were very generally regarded as an order. Various characters were assigned to the group by Von Meyer, who applied to it the term Pachypoda; by Owen, who subsequently gave the name Dinosauria, now in general use; and also b Huxley, who more recently proposed the name Ornithoscelida, and who first appreciated the great importance of the group, and the close relation it bears to birds. The researches of Leidy and Cope in this country, and of Hulke, Seeley, and others in Europe, have likewise added much to our knowledge of the subject.
An examination of any considerable portion of the Dino- saurian remains now known will make it evident to any one familiar with reptiles, recent or extinct, that this group should be regarded, not as an order, but as asubclass; and this rank is given to it in the present communication. ‘The great number of subordinate divisions in the group, and the remarkable diversity among those already discovered, indicate that many new forms will yet be found. Hven among those now known there is a much greater difference in size and in osseous structure than in any other subclass of vertebrates, with the single exception of the placental Mammals. Compared with the Marsupials, living and extinct, the Dinosauria show an equal diversity of structure, and variations in size from by
* Communicated by the Author, having been read before the National Academy of Sciences, at the Philadelphia meeting, November 14, 1881,
*
80 - Prof. O. C. Marsh on the Dinosauria.
far the largest land animals known (50 or 60 feet long) down to some of the smallest, a few inches only in length.
According to present evidence, the Dinosaurs were confined entirely to the Mesozoic age. They were abundant in the Triassic, culminated in the Jnrassic, and continued in dimi- nished numbers to the end of the Cretaceous period, when they became extinct. The great variety of forms that flourished in the Triassic render it more than probable that some members of the group existed in the Permian period; and their remains may at any time be brought to light.
The Triassic Dinosaurs, although so very numerous, are known today mainly from footprints and fragmentary osse- ous remains. Not more than half a dozen skeletons at all complete have been secured trom deposits of this period ; hence many of the remains described cannot at present be referred to their appropriate divisions in the group.
From the Jurassic period, however, durmg which Dino- saurian reptiles reached their zenith in size and numbers, re- presentatives of no less than four well-marked orders are now so well known that different families and genera can be very accurately determined, and almost the entire osseous structure of typical examples, at least, be made out with certainty. The main difficulty at present with the Jurassic Dinosaurs is in ascertaining the affinities of the diminutive forms which appear to approach birds so closely. These forms were not rare; but their remains hitherto found are mostly fragmentary, and can with difficulty be distinguished from those of birds, which occur in the same beds. Future discoveries will, without doubt, throw much light upon this point.
Comparatively little is yet known of Cretaceous Dinosaurs, although many have been described from incomplete speci- mens. All of these appear to have been of large size, but much inferior in this respect to the gigantic forms of the previous period. The remains best preserved show that, before extinction, some members of the group became quite highly specialized.
Regarding the Dinosaurs as a subclass of the Reprinra, the forms best known at present may be classified as fol- lows :-—
Subclass DINOSAURIA.
Premaxillary bones separate; upper and lower temporal arches ; rami of lower jaw united in front by cartilage only ; no teeth on palate. Neural arches of vertebra united to centra by suture ; cervical vertebrae numerous; sacral vertebra co-
Prof. O. C. Marsh on the Dinosauria. — 81
ossified. Cervical ribs united to vertebra by suture or anky- losis; thoracic ribs double-headed. Pelvic bones separated from each other and from sacrum ; ilium prolonged in front of acetabulum ; acetabulum formed in part by pubis; ischia meet distally on median line. Fore and hind limbs present, the latter ambulatory and larger than those in front; head of femur at right angles to condyles ; tibia with procnemial crest ; fibula complete. First row of tarsals composed of astragalus and caleaneum only, which together form the upper portion of ankle-joint.
(1.) Order SAuropopa (Lizard-foot). Herbivorous.
Feet plantigrade, ungulate ; five digits in manus and pes; second row of carpals and tarsals unossified. Pubes pro- jecting in front, and united distally by cartilage; no post- pubis. Precaudal vertebrae hollow. Fore and hind limbs nearly equal; limb-bones solid. ternal bones parial. Pre- maxillaries with teeth.
(1.) Family Atlantosauride. Anterior vertebre opistho- ceelian. Ischia directed downward, with extremities meeting on median line.
Genera: Atlantosaurus, Apatosaurus, Brontosaurus, Diplo- docus, ? Camarasaurus (Amphicelias), ? Dystropheus.
(2.) Family Jorosauride. Anterior vertebre opistho- ceelian. Ischia directed backward, with sides meeting on median line.
Genus Morosaurus.
European forms of this order: Bothriospondylus, Ceteo- saurus, Chondrosteosaurus, Eucamerotus, Ornithopsts, Peloro- saurus.
(2.) Order STEGOSAURIA (Plated lizard). Herbivorous.
Feet plantigrade, ungulate; five digits in manus and pes ; second row of carpals unossified. Pubes projecting free in front; postpubis present. Tore limbs very small; locomotion mainly on hind limbs. Vertebree and limb-bones solid. Osse- ous dermal armour.
(1.) Family Stegosauride. Vertebre biconcave. Neural canal in sacrum expanded into large chamber ; ischia directed backward, with sides meeting on median line. Astragalus coossified with tibia; metapodials very short.
Genera: Stegosaurus (Hypsirhophus), Diracodon, and in Europe Omosaurus, Owen.
(2.) Family Scelidosauride. Astragalus not coossified with tibia; metatarsals elongated; four functional digits in pes. Known forms all European.
82 Prof. O. C. Marsh on the Dinosauria.
Genera: Scelidosaurus, Acanthopholis, Cratewomus, Hyleo- saurus, Polacanthus.
(83.) Order OrnITHOPODA (Bird-foot). Herbivorous.
Feet digitigrade, five functional digits in manus, and three in pes. Pubes projecting free in front; postpubis present. Vertebree solid. Fore limbs small; limb- bones hollow. Pre- maxillaries edentulous in front.
(1.) Family Camptonotide. Clavicles wanting ; postpubis complete.
Genera: Camptonotus, Laosaurus, Nanosaurus, and in Europe Hypsilophodon.
(2.) Family Jguanodontide. Clavicles present ; postpubis incomplete. Premaxillaries edentulous. Known forms all Huropean.
Genera: [guanodon, Vectisaurus.
(3.) Family Hadrosauride. Teeth in several rows, forming with use a tessellated grinding surface. Anterior vertebre opisthoccelian.
Genera: Hadrosaurus, ? Agathaumas, Cionodon.
(4.) Order THEROPODA (Beast-foot). Carnivorous.
Feet digitigrade; digits with prehensile claws. Pubes projecting ‘downward, and coossified distally. Vertebree more or less cavernous. Fore limbs very small ; limb-bones hollow. Premaxillaries with teeth.
(1.) Family Megalosauride. Vertebre biconcave. Pubes slender, and united distally. Astragalus with ascending pro- cess. IT ive digits in manus, and four in pes.
Genera: Megalosaurus (Potikilopleuron) , from Europe; Allo- saurus, Celosaurus, Creosaurus, Dryptosaurus (Lelaps).
(2.) Family Zanclodontide. Vertebre biconcave. Pubes broad elongate plates, with anterior margins united. Astra- galus without ascending process; five digits in manus and pes. known forms European.
Genera: Zanclodon, ? Teratosaurus.
(3.) Family Amphisaur ide, Vertebre biconcave. Pubes rodlike ; five digits in manus, and three in pes.
Genera : Amphisaurus (Megadactylus), ? Bathygnathus, ? Clepsysaurus, and in Europe Palwosaurus, Thecodonto- SaUrUs.
(4.) Family ZLabrosaurtde. Anterior vertebre strongly opisthoccelian and cavernous. Metatarsals much elongated. Pubes slender, with anterior margins united.
Genus Labrosaurus.
Prof. O. C. Marsh on the Dinosaurva. 83
Suborder Cazturta (Hollow-tail).
(5.) Family Celuride, Bones of skeleton pneumatic or hollow. Anterior cervical vertebre opisthoccelian, remainder biconcave. Metatarsals very long and slender.
Genus Celurus.
Suborder COMPSOGNATHA,
(6.) Family Compsognathide, Anterior vertebre opistho- ccelian. ‘Three functional digits in manus and pes. Ischia with long symphysis on median line. Only known specimen European.
Genus Compsognathus.
DINOSAURIA ? (5.) Order HaLtitopopa (Leaping-foot). Carnivorous ? Feet digitigrade, unguiculate ; three digits in pes; meta-
tarsals greatly elongated ; caleaneum much produced back- ward, Fore limbs very small. Vertebre and limb-bones hollow. Vertebree biconcave.
Family Hallopodide.
Genus Hallopus.
The five orders defined above, which I had previously established for the reception of the American Jurassic Dino- saurs, appear to be all natural groups, well marked in general from each other. The European Dinosaurs from deposits of corresponding age fall readily into the same divisions, and in some cases, admirably supplement the series indicated by the American forms. The more important remains from other formations in this country and in Europe, so far as their characters have been made out, may likewise be referred with tolerable certainty to the same orders.
The three orders of herbivorous Dinosaurs, although widely different in their typical forms, show, as might be expected, indications of approximation in some of their aberrant genera. The Sauropoda, for example, with At/antosaurus and Bronto- saurus of gigantic size for their most characteristic members, have in Morosaurus a branch leading toward the Stegosauria. The latter order, likewise, although its type genus is in many respects the most strongly marked division of the Dinosaurs, has in Scelidosaurus a form with some features pointing strongly towards the Ornithopoda.
The Carnivorous Dinosauria now best known may all be placed at present in a single order ; and this is widely sepa-
84 Mr. A. G. Butler on Melbourne Lepidoptera.
rated from those that include the herbivorous forms. The two suborders defined include very aberrant forms, which show many points of resemblance to Mesozoic birds. Among the more fragmentary remains belonging to this order, but not included in the present classification, this resemblance appears to be carried much further.
The order Hallopoda, which I have here referred to the Dinosauria, with doubt, differs from all the known members of that eroup in having the hind feet especially adapted for leaping, the metatarsals being half as long as the tibia, and the caleaneum produced far backward. This difference in the tarsus, however, is not greater than may be found in a single order of Mammals, and is no more than might be expected 1 in a subclass of Reptiles.
Among the families ineluded in the present classification, I have retained three named by Huxley (Scelidosauride, Teua- nodontide, and Megalosauridee*), although their limits as here defined are somewhat different from those first given. The suborder Compsognatha also was established by that author in the same memoir, which contains all the more important facts then known in regard to the Dinosauria. With the ex- ception of the Hadrosauride, named by Cope, the other fami- lies above described were established by the writer.
The Amphisauride and the Zanclodontide, the most gene- ralized families of the Dinosauria, are only known from the Trias. The genus Dystropheus, referred provisionally to the Sauropoda, is “likewise from deposits of that age. he typical genera, however, of all the orders and suborders are Jurassic forms; and on ‘these especially the present classification is based. The Hadrosauride are the only family confined to the Cretaceous. Above this formation there appears to be at present no satisfactory evidence of the existence of any Dino- sauria.
XIT.—On a small Collection of Lepidoptera from Melbourne. By Arruur G. Butter, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e.
HE present series consists of ninety-one examples, some of them unfortunately in very poor condition, forwarded to us from Australia by Dr. T. P. Lucas. Notwithstanding that not a few of the specimens are more or less worn or broken,
* ¢ Quarterly Journal Geological Society of London,’ vol. xxvi. p. 84, 1870.
Mr. A. G. Butler on Melbourne Lepidoptera. 85
there are many species among them which are new to the national Collection, and some