• • '
.
THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XXVIII MAY, 1914, to APRIL, 1915
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS
HENRY A. PILSBRY
Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ot Natural Sciences
PHILADELPHIA
CHARLES W. JOHNSON
Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History BOSTON
S-3//
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII.
INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.
Acmaea, notes on some northwest coast 13
Agaronia gibbosa Born 103
Agarouia gibbosa auraiitia Johns, n. var 103
Agriolimax from Guatemala 55
Agriolimax guatemalensis motaguensis Ckll. n. subsp. . . 57
Alasmidonta (Pegias) fabula (Lea) 65
Alasmidonta (Pressodonta) minor Lea 46
Alasminota Ortmann n. subgen. of Symphynota 41
Amygdalonaias donaciforniis Lea 67
Ancylida?, notes on the classification of 23
Annularia eburnea prestoni Ramsden n. subsp 50
Annularia mayensis Torre & Ramsden n. sp 50
Anodonta oregonensis Lea 43
Antillean Paleogeography, notes on 84
Area limula Conr. on Long Island 85
Arkansas, Unione fauna of Cache River 73
Ashmunella heterodon Pils 112
Ashmunella mogollonensis Pils 110, 112
Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss 110
Bathytoma from the upper pleistocene of San Pedro, Cal.,
a new form 64
Bathytoma clarkiana Rivers n. sp. (PL III, f. B. C.) .... 64
Billu'ps, A. C. (obituary) 34
Birds transporting food supplies 71
Boston Malacological Club 82
Brachiopoda, retention of color 93
Brachypodella brooksiana Gundl. (PL I, f. 5) 5, 6
Brachypodella obesa and suturalis Weinl 132
Brachypodella ramsdeni Torre n. sp. (PL I, f. 2) 5
Brachypodella torreana Ramsden n. sp. (PL I, f. 1) ... 4
British Columbia, notes on mollusks from 87
(* * " \ m)
IV THE NAUTILUS.
Bulimulus schiedeanus in Texas 132
Bursa bubo L 80
Bursa rubeta L 80
Bursa tenuigranosa Smith 80
Caecilioides gundlachi in Florida 131
Campeloma lewisii Walker n. n. (PL V, f. 3) 126
Campeloma ponderosum coarctatum Lea (PI. V, f. 4-7) . 125
Carunculina Simpson, genus 68
Carunculina parva Barnes 129
Carunculina texasensis Lea 141
Cephalopoda of the Hawaiian Islands 72
Cephalopoda, West Coast 22, 23, 47
Ceratodiscus ramsdeni Pils. (see Vol. 27, p. 134), PL I, f.
6-8 1
Circinaria caelata Mazyck, note on 12
Cochlicopa lubrica in Western Pennsylvania 96
Color ornamentation in fossil Brachiopods 93
Correspondence from Japan and China 90
Crenodonta perplicata Conr 21
Cuba, land shells from Varadera (Cardenas) 106
Cuba, land shells of 1, 49, 133, 136
Diplopoma torrei Ramsden n. sp 134
Ectracheliza truncata Gabb., a Hemisinus 84
Elliptio lanceolatus Lea 32
Emarginulinae, notes on West American 62
Fusconaia selecta Wheeler n. sp. (p. 4) 76
Fusconaja askewi Marsh 20
Gonidea angulata 143
Gundlachia, the earliest notice of a species of the genus. 128
Gundlachia or Navicella ? 132
Helix hortensis from a Maine shell heap 131
Hemisinus in Antillean Oligocene 84
Hemphillia glandulosa B. & B 87
Hemphill, Henry (obituary) 58
Lasmigona Raf 40
Lastena lata Raf 106
Leptachatina cookei Pils. n. sp 61
Lexiiigtonia Ortmann n. gen 28
Lexingtonia subplana Conr 29
Lucidella tantilla Pils. (PL II, f. 5) 50
Lymnaea auricularia Lea 119
Lymnaea emarginata mighelsi, absent in old localities ... 95
Lymnaea, classification of 116
Lymnaeids, a provisional key to the subgenera and species
of North America 119
THE NAUTILUS. T
Macroceramus richaudi liueatistrigatus Pils 51
Maine mollusca, additions to the list of 18, 48
Medionidus conradicus Lea 142
Microceramus longus Henderson n. sp 136
Modiolus demissus Dillw., and var. granosissimus Sowb. 35
Mollusca, some European 10
Molluscan fauna from vicinity of Bolinas Bay, Cal 25
Mollusks from Magician Lake, Cass and Van Buren Coun- ties, Mich
Musculus phenax Dall. n. sp 138
Najades, studies in 20, 28, 41, 65, 106, 129
New Mexican expedition of 1914 109
New Mexico, shells of Duran 37
Newspaper conchology 70
Notes 10, 22, 35, 47, 60, 70, 83, 95, 131
Octopus 47
Oliva annulata Gmel 103
Oliva bulbosa Bolt 101
Oliva caerulea Bolt 102
Oliva carolinensis Conr 114, 140
Oliva fulgurator Bolt 115
Oliva funebralis Lam 100
Oliva ispidula Linne 102
Oliva ispidula var. samarensis Johns n. var 103
Oliva litterata Lam 114, 139
Oliva oliva Linne 99
Oliva reticularis Lam 114
Oliva sayana E,av 139
Oliva sericea Bolt 97
Oliva spicata Bolt 115
Oliva tigrina Lam 100
Oliva tricolor Lam 102
Oliva variegata Bolt 101
Olivaucillaria urceus Bolt 103
Oreohelix barbata Pils 110
Ostrea elongata Solander (0. virginica Gmel.)
Ostrea fischeri Dall n. nom 1
Ostrea serra Dall n. sp
Ostrea tubulifera Dall u. sp 3
Paludina coarctata and incrassata Lea (PL V) 121
Panopea geiierosa, possible transportation of 47
Pecten nucleus irradians, statistical study in variation of 52
Petricola dactylus Sowb. in Buzzards Bay 95
Physa acuta Drap. (PL III, f. A) 70
Physa heterostropha Say in Europe 69
VI THE NAUTILUS.
Pleistocene, a remarkably rich pocket of fossil drift from
the 80
Pleurobema fassinans Lea 31
Pleurobema friersoiii Wright 30
Pleurobema missouriensis Marsh (PL V, figs. 1, 2) 140
Pleurodonte sagemoii goodrichi Ramsden n. subsp 49
Polygyra colmttensis Clapp n. sp 78
Polygyra inflecta mobiliensis Clapp 11. var 128
Postpliocene shells of Providence and Lupus, Mo 15
Prolasmidonta Ortmann n. subgen 44
Proptera capax Green 67
Publications Received 12, 35, 59, 72, 84, 96, 108
Puncturella caryophylla Dall n. sp 63
Puncturella cognata Gould 6?
Puncturella cooperi Carp 63
Puncturella cucullata Gould 63, 87
Puncturella falklandica A. Ads 63
Puncturella galeata Gould 64
Puncturella longifissa Dall n. sp 63
Puncturella major Dall 64
Puncturella multistriata Dall n. sp 63
Pupilla muscorum xerobia Pils. n. subsp. (PL II, f. 1, 2) 38
Quadrula pustulata Lea 21
Ranella lampas of authors, notes on 80
Rhytidopoma tollini Ramsden n. sp 135
Rimula mazatlanica Carp 62
Rumina decollata in Texas 11
Shells from Sussex Co., N. J 11
Simpsonaias Frierson n. gen 7, 40
Simpsoniconcha Frierson n. gen 40
Squid, Monterey Bay and Oregon 22, 23
Subemarginula yatesii Dall 62
Symphynota (Alasminota) holstonia 43
Symphynota, observations on the genus 40
Tertiary fossils on Long Island 85
Thysanophora hornii (Gabb) 110
Tornatellides pilsbryi Cooke n. sp 79
Unionidae, remarks on classification of the 6
Unione fauna of Cache River, Arkansas 73
Unio crassa Ritz 33
Unio pictorum Linn 32
Urocoptidae, new Cuban species of 4, 5
Urocoptis mayensis Torre & Ramsden n. sp 51
Urocoptis pilsbryana Ramsden n. sp. (PL I, f. 3, 4) .... 4
Urocoptis scobinata Ramsden n. sp 133
THE NAUTILUS. vii
Valvata pisciualis in Canada 10
Valvata tricarinata basalis Van. n. var 105
Valvata tricarinata iiifracarinata Van. n. var 104
Vertigo alabamensis Clapp n. sp 137
Vertigo alabamensis conecuhensis Clapp n. subsp 137
Vertigo oscariana Sterki 137
Vitrinella from Boston, Mass., a new fossil 38
Vitrinella shimeri Clapp n. sp. (PI. II, f. 6-8) 39
Volvidens, new genus 41
Zeidora flabellum Ball 62
Viii THE NAUTILUS.
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
Baker, Frank C S
Baker, Dr. Fred 90
Berry, S. S 22
Boettger, C. E 69
Chace, B. P 47, 144
Clapp, Geo. H 78, 96, 128, 131, 132, 137
Clapp, Wm. F 38, 82, 132
Cockerell, T. D. A 10, 55
Colton, Harold S 52, 116, 119
Cooke, C. Montague 79
Dall, Wm. H 1, 13, 58, 62, 128, 138
Ferriss, Jas. H 11, 48, 109
Frierson, L. S 6, 40
Gratacap, L. P 85
Greger, Darling K 93
Hanham, A. W 87
Hannibal, Harold 23
Henderson, John B 40, 106, 136
Johnson, C. W 35, 60, 95, 97, 114, 131, 144
Latchford, F. E 10
Lermond, N. W 18
Mazyck, Wm. G 139
McAtee, W. L 72
Nylander, Olof 0 89, 95
Ortmami, Arnold 20, 28, 41, 65, 106, 129, 141
Pilsbry, H. A 12, 36, 37, 60, 61, 84, 132
Eamsden, Chas. T 4, 49, 133
Eivers, J. J 64
Sampson, F. A 15
Torre, Carlos de la 5
Vauatta, E. G 11, 35, 80, 104, 143
Walker, Bryant 121, 140
Wheeler, H. E 73
Winkley, H. W 48
THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII.
PLATE I
6
1. BRACHYPODELLA TORREANA. 2. B. RAMSDENI.
3.4. UROCOPTIS PILSBRYANA. 5. B. BOOKSIANA.
6,7,8. CERATODISCUS RAMSDENI.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vol.. XXVIII. MAY, 1914. No. 1
NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN OYSTERS.
BY WILLIAM H. DALL.
On endeavoring to review the oysters of the Pacific Coast some notes were made which seemed likely to be of use to students.
OSTKEA IUIDESCENS Gray, 1854; Cpr. Maz. Cat., 1856.
The brief diagnosis of the earlier name is not sufficient to identify this with 0. prismatica Gray, 1825. 0. spathulata Sowerby, 1871, is based on a worn upper valve of 0. iridescens. The species is known to range throughout the Gulf of California and to Mazatlan. I have not compared the African species listed by Carpenter under the same name.
O. MEGOUON Hnnley, 1845. (0. yallus Val., 1846, and 0. taylori Gabb, 1866).
From the Gulf of California to Peru. Fossil in the West Indies.
O. FISIIEKI Dall, n. nom. (O, jacob&a Rochebrune, Bull. Mus.,
Paris, 189-'), not of Linne. 1758).
Rude, dark purple, sharply plicated, with an inner purple margin, valves subequal,and interior opaque white. Named in honor of W. J. Fisher who made large collections in the Gulf of California and Alaska. This species grows large and heavy, and is only known from the Gulf of California.
O. VEATCHII Gabb, 1866.
Large, rather roundly plicated, internally with olive, brown stains
'/ THE NAUTILUS.
and white margin. Lower California and the Gulf. Fossil at San Diego and Cerros Island.
O. CUMINGIANA Dunker, Abbild. II, 1847. (0. amaraCpr., 1857; O. angelica Rochebrune, 1895. A variety, 0. mexicana Sowerby, 1871).
The typical form has olive greenish interior, the margin with many small plic.ntions, the exterior white. The variety is deeply cup-shaped with blackish interior margin. The species ranges from Lower California to Panama.
O. PALMUI.A Carpenter, 1857 (0. lucasiann Rochebrune, 1895). Puget Sound to La Paz, Mexico.
Margin bounded inwardly by a line of minute pustules, interior dark or greenish. This might well be an extreme mutation of the preceding species but needs connecting links and has a more north- ern distribution.
O. SERRA Dall, n. sp.? Lower California to Panama.
Like the West-Indian species which grows on gorgonians, narrow, plicate, with flatfish upper valve, deep lower valve, greenish outside? inside white with black margin ; shell two to three inches long, about an inch wide. If mexicana occupied a similar situs the result would be somewhat similar.
O. COLUMBIENSIS Hanley, 1845. (O. ochracea and tulipa of Sowerby, 1871, not 0. tulipa Lamarck ; 0. turturina of Roche- brune, 1895). On mangroves. Lower California to Peru. Large, thin, purplish.
O. LURIDA Carpenter, 1864. Sitka to Cape St. Lucas.
0. rufoides is (he thin, long variety grown in a current. 0. expansa the form adhering to a flat surface ; sometimes reaching the shape called by Carpenter laticaudatus.
O. ELONGATA Solander, 178fi. (0. virginica Gmelin, 1792; 0.
rostrata and floridensis Sowerby, 1871 ; 0. virginiana, canadensis
and borealis Lamarck, 1819.)
Transplanted from the middle Atlantic coast it has failed to re- produce its kind, as the water is too cold for the spat to live in.
THE NAUTILUS.
O. CONCHAPHILA Carpenter, 1856. Mazatlan to Panama. This prettily painted form seems likely to retain specific rank.
0. CHILENSIS Philippi. Gulf of California to Chile.
This is the large edible Gulf species, referred by Carpenter to 0. virginica, which it much resembles except in wanting the purple muscular impression. It has numerous synonyms. 0. retusa Reeve, of the Hawaian Pliocene is also very similar.
O. CHILOENSIS Sowerby, from southern Chile, is small, round, and feebly plicate, but may be a degenerate variety of 0. chilensis.
O. MULTISTRIATA Hanley, 184G. Gulf of California to Panama.
Usually small and flat with brown and purple blotches on the white inner surface. Easily identified by the sharp radial stria; of the outer surface which is usually a purple tint.
OSTREA TUBULIFERA Dall, n. Sp.
The specimen serving as type for this species was collected in the Gulf of California by Henry Edwards ; it is suborbicular, about 45 mm. in diameter, nearly flat, with a whitish nacre, brilliantly pol- ished inside, purple clouds showing through, and with a translucent irregularly crenulated margin. The ligamentary area is narrow and very inconspicuous ; on each side of it the margin is pustulate for a short distance ; the outer surface is mostly dark purple, dull, minutely corrugated and densely covered with small erect tubules of a dark reddish-brown color, 2 to 4 nim. high and from f to 1 mm. in diam- eter. Only those at the extreme margin communicate with the interior of the valves, and these are fissured on the distal side. Those of the surface behind the margin are completely tubular. The attached valve was not obtained. Several beachworn specimens from Panama have lost their tubules and exhibit only a vermicularly corrugated surface. The attached valve is very flat and irregular with a very wide but very short area. These specimens are of •<* faded purple, but are probably the same species as the valve from the Gulf of California. The only species at all approaching this in character is the 0. spinosa Quoy, which comes from a widely differ- ent region, and has a very prominent, direct and produced ligament- ary area.
THE NAUTILUS. NEW CUBAN SPECIES OF UROCOPTID.E.
BY CHARLES T. RAMSDEN.
UKOCOPTIS (!DIOSTEMMA) PILSBRYANA n. sp. PI. I, figs. 3, 4.
The shell is white, truncate, retaining 14 or 15 whorls in the adult stage, the truncation closed by a very convex plug ; upper third tapering, the remainder cylindrical. Whorls flat, the last two or three convex ; base with a very weak revolving cord or none. The. surface is dull, with sculpture of low axial ribs, which are narrow and weak in the middle of each whorl, enlarged at both ends, which abut against ribs above and below, the ribs being, as it were, con- tinuous from whorl to whorl. In the upper part of the shell, some of the ribs are hollow, as in U. uncata. Where unworn, the surface between ribs is finely, sharply striate axially. The last whorl is shortly free in front, and near the aperture it is dilated peripherally and flattened above and below. The aperture is small, shortly fusiform, the narrower part peripheral in position. The peristome is expanded at the outer part, elsewhere reflected. Internal axis is simple and slender in the first three whorls, then a spiral lamella bearing a few projections arises, soon followed by corresponding hooks from below, forming a stage of about two whorls where there are pairs of converging hooks. This is followed by a stage in which there is a broad, smooth superior lamella, and strong hooks arising from the basal partition at intervals of about half a whorl (fig. 4). Finally, in the last two whorls the hooks disappear and the spiral lamella becomes low and finally disappears.
Length 15.5, greatest diameter 3.8 mm.
Length 16.5, greatest diameter 3.6 mm.
Locality, " La Hembrita," Monte Toro, Guantanamo.
This remarkable species closely resembles U. uncata externally, but differs widely from that, and from all other known species, by having a smooth spiral lamella in the whorls of the cylindrical part of the shell. The peculiar axial armature of U. uncata and other species of the subgenus Idiostemma has been figured by Pilsbry in his monograph of Urocoptidf.
BRACHYPODELLA (GYRAXIS) TORREANA, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 1. The shell is extremely slender, retaining the apex perfect (two
THE NAUTILUS. O
left figures) or losing very few whorls (two right figs.) in the adult stage; widest at the upper third; white. Whorls 25—26, rather strongly convex, the first four smooth, the rest regularly and closely striate, the striae nearly straight, strongly oblique, about as wide as the intervals. Last half whoi 1 free and deeply descending, sharply striate. The free part is cylindrical and forms about one-fifth of the total length of the shell. Aperture circular, oblique, with broadly flaring, trumpet-like peristome. Internal axis very slender and gyrate.
Length 17.3, greatest diameter 1.8 mm.
Length 15, greatest diameter 1.7 mm.
Locality, "La Hembrita," Monte Toro.
This charming species is related to B. brooksiana, but differs by the less swollen shape, more numerous whorls and shorter " neck " of the last. Moreover, the last whorl is cylindrical in U. torreana, but in U. brooksiana it has a conspicuous basal keel. Specimens of U. brooksiana are figured, pi. I, fig. 5, for comparison with the new species. By the want of a basal keel and the convex whorls, B. torreana is more nearly related to B. turcasiana, a far smaller species. Named in honor of my friend Dr. C. de la Torre.
The figured types have been deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
A NEW CUBAN SPECIES OF BRACHYPODELLA.
BY CARLOS DE LA TORRE.
BRACHYPODELLA (GYRAXIS) RAMSDENT, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 2.
The shell is very slender, the greatest diameter contained 12 or 13 times in the length, whitish, slightly shining, widest at about the upper fourth, composed of about 25 whorls, adult shells usually hav- ing lost a few. The whorls are convex, and the last five or six have a rounded ridge (or basal carina) above the suture, and a slight con- cavity above the ridge. The last half whorl is free and descends spirally in a long " neck," the basal carina prominent on the upper half of the neck, but gradually disappearing, leaving it nearly cylin- drical near the aperture, which is triangular-rounded, oblique, and very small. Sculpture of rather irregular, very oblique striae ; the
D THE NAUTILUS.
free part of the last wliorl having sharper, more widely-spaced rib- lets. Internal axis slender, moderately gyrate in the later whorls.
Length 24, greatest diam. 1.8 mm.
Length 22.5, greatest diam. 1.9 mm. (truncate).
Collected at " La Lechuza," Monte Toro, by Mr. Charles T. Ramsden, to whom the species is dedicated.
This is a much larger shell than B. booksiana Gundl., with less swollen spire, and much less strongly gyrate axis. The basal carina is visible on more whorls, the neck is shorter, and the sculpture less regular. It is a very interesting addition to the subgenus Gyraxis.
REMARKS ON CLASSIFICATION OF THE UNIONIDJE.
BY L. S. FRIERSON.
In 1820 and in 1831 C. S. Rafinesque published descriptions of a large number of Unionidce. Of these, he is credited in the '* Syn- opsis of the Naiades, C. T. Simpson, 1900," with but seven or eight species. Conrad, having access to specimens labelled by Rafinesque, gave a list of such species as he identified. Except in such cases as when a patent error can be shown we are bound to accept Conrad's identifications.
The fact that Conrad made mistakes at times, can have no weight, for no author is free from these. Conrad, however, only awarded to Rafinesque those species described in 1820. Those described in 1831 have uniformly been dumped by all subsequent authors (known to the writer) in the trash-pile of " indeterminate Unionidse." There is no valid reason for this, as several of these latter species are clearly and unmistakably recognizable. In place of seven or eight species, Rafinesque is entitled to precedence in at least thirty.
An annotated synoptical table is is process of making, and will be published shortly. Because of the important bearing of these facts upon modern classification, this preliminary sketch is given, from the latter point of view, for our author was a genius in the art of proposing genera.
(1) LEPTODEA Rafinesque, 1820. Type leptodon Rafinesque (= tenuissimus Lea). If this species should prove to be congeneric
THE NAUTILUS. I
with fragilis Rafinesque (== gracilis Barnes) the genus Pareptera Ortmann, 1911, must become a synonym.
(2) ELLIPSARIA Rafinesque, 1820. Type (by elimination) fasciolaris Rafinesque (= phaseolus Barm-s) must reduce to synonymy the genus Ptychobranchus Simpson, 1900, type phaseolus Barnes.
(3) AMBLEMA Rafinesque, 1820. Type (by elimination) costatus Rafinesque, 1820, must take the place of Qrmodonta Schluter, 183G.
(4) HEMISTENA Rafinesque, 1820, (a contraction of Hemilastena) proposed tentatively for Lastena lata, is of course a synonym. Hence the application of this generic term by Mr. C. T. Simpson, to the ambigua Say (= hildreihianus Lea) can not stand. For this shell, ambigna Say, I therefore propose the new generic term Simpsonaias.
(5) EPIOBLASMA Rafinesque, 1831. Type biloba Rafinesque, 1831, (=foliatus Hildreth) must replace the subgentis Dysnontia Agassiz, 1852.
(6) TOXOLASMA Rafinesque, 1831. Type (by elimination) liv- idus Rafinesque, 1831, (=glans Lea) must take the place of the subgenus Carunculina Simpson, 1900, type texasensis Lea, and the group really should have generic standing.
(7) LEMIOX Rafinesque, 1831. Type rimosus Rafinesque, 1831 (== ccelatus Conrad). Since this exceedingly characteristic species deserves generic rank, it must, for this species at least, take the place of Micromya Agassiz.
(8) DECURAMBIS Rafinesque, 1831. A subgenus proposed for Alasmodon marginata Say, variety truncata (= scriptum Rafin- esque) and atropurpureum Rafinesque, 1831 (== raveneiiana Lea). This subgenus must displace Rugifera Simpson, 1900.
(9) BARIOSTA Rafinesque, 1831. Type ponderosus Rafinesque, 1831, a synonym of crassidens Lamarck (= trapezoides Lea), is antedated by Amblema Rafinesque, unless the U\crassedens Lamarck (= trapezoides Lea) should prove to be, as Conrad suggested, of a different group from the plicatus group.
(10) SULCULARIA Rafinesque, 1831. Type (by elimination) badium Rafinesque (= Marg. holstonia Lea) must be regarded as a subgenus of Symphynota Lea, as constituted by Simpson, 1900, re- placing in part the subgenus Pressodonta Simpson, 1900.
(11) DIPLASMA Rafinesque, 1831. Type D. marginata Rafin- esque, must take the place of Lamellidens Simpson, 1900, type
8 THE NAUTILUS.
marginalis Lamarck. The failure to recognize this well-defined genus by most subsequent authors is a very remarkable fact.
In the preparation of the above remarks I am indebted in a very large degree to my friend Dr. A. E. Ortmann.
MOLLTJSZS FROM MAGICIAN LAKE, CASS AND VAN BUREN COUNTIES,
MICHIGAN.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
Magician Lake lies between Van Buren County on the north and Cass County on the south. It is about two and a half miles long and half a mile wide. The banks on the north border are high but on the south, east and west they are for the most part low and swampy. The lake occupies an elongated depression in the Wis- consin drift and contains four deep holes, 40 to 60 feet in depth. The shores are shallow and shelving, and, with the exception of one or two short intervals, one may wade entirely around the lake. The outlet is at the southeast side (known as Silver Creek), and empties into the West branch of Dowagiac Creek, which drains into the St. Joseph River, a Lake Michigan stream. The migrations of the mol- lusks have probably been largely by the way of the St. Joseph, although some of the species may have reached this spot in post- glacial time via the Kankakee-St. Joseph portage ; but the fauna as a whole probably reached these lakes by way of the Chicago outlet when Lake Michigan was in the Lake Chicago stage. It is evident that Magician Lake was once much higher, with a large, wide out- let, for high terraces may be seen on the south, and also bordering tlie outlet. Ancient marl beds exist, now covered by three feet of peat, containing mollusks of a colder climate, attesting the ancient occupancy of this lake by icy waters.
Mollusks were notably abundant in individuals and species. The species are listed by ecological regions. My thanks are due to Dr. Herman S. Pepoon for assistance in collecting much of the material.
Beach debris South Shore, all dead shells.
Alasmidonta calceola (Lea). Planorbis antrosus Conrad.
Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Planorbis antrosus angistomus Lampsilis luteola (Lam.). Hald..
Sphaerium simile (Say). Planorbis parvus Say.
THE NAUTILUS.
Spliaerium striatinum (Lain.). Musculium truncatuui (Lincl). Valvata tricarinata Say. Amnicola limosa (Say). Amnicola lustrica (Pilsbry). Physa heterostropha Say. Fhysa integra Hald.. Physa niagarensis Lea. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Planorbis campanulatus Say.
Planorbis deflectus Say. Segmentina armigera (Say). Galba obrussa decani pi (Stivng). Succinea retusa Lea. Succinea avara Say. Pyramidula cronkliitei anthonyi Pilsbry.
Zonitoides arborea (Say). Vitrea rhoadsi Pilsbry. Polygyra thyroides (Say).
Planorbis campanulatus Say.
Sandy beach on north side of Lake, water one to four feet deep.
Alasmidonta calceola (Lea). Amnicola limosa (Say).
Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry.
Anodonta marginata Say. Campeloma integra (Hald.).
Anodontoides ferussacianus sub- Physa heterostropha Say.
cylindraceus Lea.
Pliysa niagarensis Lea. Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Planorbis parvus Say (dead).
Lampsilis luteola (Lam.). Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes). Valvata tricarinata Say.
Marsh above marl bed, east of Magician Lake cottages. Physa gyrina Say. Planorbis antrosus angistomus
Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.). Hald.
Paludestrina nickliniana (Lea).
Heavy damp woods south side of lake.
Succinea retusa Lea. Strobilops virgo (Pilsbry).
Pyramidula cronkliitei anthonyi Polygyra thyroides (Say).
Pilsbry.
Zonitoides arborea (Say). Vitrea hammonis (Strom).
In swale in woods. Sphaerium occidentale (Prime). Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.). Segmentina armigera (Say).
Hemlock Island, west end of lake. The center of the island is about twenty feet above the level of the lake. All shells were found under old bark or fallen pieces of trees. Succinea retusa Lea (found on Zonitoides arborea (Say).
vegetation at margin of island). Vitrea indentata (Say).
Polygyra monodon (Rackett). Polygyra hirsuta (Say).
Galba obrussa (Say). Galba parva (Lea).
10 THE NAUTILUS.
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Strobilops labyrinthica (Say).
Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry.
NOTES.
VALVATA PISCINALIS IN CANADA. — I found last autumn in Homsher Bay, Toronto, inside the " sea-wall," a flourishing colony of Valvuta piscinalis Miill. There was much rubbish along the shore, including straw and marsh grass, such as is used abroad in packing fragile articles for export ; and I have no doubt these little strangers were introduced from England or Eastern Europe in some such material. Another alien — long however known to have be- come established in the United States and at Cornwall in Ontario — Bythinia tentaculata L., abounds nearby, in the lagoons on the islands in Toronto Bay. I may add that these quiet waters also harbor fine specimens of Anodonta cataracta Say (fluviatilis Dillw.) and Ano- donta grandis Say. Their occurrence in the same locality should end forever the contention that one is the eastern form and the other the western form of the same species. The same ecological con- ditions, and the commingling in the same water of the spermatozoa of both, would necessarily result in hybrids or extinction of differ- ences if the two species were not naturally distinct, and each capable of preventing fertilization by the other. — F. R. LATCHFORD.
SOME EUROPEAN MOLLUSCA. — The receipt of a new part of Taylor's beautiful monograph of the Land and Freshwater Molluaca of the British Isles reminds me of an observation on Helicigona arbustorum var. alpicola Fer., a small rather elevated variety of a yellowish color, with one band or none, which I found on the summit of the Rigi, in Switzerland. The soft parts were uniformly pale reddish instead of dark, and although Taylor states that the animal of this species varies independently of the shell, it seems possible here the two things go together, the alpicola form being perhaps a valid subspecies. At Zurich and Gersau, Switzerland, I found typical arbustorum ; at the latter place also the yellowish bandless form. The varieties of H. arbustorum, with additional bands, fig- ured by Taylor, are very interesting, but certainly the form with an
THE NAUTILUS. 11
extra hand below the principal one should be separated from the true bifasciata, in which the extra band is above. Taylor's pi. XXXIV, t'. 13, may accordingly be called v. infrafasciata. At Wangen, Baden, I noted that the Helix pomatia were of full size, distinctly larger than >he form observed in Switzerland (Gersau, Fluelen). Observa- tions on the variation of //. nemoralis and hortensis yielded nothing of special interest ; at Wangen H. hortensis v. lutea with bands OUOOO, 123(45) and 1(23)45. At Schaffhausen H. hortensis lutea 00000. At Gersau H. hortensis lutea 12345. At Fluelen H. nemoralis rubella 00000. At Zurich the Arion ater was dark reddish brown, with bright orange-vermillion foot-fringe. At Wangen the A. ater presented the beautiful bright red var. rubra, which I had never had the pleasure of finding before, but also the red-brown variety. At Troyes, France, Helix fruticum was found in both the reddish and whitish varieties. I was pleased to find Helicodanta obvoluta, which I had never collected before, at Brugg, Switzerland. Helicigona lapicida was found at Brugg and at Wangen. — T. D. A. COCKERELL.
RUMINA DECOLLATA IN TEXAS. — Mr. Camp found a large colony of Rumina decollata Linn£, in a Brownsville, Texas, garden, and succeeded in getting a few without losing the points, carrying them in cotton. They are larger than my Charleston or New Orleans specimens and less uniform in general architecture. The largest measured 30| alt., 11 mm. diam J. H. FERRISS.
LAND SHELLS FROM SUSSEX Co., N. J — The following species were picked from leaf mould collected by Mr. Bayard Long, near Big Spring, Springdale, near Newton, Sussex Co., N. J. :
Polygyra albolabris (Say). Vitrea indentata (Say).
Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Euconulus chersinus (Say).
Polygyra monodon fraterna Euconulus sterkii (Dull.). (Say). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn).
Bifidaria armifera (Say). Gastrodonta suppressa (Say).
Bifidaria contracta (Say). Pyramidida alternata (Say).
Bifidaria corticaria (Say). Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi
Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Pils.
Vertigo gouldii Binn. Punctum pygmseum (Drap.).
Vertigo milium Gld. Garycldum exile H. C. Lea.
Cochlicopa labrica (Miill.).
12 THE NAUTILUS.
The entire set was donated to the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia. C. exile and P. c. anthonyi were the most abundant forms in the col- lection, and E. sterkii is, I believe, new to the State. — E. G. VANATTA.
NOTK ON CmciNARiA c^ELATA MAZYCK.— In the Catalogue of American Land Shells published in NAUTILUS XI. (p. 128), this form was subordinated lo C. duranti, as a sub-species. By the cour- tesy of Mr. Mazyck, I have been able to examine the type specimen of c&lata. On going over the series in the collection of the Acad- emy, no specimens were found connecting it with duranti, and I now believe it to be a distinct and well-characterized species, one of the handsomest of the genus. — H. A. PILSDRY.
MR. A. A. HINKLEY made a brief mid-winter journey to Guate- mala, obtaining some interesting additions to his former collections there. A fine series of the large Pachycheiti of Lake Ysabel and environs was taken. Among the land shells he secured a good series of the splendid Ccdocentrum gigcts \. Mart. — II. A. P.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MOLLUSC A OF MISSOURI (ex- clusive of the Unionida). — By F. A. SAMPSON. Trans, of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, xxii, July 18, 1913. The various State catalogues which have been brought out in the last ten or fifteen years have recorded data of great value to the student of distribution of mollusks, indispensable to inquiries into the origin and migrations of the several groups of our fauna. Missouri is an especially inter- esting state. Lying near the western border of the humid area, the northern border of the Ozarkian fauna, and within the peri- pheral range of some Austral forms, it is an area where numerous species reach their extreme range. Mr. Sampson has given in this catalogue the results of many years of work in the state, a total of 117 species and varieties, and some 900 locality records. Among the species first described from Missouri we note two not in Mr. Sampson's list : Polygyra blandiana Pils. and Ferr. and Amnicola missouriensis Pils. — H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVIII. JUNE, 1914. No. 2
NOTES ON SOME NORTHWEST COAST ACMAEAS.
BY WILLIAM H. DALL.
Since Dr. Philip Carpenter's review of the Acmaeas of the North- west Coast (Am. Journ. Conch., II, 1866) all writers on the subject, including myself, have to a large extent, if not entirely, accepted his conclusions as to their nomenclature.
Having occasion to revise the magnificent series of these shells in the National Museum, I have recently reviewed the whole nomen- clature from the beginning, and to my surprise and dismay found that Dr. Carpenter, in his desire to perpetuate the manuscript names of his friend Thomas Nuttall, had frequently ignored the rules alto- gether, had adopted names which he knew to be preoccupied, and in several cases misidentified early authors' species. Mr. Robson of the British Museum had intimated to me some time ago that the no- menclature of these limpets was in a very bad state of confusion, but until I came to work over them myself I had no realization of the true condition.
In extenuation it must be remembered that fifty years ago the necessity of strictly conforming to the rules was little appreciated, and many excellent naturalists of that day are responsible through their carelessness for much of the trouble now encountered.
In reviewing the work of an author who like Eschscholtz gave several names to mutations of the same species, the most acceptable way is to take his first name for the consolidated species and put the others in synonymy. Dr. Carpenter, however, in choosing in such
14 THE NAUTILUS.
cases did not follow this method. However, as the first reviser, his selection may be considered final, or we should practically have to chauge all his names. In the space here available it is not practic- able to give (i full discussion, but the final results may be noted.
Acmaea cassis Eschscholtz. is a splendid form of A. pelta (Esch.) Cpr., and A. fimbriata Gould, is synonymous. Acmaea pelta Cpr., has five or six synonyms, and as tolerably distinct mutations includes nacelloides Dall ; monticola pars (Nutt.) Cpr.; and olympica Dall (Pilsbry, Man., pi. 8, figs. 92, 93, 94).
Acmaea patina (Esch.) Cpr., has many synonyms, and, as recog- nizable mutations, ochracea Dall ; emydia Dall (the Arctic testudin- alis of my 1871 paper); cribraria (Gld.) Cpr.; and parallela Dall; the latter corresponding to the A. alveus of the Atlantic coast.
Acmaea persona Eschscholtz, is not Carpenter's persona (which is a mutation of digitalis Esch.) but is the shell Carpenter called cumingii in 1866 ; though not the same as the prior cumingii of Reeve. A. persona is a fine species, and I have a large series rang- ing from Alaska Peninsula to Socorro Island.
Acmaea digitalis Eschscholtz, is the northern form which merges into umbonata (Nutt.) Reeve, southward ; and then into textilis Gould, at its southernmost range. Part of Gould's scabra of 1846 is the same as textilis Gld. + persona Cpr. (not Esch.) + oregona (Nutt. MS.) Cpr.
Acmaea scabra Gould, 1846 (from type), is the shell later named spectrum (Nutt. MS.) Reeve, and is generally known under the latter name, which of course must be discarded.
Acmaea scabra (Nutt. MS.) Reeve, 1855 (not of Gould, 1846), must take the earliest synonym, which seems to be limatula Cpr., 1866.
Acmaea var. funiculata Cpr., merges by imperceptible degrees into the later tenuiscuJpta Cpr., and that into mitra Eschscholtz.
Acmaea persona Esch. (not Cpr.), merges southward into strigil- lata Cpr.
Acmaea semirubida Dall, resembles triangularis Cpr., but is more oval in outline, with crimson rays on a white ground ; it ranges from the Gulf of California to Panama.
Scurria aeruginosa (Midd., 1847, as Patella, with a wrong habitat) is an earlier name for the shell generally known as mesoleuca Menke, 1851, from the Gulf of California.
THE NAUTILUS. 15
In studying these mollusks it is necessary to remember t' at the different species often have an almost identical series of color varia- tions, so that if one is guided chiefly by color, there is a liability to put together mutations belonging to different species. There is little doubt that food greatly influences and directly changes both the color and texture of the outer layers of the shell, while the form is directly related to the situs of the individual.
An interesting fact in the distribution of these animals is the evi- dence they give in favor of the probability of the former existence of an elevated ridge or range roughly parallel with the coast of Cali- fornia and the peninsula, and of which the Santa Barbara Islands, Guadelupe, and Socorro are the only supermarine indications at the present day. It looks as if there was a second gulf or inlet between this range and that of Lower California, so that the cool-temperate species were able to extend as far south as Socorro on the western coast of the western range, while the more tropical forms were able to reach far to the North in the warmer waters of the inner area between the outer range and the continent to the east of it, including what is now the Gulf of California.
POSTPLIOCENE SHELLS OF PROVIDENCE AND LUPUS, MISSOURI.
BY F. A. SAMPSON.
Several trips to these two places have given many specimens. Providence, Boone County, is on the north side of the Missouri river, a place now of only a few houses, but formerly, in the days of steamboat travel on the river, a large town and important shipping point. The grading for the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad along the river cut into the bluffs, and uncovered the deposits con- taining great numbers of postpliocene land shells. The deposit is of later period than the Kansas loess, and is not the fine silt of the loess, but is of clay intermixed with stones of various sizes.
Lupus is almost opposite on the other side of this river, in Moni- teau County, where the grading for the river route of the Missouri Pacific railroad uncovered the b^ds with the fossil shells. A mile above Lupus was the former town and steamboat landing of Mt. Vernon, a town of which no trace now remains. On both sides of the river the rocky bluffs are of Chouteau limestone, resting on beds
16 THE NAUTILUS.
of Devonian, and capped by Upper Burlington limestone. The Chouteau fossils, especially the crinoids, are interesting, and the type specimen of one species came from Mt. Vernon, while Provi- dence has given the types of many fossils.
The most of the shells found at both places are now found living in the neighborhood, while others have not been found in any nearby county. The following species have been collected :
Polygyra profunda Say. The largest of the Providence shells are of 31 mm. diameter, but the Lupus shells up to 34 mm. averag- ing smaller size, but more plentiful and some preserving the color band. So far this has not been found living in the state except at Courtney, in Jackson County, near Kansas City.
Polygyra albolabris alleni Weth. At both places fine shells from 26 to 32^ mm. diameter are common, and more plentiful at Lupus. The living shells have been found in the neighborhood to about the same size, but from a rock pile in an open field near Columbia they were only 23 to 25 mm. and very similar to the still smaller ones found in a cemetery at Kansas City.
Polygyra thyroides Say. Of fifty shells picked up at Providence thirty-six were thyroides edentata, and of thirty-seven at Lupus twenty-five were the same.
Polygyra elevata Say. Not much variation in size, somewhat smaller at Lupus, and all similar to the living ones found on both sides of the river. Some that seemed to have been entirely mature were edentate.
Polygyra clausa Say. Scarce at both places.
Polygyra pennsylvanica Green. This is rather uncommon at both places. A walk of three miles along the railroad, during which many thousand shells were picked up or seen, gave but a single one of this species. It is not now found living in this part of the State.
Polygyra appressa Say. These are of the three-tooth variety found rather plentifully in many places in Missouri. On both sides of the river the shells vary much in size, many being larger than those now living in the neighborhood. It is the most plentiful shell at Providence, but scarce at Lupus. The shells variedjn size from 15 to 22 mm., and many of the smaller ones have only a trace of lip teeth.
Polygyra inflecta Say. Sparingly found at both places, but some- times uncertain as to whether fossil, or simply dead shells that had dropped from higher parts of the bluff.
THE NAUTILUS. 17
Polygyra fraterna Say. The same may be said of this as of the last. From both places.
Polygyra monodon Rack. From both places.
Polygyra hirsuta Say. Sparingly at both places. The ordinary size is of 7 mm. diameter, but one from Providence is of 9 mm. and somewhat differing from the smaller ones in other respects.
Succinea ovalis Say. A single one found at Lupus.
Gastrodonta ligera Say. A single one was found at Lupus. At some places in Boone county the living ones are plenty.
Helicina occulla Say. In my report of the Shells of Missouri this was given as Helicina orbiculata tropica. It is rather scarce on both sides of the river, and has never been found living in the State.
Vitrea indentata Say. From Lupus.
Vitrea hammonis Strom. Some young shells from Lupus were probably of this species.
Zonitoides minusculus Binne. From Lupus.
Zonitoides milium. From Lupus.
Bifidaria armifera Say. At Lupus.
Bifidaria contracta Say. These and other minute shells were not found imbedded in the dirt, but in clearing the larger Polygyra of the dirt that filled them a number of small shells were found. These and some smaller Pupillidce that have not been identified, were found at Lupus.
Pyramidula solitaria Say. This at Providence is perhaps as abundant as P. appressa, but at Lupus it is rare and somewhat smaller.
Pyramidula alternata Say. At Providence they are of good size and not plenty ; at Lupus rare and smaller.
Pyramidula perspectiva Say. A single specimen was found at each place.
Helicodiscus parallelus Say. From Lupus.
Garychium exile H. C. Lea. From Lupus.
An idea of the comparative number of the species may be had from the results of a walk along the railroad for three miles on the Providence side, during which hundreds of shells were picked up or seen, among which were only four prof undo, one pennsylvanica, one clausa, and one alternata, while soltiaria and appressa were abund- ant, and elevata next in abundance.
18 THE NAUTILUS.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF MAINE MOLLUSCA.
BY N. W. LERMOND.
Since the publication of my Catalogue of the Mollusca of Maine in 1909, the following species and varieties, some new some old, have been added to the list :
MODIOLARIA SUBSTRIATA, Gray.
One young specimen of this species was collected by John A. Allen. It was attached to an old bottle in Portland Harbor, near Hope Island.
MACOMA TENTA, Say.
Four dead specimens were taken by the writer in Aug., 1909, in the Georges River, near Taylor's Point, Gushing Shore, in six fathoms, on a muddy bottom.
Specimens were submitted to Prof. Pilsbry for determination.
ODOSTOMIA (MENESTHO) BISUTURALIS OVILENSIS, Bartsch.
The type of this subspecies was taken by Henry W. Winkley in Sheepscott River, Lincoln County. See Bartsch's Pyramidellidae of New England and Adjacent Region, p. 107.
TURBONILLA (PYRGISCUS) CASCOENSIS, Bartsch.
"The type and two additional specimens, Cat. no. 203,795 U. S. N. M., come from Casco Bay, Maine." See page 96 of Bartsch's Pyramidellidze. Dr. Bartsch does not state when, or by whom,, these specimens were collected.
ClNGULA HARPA, ?
One specimen taken by Henry W. vVinkley, at Eastport summer of 1913. Of this rare find, Mr. Winkley writes me as follows : "1 think my identification correct. Formerly reported from 150-500 fathoms. I like to capture a stray bird now and then — it is fine sport."
COLUMBELLA (ASTYRIS) LUNATA Say.
Several live specimens of this species were dredged by Henry W. Winkley in the Sheepscott River at Damariscotta and by myself in Maple-juice Cove and Broad Cove, near mouth of the George* River, Knox Co., during the summer of 1912. The latter locality is the most northern record for this species.
THE NAUTILUS. 19
RETUSA OBTUSA var. TUHRITA.
Reported by Mr. Dwighr Blaney from Frenchman's Bay.
MUSCULIUM ROSACEUM Prime.
A few specimens (immature) taken by Dana W. Sweet in Sandy River, Franklin County, and by the writer in Georges River, North Warren, Knox County.
MUSCULIUM RYCKHOLTI Normand.
Fairly plentiful in the small ponds of Warren and Thomaston, Knox County.
MUSCULIUM PARVUM St (?).
Six specimens of a Musculium were collected by the writer dur- ing past season in the Georges River at North Warren, Knox Co., and sent to Dr. Sterki for determination.
MUSCULIUM SECURIS (" form or even variety," Sterki).
Collected August 17, 1913, in Georges River, North Warren. They were returned labeled as above.
MUSCULIUM WINKLEYI St.
Taken at Saco, York County, by Henry W. Winkley, and at Avon, Franklin County, by Dana W. Sweet.
PlSIDIUM MONAS St.
Six specimens — one nearly full grown, others juv. — taken August 17, 1913, in Georges River, North Warren, by the writer.
Dr. Sterki, to whom the material was submitted, remarks as fol- lows : " rather like the type from Michigan. Some examples, prob- ably of same, though a little larger, from Aroostook Co. (Nylander)."
PlSIDIUM PUNCTATUM Var. SIMPLEX St.
Two specimens, almost full grown, taken by the writer in George River, North Warren, Aug., 1913.
PlSIDIUM VARIABILK, var. CICER Pr.
Eleven immature specimens taken at same time and place as above.
PISIDIUM MINUS (Adams).
A few specimens taken by the writer in Black River, Warren, Knox Co., season of 1909, and in Mill River, Thomaston, 1909 and 1910.
20 THE NAUTILUS.
PlSIDIUM ABDITUM Var. LACTEUM St.
Two live specimens and a few single valves taken in Georges River, North Warren, season of 1913.
PlSIDIUM SPHAERICUM St.
About twenty specimens, mostly immaculate, a few nearly full grown, taken Aug., 1913, in Georges River, North Warren.
AMNICOLA SCHROKINGERI Frauenfeldt.
Collected by Rev. Henry W. Winkley, at Saco, York county. LTMN^EA DESIDIOSA var. PLICA Lea.
Collected in Buckfield, Oxford County, by John A. Allen. PLANORBIS HIRSUTUS Gld. (= albus Mull) and P. DEFLECTUS Say.
Were inadvertently omitted from my published list. The former has been reported from Aroostook, Knox and Penobscot counties ; the latter from Aroostook, Knox, Oxford and Penobscot counties.
VERTIGO NYLANDERI St.
Woodland, Aroostook Co. (Nylander). See NAUTILUS, Vol. XXII, p. 107.
STUDIES IN NAJADES.
BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.
(Continued from Vol. XXVll, p. 91.)
FUSCONAJA ASKEWI (Marsh). (See : Quadrula a. Simpson, 1900, p. 786.)
A number of specimens, among them males, sterile and gravid females, from Sabine River, Logansport, De Soto Par., Louisiana, were received from D. S. Frierson, mostly collected on August 1, 1912, but one gravid female was collected on September 21.
In all females (altogether eleven) all four gills had marsupial structure, and in five gravid ones all four gills were charged. But in one gravid individual only the outer gills contained glochidia; but the inner gills had distinctly marsupial structure. Since there were placentae and fragments of them in the suprabranchial canals and the cloaca cavity, this specimen was caught in the act of discharging.
The breeding season probably ends in August, but the gravid spec- Jmen, with glochidia, collected on September 21, is remarkable. It
THE NAUT1LCS. 21
seems that in lower latitudes the breeding time does not depend strictly on the season. For instance, I have a gravid female, with eggs, of Fusconaja undata (Barnes) from the Ouachita River, Arka- delphia, Clark Co.. Arkansas, collected by H. E. Wheeler on Sep- tember 3, 1912, while another one, recorded previously (Ortmanm 1912, p. 241) was obtained in the same condition March 21, 1911.
F- askewi has a short mantle connection between anal and supra- anal, which was absent (torn?) in a few cases. Anal with very fine papillae, branchial with distinct papilla?. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac, except at anterior end. Posterior margins of palpi connected for about one-half of their length or a little less.
In the female, all four gills are marsupial. Placentae well devel- oped, subcylindrical, and, according to a communication from Frier- son, red " in most cases." Glochidia without hooks, semielliptical, higher than long. Length, 0.13, height, 0.15 mm.
Color of soft parts partly destroyed in alcohol, but there are indi- cations that mantle edge, adductors, and foot, had a more or less pronounced tendency to be orange-brown. Frierson informs me, that in life the soft parts may be orange or whitish.
This species clearly belongs in the undata-trigona-rubiginosa group, and is not at all related to the species with which it has been placed by Simpson (1900, p. 786), at any rate, it is not related to Elliptio beadleianus (Lea) (see Ortmann, 1. c. p. 268), although it resembles this species somewhat in the shell; but this is clearly a case of convergency.
CRENODONTA PEKPLICATA (Conrad) (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 248).
A gravid female, with glochidia, was received from H. E. Wheeler, from the " Old River " of the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Arkansas, collected June 26, 1911. Another discharging female, is at hand from Sabine River, Logansport, De Sota Par., Louisiana, collected by L. S. Frierson, August 1, 1912.
Also in this species the breeding season seems to be subject to considerable variation : ripe glochidia are present as early as June 26, and as late as August 6.
The glochidia of the present specimens are absolutely like those observed previously. Length, 0.20; height, 0.21 mm.
QUADRULA PUSTULATA (Lea) (See Simpson, 1900, p. 781).
Wabash River, New Harmony, Posey Co., Indiana, collected
22 THE NAUTILUS.
Aug. 8, 1912, by A. A. Hinkley. Aside from several very young ones, the sex of which could not be ascertained, there were two large males, and a gravid female, discharging glochidia. The date (Aug. 8) indicates the end of the breeding season.
Anal opening separated from the supraanal by a short mantle- connection, but in the largest male the two openings are united, the mantle-connection being undoubtedly torn. Anal with the inner edge almost smooth, branchial with distinct papillae. Posterior margins of palpi connected for about one-half of their length.
Inner lamina of inner gills free from the abdominal sac, except at anterior end. In the female, all four gills are marsupial. The shape of the placentae could not be observed, since the female was discharging, and the glochidia filled the suprabranchial canals and cloacal cavity in large, loose masses. But many glochidia were yet lodged in all four gills.
Glochidia subovate, higher than long, of medium size. Length, 0.20; height, 0.24 mm.
Color of soft parts apparently of the whitish type.
This is a true Quadrula, allied in its shell characters to Q. lach- rymosa (Lea). From Q. pustu/osa (Lea) it is rather sharply dis- tinguished by the glochidia, which are considerably larger in the latter species, 0.23 X 0.30 according to Lefevre and Curtis (Journ. Exp. Zool., 1910, p. (J8, fig. 1, F), while I found them (in speci- mens from "West Virginia) to be 0.22 X 0.29 mm.
(To be continued.}
NOTES.
ANOTHER GIANT SQUID IN MONTEREY BAY. — Since the publi- cation of my note in the NAUTILUS of February, 1912, I have been informed of the occurrence of another big squid in the same region as the one previously reported. Hoping to secure further details, I laid the note to one side, but as no further data have been forth- coming, it may be well to publish the record that it may not be lost. Such information as I have been able to obtain was furnished to Dr. Harold Heath of Stanford University by Mr. K. Hovden, Man- ager of the Booth Canning Company at Monterey, who happened to be fortunate enough to see the specimen.
About October 12, 1912, some Italian fishermen in Monterey Bay
T11IO NAUTILUS. 23
encountered and captured an immense squid, thereupon bringing it to shore. Its gross measurements I have been unable to ascertain, but the animal is stated to have weighed close to 500 pounds. The arms were about a yard long, and the general color of the animal a dark red. Mr. Hovden endeavored to purchase the specimen for five dollars, but this sum was refused by the fishermen, who devoured the prize raw — S. S. BERRY.
LARGE SQUID on the Oregon coast, is thus reported by the New- port (Oregon) Journal. — Mrs. C. L. Hansen, wife of the lightkeeper at Heceta lighthouse, 30 miles south of here, and her daughter dis- covered a squid half out on the rock but a few yards away. Several of the long tentacles were reaching further, while the ugly head with the parrot-like beak was well out of water. The huge goggle eyes were fixed upon the two people. Mrs. Hansen called to her husband, and the squid slipped back into the water as he approached. It could be plainly seen, however, alongside the rock. Mrs. Hansen then called Fred Deroy, the assistant keeper, and with a long gaff hook and grappling rakes the two men succeeded in landing and killing the monster. The tentacles were seven feet long and the body 28 inches, making it over 16 feet from tip to tip. The body proper was over six feet long and of mottled brown color. It had a diamond-shaped tail about 27 inches across.
NOTE ON TIIE CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANCYLIDAE. — Dear Editors: The receipt of the February number of the NAUTILUS has recalled to my attention the fact that for nearly two years I have before me without opportunity to complete it a paper on the classifi- cation of the Ancylidae that had circumstances been otherwise would have prevented a serious misunderstanding on the part of Mr. Walker of my ideas on the ancestry of the fresh-water limpets. That Grabau's statement that " our modern patelliform species are prob- ably not primitive types " is, I think, plausible, but it is nevertheless true that several families of the fresh-water pulmonates show by their development a much more recent simple patelliform stage such as I described that probably does not have anything to do with the prim- itive stage indicated by Grabau.
I very much doubt that the dextral genera Lanx, Fisherola, Laevapex, Acroloxus and Gundlachia are actually as closely related to Ancylus, Brondelia, and Ancylastrum as supposed. The latter
24 THE NAUTILUS.
genera in their late development, if they do not maintain it to matur- ity, possess a coiled shell and upon this the limpet-like shell of Ancylus is secondarily developed. It may be further noticed that these latter genera are all sinstral and I am under the impression that the anatomy corresponds closely. At any event it is quite dif- ferent from that of Lanx, Laevapex (Ferrissia) and Gundlachia, which do not show any evidence in their post-embryological develop- ment that they ever possessed a coiled shell though I suspect they did at one time far back in their history. I have been hoping to study the early development of one of these genera but it is a little out of my line at present. The latter genera should, I think, at least be segregated in another family, the Laevapecidae, with sub- families Laevapecincz and LancincB, and probably another subfamily for the secondarily coiled forms that may belong here. In this case my statement regarding the simple patelliform ancestors would refer to this family since it was the development of these and not that of the Old World group that I studied.
In regard to the generic classification of the Laevapecidas there is opportunity for considerable disagreement of opinion. I ' have called attention to the fact that in Lanx, Fisherola and Zalophancylus the sculpture is solely concentric and the apex lies along the medial line, the genera being distinguished chiefly by the position of the apex, which may be central, sub-central, or terminal, arbitrary characters perhaps, but ones which run through a number of species that seem to group together in other respects. In Gundlachia, Kincaiditta* Laevapex, and Ferrissia the problem is much more difficult. I am not by any means sure that I can always tell a non-septate Gund- lachia or Kincaidilla from a Ferrissia. Our local species look easy; but after comparing Walker's figures of African Ferrissias I would not hesitate to call most of the latter non-septate Gundlachias, though I believe Walker knows Ferrissias better than I do.
I am sorry that Walker has not examined the post-embryonic stages of some large Ferrissia that actually shows the development from Laevapex. Both Ferrissia and Lanx show unmistakable indi- cations of derivation from a very low-spired form such as is repre- sented by Laevapex and Walkerola respectively, as I have observed in at least two species in the former genus and three in the latter. This form I should regard as the least specialized modern type among the Laevapecidse — HAROLD HANNIBAL.
!Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond. x, 1912, p. 147 ff.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVIII. JULY, 1914. No. 3
THE MARINE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA FROM THE VICINITY OF BOLINAS
BAY, CALIFORNIA.
BY BRUCE L. CLARK.
Bolinas Bay lies about ten miles to the north of the Golden Gate. It is one of the few coves along the rocky coast of Marin County where good collections of marine shells may be ob- tained. W. M. Wood in vol. xi, no. 5, p. 49 the NAUTILUS, de- scribes Bolinas Bay as the " Conchologist's Paradise;" cer- tainly there are very few places along the coast of middle California where specimens may be found in such great abundance.
At Bolinas we find two different types of shore line, the long spit which nearly cuts off the bay from the ocean and the rocky beach. Duxbury Eeef, about two miles to the south- west of the town of Bolinas, extends out into the ocean for over a mile. This is bared at low tide and is one of the best localities that can be imagined for collecting certain rock-lov- ing species. For a more complete description of this locality the reader is referred to the paper mentioned above.
In March, 1913, the Pacific Conchological Club took a trip to Bolinas Bay for the purpose of making collections at that point. The material collected on this excursion was turned over to the writer for determination. This collection was con- siderably augmented by Mr. Daniel Emery, who visited Boli- nas Bay at a later date. He collected out on the reef and
26
THE NAUTILUS.
obtained certain species that had never been reported in this vicinity before.
The list of species given below is the largest ever reported from Bolinas Bay. It includes a number of forms that had heretofore not been reported as far north. Two other lists of species from this locality have been published, one by Robt. E. C. Stearns in 1866, the other by W. M. Woods in 1897. Mr. Stearns published a list of eighty-three marine species.1 Mr. Wood, to whose paper reference has already been made, listed seventy-nine species. The number of species in the collection of the Pacific Conchological Club is ninety-seven. To this may be added those listed by Stearns and Wood and not found in the Pacific Conchological Club collections, making a total of one hundred and twenty-seven species from this locality.
Species collected at Bolinas Bay by the Pacific Conchological
Club.
Amphineura
Ischnochiton raymoudi Pils. Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. Mopalia vespertina Gould Mopalia muscosa Gould
Pelecypoda Adula falcata Gould Adula stylina Carpenter Anomia lampe Gray Cardita subquadrata Carpen- ter
Cardium corbis Martyn Chama exogyra Conrad Chama pellucida Sowerby Cryptomya ealiforuica Con- rad
Macoma balthica Linnaeus Macoma cf. inflatula Dall Macoma inquinata Deshayes Macoma nasuta Conrad
Macoma secta Conrad Macoma, n. sp. ? Modiola recta Conrad Monia macrochisma Deshayes Mytilus californicus Conrad Mytilus edulus Linnaeus Paphia tenerrima Carpenter Paphia staminea Conrad Paphia staminea rugerata
Desh. Paphia staminea Conrad var.
orbella
Parapholas californicus Con- rad
Petricola carditoides Conrad Pecten giganteus Gray Pecten hastatus Sowerby Pholadidea penita Conrad Platydon cancellatus Conrad Saxicava pholadis Linnaeus
1 Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. iii, p. 275.
THE NAUTILUS.
27
Saxicava rugosa Linnaeus Saxidomus uuttalli Conrad Schizothagrus nuttalli Conrad Seniele mbropicta Dall Siliqua Incida Conrad Siliqua nuttalli Conrad Solen sicareus Gould Spisula catilliformis Conrad Tellina bodegensis Hinds Tellina button! Dall Zirphea crispata Linnaeus Xylotrya setacea Tryou
Gasteropoda
Acmaga asmi Middendorf Acniaea scabra Eschscholtz Acmasa spectrum Reeve Acmasa mitra Eschscholtz Acmasa pelta Eschscholtz Acmasa patina Eschscholtz Acanthina engonata Conrad Amalthea cranoides Carpen- ter
Amphissa corrugata Reeve Amphissa versicolor Dall Bittium eschrichti Midd. Calliostoma costatum Martyn, Cerithidea califomica Hald. Chrysodomus dims Reeve Columbella (Astyris) gausa-
pata Gould Columbella (Astyris) gausa-
pata carinata Hinds Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula nivea Gould
Species collected by Robt. E. not found in the collection of
Amphineura Tonicella lineata Wood
Diala sp.?
Epitonium indianorum Hinds Fissuridea aspera Esch. Haliotus rufescens Swains Haliotus cracherodii Leach Lacuna porrecta exaequata
Carpenter
Littorina planaxis Philippi Littorina scutulata Gould Margarites acuticostatus Cpr. Megatebennus bimaculatus
Dall
Nassa cooperi Forbs Nassa fossata Gould Nassa mendica Gould Nassa perpinguis Gould Ocinebra lurida munda Cpr. Ocinebra lurida Middendorf Ociuebra interfossa Cpr. Odostomia tenuis Carpenter Olivella biplicata Sowerby Olivella intorta Carpenter Polynices lewisii Gould Polynices draconica Dall Purpura foliata Gould Tegula funebrale A. Adams Tegula brunuea Philippi Tegula montereyi Kien Tegula pulligo Martyn Thais lamellosa Gmelin Thais lima Martyn Thais saxicola Valenciennes Turris incisa Carpenter Turris ophiderma Dall
C. Stearns at Bolinas Bay and the Pacific Conchological Club.
Pelecypoda Clidiophora sp.
28
THE NAUTILUS.
Macoma secta var.edulis Nutt. Pholadidea ovoidea Gould Semele nibiolineata ' ' auct.
non Conrad" Venempis lamellifera Con.
Gasteropoda Acmaea insessa Hinds (Na-
cella insessa Hinds) Acmaea instabilis Gld. (Na-
cella instabilis Gld.) Acmaea triangnlaris Cpr.1 Fissuridea murina Dall (Gly-
phis densiclathrata Rve.)
Species collected by W. M. Wood at Bolinas Bay and not
found in the Pacific Conchological Club collections or
in the list given by Stearns.
Lacuna unifasciata Cpr. Lacuna solidula Sby. Muricidea californica Hinds Murex trialatus Sowerby Ocinebra lurida Midd. var.
aspera Bairs Tegula montereyi Kien
(Chlorostoma pfeifferi
Phil.) Thais lamellosa var. ostrina
Gould
Amphineura Mopalia hiudsii
Pelecypoda
Entodesma saxicola Baird Kellia laperousii Deshayes Lithophagus plumulata Hani. Lyonsia californica Conrad Mytilimeria nuttalli Conrad Pholadidea parva Tryon
Saxicava arctica Linn.
Gasteropoda
Crepidula navicelloides Nut- tall (C. nivea Gould)
Haliotes fulgens Phil.
Hippouyx tumens (Amalthea tumeus Cpr.)
Margarites pupilla Qould
STUDIES IN NAJADES.
BY A. E. ORTMANN.
(Continued from page 22.) LEXINGTONIA nov. gen.
Shell subquadrate or subtrapezoidal, with slightly elevated beaks, and well developed hinge teeth. Beaks not much an-
According to Keep probably a variety of A. paleacea Gld.
THE NAUTILUS. 29
terior. Outer surface without sculpture. Epidermis lighter or darker brownish, with rather indistinct rays, which are narrower or wider, and do not break up into blotches. Beak sculpture distinct, consisting of rather numerous (six to eight), rather crowded, subconcentric ridges, which form an indistinct, rounded angle upon the posterior ridge, and are in front of this somewhat wavy and corrugated, but without showing any distinct zigzag pattern. Toward the disk, they disappear. Nacre whitish or pinkish.
Soft parts more or less orange. Anal separated from the supraanal by a well-developed mantle connection, which is shorter than the anal. Anal with small, but distinct papillae, branchial with somewhat larger papillae. Inner lamina of inner gills free. Only the outer gills are marsupial in the female, when gravid, they swell but little, and the placentae are 'subcylindrical (not compressed and lanceolate), rather solid, and of red color. Glochidia semielliptical, of medium size, without hooks.
Type : Unio siibplanus Conrad.
This genus stands near Pleurobema and Elliptic, and differs from either chiefly by the subcylindrical, red placentae, and by the beak sculpture. The placentae resemble much those of Fusconaja, but this genus has all four gills marsupial, and the beak sculpture is much more simple. In the beak sculpture, Lexingtonia is peculiar, and might even be said to approach Rotundaria, The general shape of the shell much resembles that of Fusconaja nibiginosa (Lea). Lexingtonia apparently is a collective type, uniting characters found in several other genera, with one character of its own (beak sculpture), and thus the best way out of the difficulty is to create a new genus, which stands between Fusconaja on the one side, and Pleuro- bema and Elliptic on the other.
LEXINGTONIA SUBPLANA (Conrad). (Unio subplanus Con- rad, Monogr. Union. 9, 1837, p. 73, pi. 41, f. 1, from " branch of James River" (== North Eiver), Lexington, Rockbridge Co., Va.— Simpson, Pr. IT. S. Mus., 22, 1900, p. 720: "North Carolina and Virginia").
I found seven specimens of this species. One was found at
30 THE NAUTILUS.
the type-locality on June 7, 1912, and proved to be a gravid female, with the glochidia fully developed. The others were found about 7 or 8 miles below in North River, above Buena Vista, Rockbridge Co., Va. : 2 males, 2 sterile, and 2 gravid females, one of the latter with eggs, the other with the glo- chidia just beginning to form. The largest is a male, length 40.5, height 27.5, diameter 13.5 mm., the next largest, a female, measures, length 40, height 27, diameter 15 mm.
The shape of the shell is somewhat variable : Conrad's figure represents a rather long specimen ; I have such specimens, but others are shorter. The figure shows no trace of rays, but sometimes these are rather distinct.
In Simpson's system (1. c., pp. 719-720), this species forms the group of U. striatulus, together with three others: stria- tulus Lea, amabilis Lea, and brimleyi Wright. I have no doubt that these are indeed closely allied, and should not be astonished, if they finally should prove to be all the same spe- cies. Of striatulus and brimleyi I am rather strongly inclined to think that is the case.
The essential characters of the soft parts have been men- tioned in the description of the genus. It should be noted that the mantle connection between anal and supraanal is present in all of my specimens, and although shorter than the anal, is better developed than in the species of Fusconaja, Quadrula, Plethobasus, and Pleurobema. The comparatively distinct papillae of the anal should also be noted.
The color of the abdominal sac and the gills is grayish- white; foot paler or darker orange, adductors pale orange. The charged outer gills of the gravid female are bright red (like those of Fusconaja rubiginosa) . Also the gonads are red. Placentae subcyliudrical, sometimes very slightly com- pressed, but only near the base ; they are rather solid and can easily be taken out entire, even when glochidia are present.
Glochidia semielliptical, without hooks. Length and height the same, 0.18 mm.
PLEUROBEMA FRIERSONI (B. H. Wright) (See: Quadrula fr. Simpson, 1900, p. 787).
A number of specimens of typical friersoni were received
THE NAUTILUS. 31
from L. S. Frierson, collected August 1, 1912, in Sabine River, Logansport, De Soto Par., La.
Others were sent by H. E. Wheeler from the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Ark., collected at various dates. Among them were two gravid females, collected May 19, 1911, one with eggs, the other with unripe glochidia.
The specimens from. Ouachita River are not typical frier- soni, but resemble this species greatly; they are quite var- iable in shape, but in the average more oblique. Whatever they are, the anatomy of these two forms is identical.
The structure of the soft parts is that of the genus Pleuro- bema, with the outer gills only marsupial. The placentae are lanceolate and compressed. Glochidia not fully mature, but their shape could be made out ; they are semielliptical, higher than long, approximate size, length 0.13, height 0.15 mm.
The soft parts seem to have been whitish in all.
This species belongs near to P. riddelU, as described by me previously (1. s., p. 262). I first thought they were this species, till Mr. Frierson called my attention to friersoni, and I think he is right. Whether the specimens from Jackson, Miss., are actually riddelli, remains to be seen.
PLEUROBEMA FASSINANS (Lea) (See: Simpson, 1900, p. 762).
A number of specimens from North Fork Holston River, Saltville, Smyth Co., Va., collected by myself on September 17, 1912.
Anal opening separated from the supraanal by a short mantle-connection, its inner edge with fine papillae. Bran- chial with larger papillae. Posterior margins of palpi con- nected for about one-half of their length. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac, except at anterior end. In the female (many were examined) only the outer gills are marsupial, having much more crowded septa than the inner gills. No gravid females were found.
In all specimens, the soft parts were grayish-white to pale- brown ; in one case, foot and adductor muscles have been marked as orange-brown. None of the shells has been marked as having had red gonads.
32 THE NAUTILUS.
The natural affinities of this species remain yet to be inves- tigated. It seems to be a true Pleurobema, but represents, in the shell, a peculiar type, which has no closer relation to any of those, of which the soft parts are known.
ELLIPTIC LANCEOLATUS (Lea) (See: Unio lane.., Simpson, 1900, p. 734).
I collected, on June 3, 1912, two specimens, one a gravid female, in Mountain Run, Culpeper, Culpeper Co., Va., and about a dozen, part of them gravid, on June 5, 1912, in Rapi- dan River, Rapidan, Culpeper Co., Va. All gravid females had eggs, and thus the beginning of the breeding season falls probably in May.
Structure of soft parts identical with that of E. complana- tus, and chiefly with E. product us, agreeing with the latter in the rather long mantle-connection between anal and supra- anal (almost as long as anal). (See : Ortmann, 1812, p. 270.) Structure of marsupium in the gravid female as described in E. complanatus ; only the outer gills are marsupial, the eggs are whitish, forming rather distinct, lanceolate and com- pressed placentae.
UNIOPICTORUM (Linnaeus) (See: Ortmann, 1912, p. 274).
In 1911, I have received from W. Israel a number of gravid specimens from Germany. They were collected on May 12, 15, 22, 27, and 28, 1911. Some of those collected on May 22, 27, and 28 had glochidia, and on May 22 some were in the act of discharging.
The investigation of the marsupium shows that the outer gills are only moderately swollen, when charged, and that the edge remains sharp and is not distended. The eggs form lanceolate and compressed placentae, which are not very solid, and when glochidia are developed, there is no or very little cohesion between them; they fall easily apart and pass out of the suprabranchial canals in loose, irregular masses. No traces of lateral water canals have been observed, and the ovisacs remain open below.
The glochidia are of the Anodonta-type, as was known
THE NAUTILUS. 33
before, being subtriangular in outline, and having hooks. But they are rather small, length and height being about equal, 0.21 rnm. This is entirely at variance with the statement of Harms (Zool. Jahrb. Anat., 28, 1909, p. 332) and Haas (Pr. Malacol. Soc. London, 9, 1910), quoted in my text, p. 275, that they are 0.29 mm. long. But possibly this is simply a slip of the pen or a misprint.
UNIO TUMIDUS Eetzius.
I have gravid specimens, received from W. Israel, collected in Germany on May 22 and 27, 1911. One of the first date had unripe glochidia.
The structure of the soft parts is exactly like that of U. pic- torum. The glochidia are immature, and the hooks are not yet developed. In general shape they resemble much those of U. pictorum, but they seem to be smaller, 0.19 mm. ; but this should be confirmed by the measurements of ripe glochidia.
UNIO CRASSUS Retzius.
W. Israel sent me gravid females from Germany, collected on May 2, 12, 25, 26, and on June 6 and July 21, 1911. Glo- chidia were found in specimens collected on May 26 and June 6, on the latter date they were being discharged. In addition, a single gravid female with eggs was collected on December 24, 1910, but this is regarded by W. Israel as an exceptional case. Also the date July 21 appears as somewhat abnormal. The normal breeding season apparently lasts from April to June.
Also here the structure is similar to that of U. pictorum. Placentae distinct only, when eggs are present, and not very solid. In the discharging female the glochidia were in the suprabranchial canals in loose, irregular masses. Glochidia of the same shape as in U. pictorum, but slightly smaller, and less high in proportion to length ; length 0.19-0.20, height 0.18- 0.19.
THE WATER CANALS IN THE MARSUPIUM OF THE ANODONTINAE.
Lefevre and Curtis (Bull. Bur. Fisher, 30, 1912, p. 133) re- gard the lateral or secondary water canals ("respiratory
34 THE NAUTILUS.
canals") of the charged marsupium of the Anodontinae as a special device for aeration, not of the embryos, as I believe, but of the blood of the gravid female, the mother. Their ar- gument is, that it is hard to see that a canal shut off from the embryos by a membrane could increase the facilities of aera- tion. I think, this argument rests upon a complete misunder- standing of the requirements and actual conditions; a canal, which permits a circulation of water within the gill, although separated from the embryos by a thin membrane, surely gives a better chance for aeration of the embryos, than the complete absence of such a canal, and, consequently, the complete ab- sence of any water circulation within the marsupial gill. The mass of embryos inside of the water tubes is of such a char- acter, that it would completely choke up the ostia, and there would be only a water current over the outer faces of the gill, separated from the embryos by the whole thickness of the gill-lamina, which is considerable. For this reason, I em- phatically must maintain my first opinion, that the lateral water tubes have the function of furnishing breathing water for the embryos and glochidia, and not for the mother.
(To be continued.)
A. C. BILLUPS.
Mr. A. C. Billups died early in June at his home in Law- renceburg, Indiana. He was known to couchologists as an ardent collector of shells, his chief interest being in fresh- water species. Besides his conchological work, Mr. Billups was known as an entomologist, a pursuit in which he took especial delight and satisfaction. In his business as a mechan- ical engineer, Mr. Billups traveled extensively for a time, in- stalling power plants of various kinds; and this gave many opportunities for collecting in those branches of natural his- tory which interested him. It also gave opportunities for personal intercourse with brother naturalists, many of whom will hear of his death with sincere sorrow. Mr. Billups is sur- vived by his wife and son, Mr. C. F. Billups.
THE NAUTILUS. 35
NOTES.
MR. T. VAN HYNING has recently been appointed Librarian of the Experimental Station, and Director of the Museum of the Florida State University ; his address is now, Florida State University, Gainesville, Florida.
MODIOLUS DEMISSUS Dillw. and var. GRANOSISSIMUS Sby.— Dr. Dall, in the Trans. Wagner Inst., iii, 796, 797, has pointed out that Modiola plicatula Lam. (An. s. Vert., vi, 1819, p. 113) is preceded by Mytilus demissus Dillw., Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells, Vol. I, 1817, p. 314, described from Virginia and Caro- lina. He suggests using the name demissa for the southern form with beaded sculpture, and plicatula for the northern specimens with smoother ribs. All the examples from the Caro- linas loaned to me by Mr. Mazyck were the same as the north- ern specimens; so, unless the beaded form actually is also found in Carolina, the name granosissima Sowerby (Proc. Mai. Soc. London, xi, 1914, p. 9) from Andaras, S. America, and Florida, will have to be used for the Florida beaded var- iety. M. plicatula will then become a synonym of demissa Dillw. — E. G. VANATTA.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
ON THE ANATOMY OF CONUS TULIPA LINN, AND CONUS TEX- TILE LINN. By H. 0. N. Shaw (The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, Vol. 60, pt. 1, pp. 1-60, April, 1914). A clear and concise account of the anatomy of these two in- teresting shells, illustrated by 6 plates and 12 text-figures.
ANATOMIE DBS CLAUSILIES DANOISES, I, LES ORGANES GENI- TAUX. Par C. M. Steenberg (Mindeskrift for Japetus Steen- strup, xxix, pp. 1-44, 1914). A well worked-out study, full of interest to workers in the anatomy of land snails.
THE PLIOCENE MOLLUSC A OF GREAT BRITAIN. By F. W. Harmer (Palaeontographical Society, 1913, pt. 1, pp. 1-200,
36 THE NAUTILUS.
pi. 1-24, Feb., 1914). This part covers the non-marine species and a portion of the marine Gasteropoda. The author's treat- ment of Buccinuni and allied genera is very interesting. Of B. undatum 12 varieties are recognized. To the form which is also found on the eastern coast of North America the var- ietal name of littoralis King (1846) is used. There is appar- ently an older name for this form — undulatum Moller (Kroyer's Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 84, 1842) which was adopted by Stimpson. Some sixteen other species of Buccinuni are described and figured, including a number found living on the Banks of Newfoundland. A new genus Searlesia is proposed for the group of which Trophon costifera S. V. Wood is the type.1 The Chrysodomus dirus Eeeve =i«cmts Old. =sit- kensis Midd. of the Pacific coast probably belongs to this genus. Neptunea decemcostata Say is considered a variety of N. despecta Linne. The author is very conservative, using most of the older generic names, rather than those now adopted by most conchologists. The work is indispensable to one studying the boreal fauna, from the intimate relation of British Pliocene with recent North Atlantic species. The figures are excellent phototypes. — C. W. J.
LAND SHELLS FROM THE TERTIARY OF WYOMING. By T. D. A. Cockerell. (Bull. Arner. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, pp. 323- 325.) Professor Cockerell's studies in tertiary insects and land shells of the Rocky Mountain region are giving us glimpses of a fauna of surpassing interest. His last paper describes several types new to America. Protoboysia is a Pupoid snail with the last whorl running up the spire nearly to the summit ; length and width 31/2 mm. It differs from the Indian Boysia by a peculiar construction of the last whorl. Boysia sinclairi and B. phenacodorum are forms which ' ' can- not at present be distinguished from Boysia." With these species which certainly seem to have Oriental relations, were found a Vitrea, a Thysanophora, Pyramidula ralstonensis and Oreohelix megarche. All are from the Clark's Fork Basin. — H. A. P.
'The species of Searlesia resembles Urosalpinx rather closely. It is re- markable that so large a number (12) should be found in one restricted area.
THE NAUTILUS, XXVI11.
PLATE II
OO U. 1 T"l <? V-OJ S -<-< ~
1, 2. PUPILLA MUSCORUM XEROBIA P1LSBRY.
3. AGRIOLIMAX GUATEMALENSIS CROSSE & FISCHER.
4. AGRIOLIMAX G. MOTAGUENSIS COCKERELL.
5. LUCIDELLA TANTILLA PILSBRY. VAR. 6-8. V1TRINELLA SHIMERI CLAPP.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVIII. AUGUST, 1914. No. 4
SHELLS OF DURAN, NEW MEXICO.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
When enroute for El Paso, over the Eock Island road, in August, 1910, Mr. L. E. Daniels, and the writer stopped four hours at the station of Duran, Torrance Co., N. M. This place lies about 75 or 80 miles southeast from Albuquerque, at an elevation of 6272 ft., and was selected because it is near the highest point crossed by the C. R. I. & P. road. We had thought it rather a pity to ride through the State without trying out the collecting. After trying Duran we felt recon- ciled to go on.
The most promising place seemed to be a large, steep, flat- topped butte about a mile south of the station. It proved to be composed of level-bedded white sandstone, the lower slopes stony. We found shells most abundant under large flat stones near the top of the north side. The sides and top are thickly covered with scrubby junipers, some pinyons and a little knee- high scrub-oak. We noted several cacti -- Cereus, Echino- cactus, Opuntia and Cylindropuntia, and a couple of small ferns ; also a small species of Yucca and a filamentous Agave. From the top one sees low ranges and isolated barren buttes.
From about Santa Rosa to Corona the railroad runs through similar sandstone country, modeled by erosion. At Corona, the highest point, the road crosses one of the ranges of sand-
38 THE NAUTILUS.
stone hills. Probably the snails we found are a fair sample of the fauna of all this country.
Zonit aides minuscula alachuana (Ball). One specimen.
Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. Very abundant.
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Much less common.
Pupilla muscorum xerobia, Pils. Moderately abundant.
Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella (Pils.). Very abundant.
Bifidaria, pilsbryi Sterki. Two specimens.
PUPILLA MUSCORUM XEROBIA n. subsp. PL II, figs. 1, 2.
Shell small, very short, composed of 5Vs whorls, the last three forming the cylindric portion, those above forming a very short, obtuse cone ; last whorl ascending a little, having a stout buff crest behind the thin, well-expanded lip. There is a small, short, parietal lamella but no other teeth. Length 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm.
Types 110. 104005 A. N. S. P. from Duran, N. M. Others of the same lot in collections of L. E. Daniels and J. H. Ferriss.
Mr. Vauatta looked over the collection of the Academy and reports that he found the same small race from the following localities, all in Colorado. Trinidad, Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906. Magnolia, Boulder Co., 8000 ft., D. McAndrews. Estes Park, E. H. Aslimun. Black Lake Creek, T. D. A. Cockerell. Near Golden, 7000 ft., E. E. Hand.
The length varies from 2.25 to 2.75 mm. in the lot taken at Duran.
A NEW FOSSIL VITRINELLA, FROM BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.
BY WILLIAM F. CLAPP.
Through the kindness of Dr. H. W. Shimer of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology I have been able to examine some of the material he has received from the ex- cavation for the Boylston street subway, Boston, Mass. The results of Dr. Shimer 's investigations concerning the marine
THE NAUTILUS. 39
fauna which formerly flourished in this region, will appear in a forthcoming publication of the Boston Society of Natural History. I therefore confine myself to the description of a new mollusk which occurs quite plentifully in the material submitted to me, referring those desiring further informa- tion regarding its age and the species with which it was found associated, to the publication mentioned above.
VlTRINELLA SHIMERI, Sp. nOV. PL II, figS. 6, 7, 8.
Shell small, white, solid, depressed, whorls three, the ulti- mate rapidly enlarging; smooth above, beneath with about eighteen deeply incised lines radiating from the umbilical re- gion. Suture distinct, umbilicus small, deep, aperture very oblique, circular, not modified by previous whorl, peritreme not continuous, modified to a more or less thin glaze on body whorl, outer lip simple, columellar lip greatly thickened in the direction of and encroaching on the umbilical region. Great- est diameter 1.25 mm., height .5 mm.
It is most readily distinguished from other Vitrinellas, by the radiating lines of the base, caused by the folding back of the thickened inner lip at regular stages of growth. Viewed from above the strongly curved continuation of the outer lip from the suture to the periphery, is more noticeable than in any related species.
The genus Vitrinella has been restricted by Miss Katharine J. Bush (Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vol. 10, 1897) to a group of " small more or less hyaline " shells, etc. While V. shimeri can not possibly be considered as hyaline it agrees well with all of the other characters of the genus. It is possible that its solid opaque appearance may be the result of the age of the specimens. No species of Vitrinella have been pre- viously recorded from New England.
Associated with Nassa obsoleta, Mulinia lateralis, Odostomia bisuturaUs, My a arenaria and Macoma balthica. V. shimeri belonged to the " between tide" fauna of what were formerly the Charles River flats.
Type: Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 2600. Para- types: U. S. National Museum, Boston Society of Natural
40 THE NAUTILUS.
History, Mass. Institute of Technology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS SYMPHYNOTA, LEA.
BY L. S. PRIERSON.
In 1819 Rafinesque proposed the genus Proptera, and the only described species placed in it by him was the Unio alata Say, which has thus been accepted as type of the genus ever since. Evidently unaquainted with Rafinesque 's writings at the time, Dr. Lea, ten years afterwards (1829) proposed an almost identical genus, Symphynota, and named as type, the same shell, Unio alatus! (Obs. vol. 1, page 38). The genus Symphynota therefore is a synonym, pure and simple, and Simpson's and other's use of the name, no doubt arose from overlooking the fact that Lea originally took U. alatus as type. This being so, those species placed in Symphynota by Simpson (Synopsis 1900, pages 662-666) must be placed in the genus Lasmigona Rafinesque, 1831. Type L. costata Rafinesque (1820).
In the May (1914) NAUTILUS, page 7, I proposed the term Simpsonaias for Hemflastina. This name has been preoccu- pied however, and for it I propose the term Simpsoniconcha, in honor of Mr. C. T. Simpson.
VOLVIDENS, NEW GENUS.
BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.
I am often puzzled by the generic names applied by authors to many of the small species of Antillean land-shells ; as in the case of the Cuban " Thysanophora" tichostoma Pfr., a fairly common species of the Matanzas and Havana Provinces. So far I have never succeeded in capturing a living specimen of this and therefore cannot seek the aid of an anatomist in deter-
THE NAUTILUS. 41
mining its true position with final certainty. Obviously, how- ever, it is not a Tkysanophora, — nor is it a Gastrodonta. It cannot well be a Sagda, — nor Odontosagda, yet it seems to be closely related to both. Its very prominent character of a centrally placed continuous lamella on the parietal wall I think justifies the creation of a genus to include it within the subfamily Sagdincc. I therefore propose for it the new genus, to be described for the present as follows:
VOLVIDENS, n. g.
Shell small, depressed, widely umbilicate, rather thin and shining and of Zonites-like texture. Aperture with an inter- nal sharply raised lamella centrally placed on the parietal wall. Lip simple. Type : Helix tichostoma Pfr.
This lamella in fully adult specimens extends back about one-half whorl. Back of this it appears to have been absorbed but there are evidences of its existence from the early whorls. It differs from all the Proserpinella group by its lack of an apical callus.
I have not infrequently found in collections among lots of V. tichostoma specimens of Strobilops hubbardi. To the naked eye the two species appear very much alike, but they can never be confused when examined under a glass. I have seen no mention of the presence of this latter species in Cuba, but I have found it in many localities in Havana and Pinar del Rio Provinces, and it is quite likely it will be found throughout the Antilles. Cuban specimens are smaller than those from Florida, but otherwise identical.
STUDIES IN NAJADES.
BY A. E. ORTMANN.
(Continued from page 34.)
Genus : SYMPHYNOTA, subgenus ALASMENOTA nov. subgen.
This new subgenus is proposed for the species : Margaritana holstonia Lea as type, which has been placed by Simpson
42 THE NAUTILUS.
(1900, p. 670) in the genus Alasmidonta. However, the chief character of Alasmidonta is in the beak sculpture, which is heavy and generally concentric, at the outmost with only a slight indication of a sinus. And, further, some species of Alasmidonta have a tendency to have the inner lamina of the inner gill more or less connected with the abdominal sac (Ort- mann, 1912, pp. 279, 280, 294). These are the only essential characters which distinguish this genus from Symphynota Lea.
Marg. holstonia has a beak sculpture which is not heavy, consisting of four to six rather fine and sharp bars, the first one or two subconcentric, the following ones sharply double looped, the posterior loop smaller, separated from the anterior by a deep, sharp, re-entering angle. This sculpture is iden- tical with that of Symphynota compressa, viridis, and com- planata. Aud, further, M. holstonia has the inner lamina of the inner gills free from the abdominal sac, agreeing also in this with Symphynota. Thus it is evident, this species should be placed here.
Symphynota has three subgenera, according to Simpson, but to none of these holstonia can be assigned, and thus it is best, to create a new subgenus, Alasminota, for it. Its relation to the other subgenera may be made clear by the following table :
Genus Symphynota Lea.
a1 Hermaphroditic. Cardinal and lateral teeth present. Beak sculpture sharply double-looped. Shell subovate or sub- trapezoidal, moderately long.
Subgenus: Symphynota Simpson.
a2 Gonochoristic. Cardinal teeth present, laterals rudiment- ary or absent.
b1 Shell elongated elliptical, rather small. Surface with- out sculpture. Beak sculpture sharply double-looped.
Subgenus: Alasminota Ortmann.
b2 Shell subrhomboid, subtrapezoidal, or subovate, moder- ately long or short, quite large. Surface with more or less developed sculpture of radiating ridges upon the posterior slope.
THE NAUTILUS. 43
c1 Shell large, ovate-rhomboid, high and short. Beak sculpture sharply double-looped. Radial ridges upon posterior slope present or obsolete.
Subgenus : Pterosygna Rafinesque.
c2 Shell rather large, subrhomboidal or subtrapezoidal, moderately long. Beak sculpture coarse, less dis- tinctly double-looped (only sinuated). Radial ridges upon posterior slope well developed.
Subgenus : Lasmigona Rafinesque. SYMPHYNOTA (ALASMINOTA) HOLSTONIA (Lea) (See: Ala^smi-
donta h. Simpson, 1900, p. 670).
On September 19, 1912, I collected two males in Clinch River, Tazewell, Tazewell Co., Va., and on September 20, one gravid female, with glochidia, in the same river at Richland, same county.
Anal separated from supraanal by a mantle-connection, which is rather short, shorter than the anal, its inner edge dis- tinctly crenulated. Branchial with papillae. Posterior mar- gins of palpi united for about one-half of their length.
Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac, except at anterior end. Structure of gills Anodontine : in the gravid female, only the outer gills are marsupial, they have lateral water canals, and their edge is more or less distended. Glo- chidia of typical shape, subtriangular, with hooks, large, slightly higher than long. Length 0.32, height 0.38 mm.
ANODONTA OREGONENSIS Lea (Simpson, 1900, p. 628).
Twelve specimens, mostly females and gravid, in part with glochidia, have been obtained from T. Kincaid. They were collected in autumn 1911 in ponds near Seattle, King Co., Washington.
Soft parts of the type of the genus Anodonta: anal opening small, its inner edge indistinctly crenulated or almost smooth. Supraanal somewhat longer than the anal, widely remote, about twice its own length, from the anal.
Glochidia large, subtriangular, with hooks. Length 0.33- 0.34, height 0.32-0.33. The difference between height and length is minimal. These Glochidia agree well with those of
44 THE NAUTILUS.
A. cygnea (Linnaeus), except in being slightly smaller (in cygnea they are about 0.35 to 0.36 mm. ; in A. grandis and cataracta, the glochidia are still larger, 0.36 x 0.37 ) .
This species is also in shell characters closely allied to the European A. cygnea. The soft parts have been previously described by Lea (Obs., 10, 1863, p. 454).
ANODONTA MARGIN ATA Say. (See Simpson, 1900, p. 632).
One gravid female, collected August 4, 1912, by 0. E. Jen- nings in Six Mile Lake, Silver Islet, Thunder Cape, Canada (North shore of Lake Superior).
The soft parts agree in every respect with those of A. grandis and cataracta. The specimen had only eggs and no glochidia.
Lea's description of the soft parts of A. fragilis (=mar- ginata) differs in giving the posterior margins of the palpi united nearly the whole length. In my specimen they are united for about one-fourth on the right side, and for nearly one-half on the left, agreeing also in this respect with A. grandis.
THE SUBGENERA OF ALASMIDONTA Say.
Simpson 's division into subgenera does not seem, to be quite satisfactory, some closely allied species being separated in it. The subgenus Bullella is not known in its anatomy, but from shell characters it is very near to the subgenus Alasmidonta. The species A. hoist onia is, as has been shown above, a Sym- phynota. The genus Pegias Simpson should fall as a subgenus in this genus. It is further to be remarked, that the subgenera Pressodonta, Alasmidonta, and Pegias are more closely related to each other than to the two other subgenera.
a1 Lateral hinge-teeth present, but their number reversed, two in right, one in left valve. Beak sculpture moderately heavy, bars with an angle upon the posterior ridge, and a slight sinus in front of it. Inner lamina of inner gills free. Female shell recognizable by a slight swelling in the region of the posterior ridge.
Subgeuus : Prolasmidonta nov. subgen. Type: A. heterodon (Lea).
THE NAUTILUS. 45
a2 Lateral hinge-teeth obsolete or absent. Beak sculpture more or less heavy, with or without a sinus. Inner lamina of inner gills with the tendency to become more or less united to the abdominal sac.
b1 Posterior ridge of shell indistinct or blunt, posterior slope not distinctly truncated, without corrugations, or only with faint traces of them. Cardinal teeth strongly developed, triangular or squarish, stumpy. Epidermis with unbroken rays.
c1 Beak sculpture moderately heavy, subconcentric. Shell subrhomboid, posterior ridge moderately de- veloped, blunt, posterior angle of shell little ele- vated above base line. Female shell distinguish- able by a slight swelling of the posterior ridge, accompanied by a radial depression of the poster- ior slope, causing a shallow emargination of the posterior margin.
Subgenus: Pressodonta Simpson. (Type: A. calceolus (Lea)).
c2 Beak sculpture very heavy, bars straight or with a slight indication of a sinus in front of the posterior angle.
d1 Shape of shell regularly ovate, with posterior and moderately elevated above the basal line, and upper and lower margins converging rather uniformly toward it, without a truncation. Pos- terior ridge indistinct. Male and female shells undistinguishable.
Subgeuus: Alasmidonta Simpson. (Type: A. undulata (Say)).
d'2 Shape of shell irregularly subovate, with poster- ior end greatly elevated above base line, and an oblique truncation below this end. Posterior ridge present. Female shell distinguishable by the stronger development of the posterior ridge and the greater obliquity of the postero-basal truncation, which is slightly emarginate.
Subgenus: Pegias Simpson (as genus). (Type: A. fabula (Lea)).
46 THE NAUTILUS.
bc Posterior ridge of shell distinct, rounded or rather sharp. Posterior slope more or less truncated, with distinct corrugations. Cardinal teeth weak, com- pressed, not stumpy, sometimes even obsolete. Epi- dermis with rays which generally break up into a pat- tern of spots. Beak sculpture very heavy, bars slightly sinuate. Female shell not distinguishable from that of the male. Subgenus: Rugifera Simpson.
(Type: A. marginata Say).
The position of A. collina (Conrad) is yet doubtful. The type-species of Pressodonta is unknown in its anatomy, but it is very closely allied to A. minor, in fact, the two may be only forms of the same species, so that we may safely assume that they agree in structure.
ALASMIDONTA (PRESSODONTA) MINOR (Lea) (See: Ortmann, 1912, p. 295).
I collected a number of specimens in the North Fork Hol- ston Eiver, Saltville, Smyth Co., Va. (September 17, 1912), and in Clinch River, at Richland and Cedar Bluff, Tazewell Co., Va. (September 20, 1912).
The soft parts of this species were described previously from a single male and a single gravid female. In these, the inner lamina of the inner gills was free from the abdominal sac, except at the anterior end.
From Saltville, I have preserved the soft parts of three males and two gravid females, and they all have the inner lamina of the inner gills entirely connected with the abdomi- nal sac. From Richland I preserved two males and three gravid females : of these, the males have the posterior part of the inner lamina free for about half the length of the abdomi- nal sac, one of the females shows the same condition, but the second has even a larger part of the inner lamina free ( about two-thirds), and the third has it almost entirely connected, only a small hole remains open at the posterior end of the foot. From Cedar Bluff I have the soft parts of a gravid female, and here the inner lamina is free for a little more than one-half of the abdominal sac.
THE NAUTILUS. 47
Thus, in this species, this character is variable. The fact that those from Holston River have all completely connected inner laminae, and those from the Clinch tend to have it more or less free, may be purely accidental.
All females contained glochidia. The measurements are : length, 0.32 ; height, 0.27 mm. This is larger than my former measurements (0.31 x 0.25), but a re-examination of the old material shows, that the former values were correct. Thus there seems to be a variation in the size of the glochidia, but the shape is in both cases the same.
NOTES.
POSSIBLE TRANSPORTATION OF PANOPEA GENEROSA. — I wish to tell of an instance of the transporting of shells from one locality to another. About a year ago I saw in one of the Los Angeles fish markets four large "Goeducks," (Panopea generosa}. Not having the shell in my collection I asked about them and found that they were shipped in from Puget Sound and were considered very fine, 50 cents each. I did not purchase and learned a week later that they had finally been sold to some one for fish-bait. Several months later a friend picked up two large valves of Panopea generosa on a nearby beach. Panopea generosa has been found in this locality but they are smaller than the northern form and very scarce and I am inclined to think that my two valves are from Puget Sound having been thrown from some of the piers by the fishermen, and finally worked upon the beach ; at least it is not impossible. — E. P. CHACE.
A LARGE OCTOPUS. — While deep-sea fishing at Long Beach, Cal., Capt. A. H. Mason of the launch Esther C, had a terrific struggle with an octopus measuring 16 feet from tip to tip of tentacles.
Captain Mason brought the octopus to the surface while fishing for rock cod. After the devil-fish had been safely
48 THE NAUTILUS.
dumped into the boat Mason attempted to shove it into a box when it fastened several of its tentacles aronnd his shoulder and arm and was attempting to encompass his body when the captain grabbed a gaff hook and killed it.
Mason was the only person aboard the launch at the time. — (Los Angeles Express, May 22.)
MOLLUSC A OF MAINE. — The June NAUTILUS has an article by N. W. Lermond on additions to the Maine Mollusca. A few slight corrections are needed.
Columbella (Astyris) lunata Say.
Lowtide at Damariscotta (not dredged), not Sheepscott River, which is ten miles away. Add also as localities : Orrs Island and Quohog Bay, at Casco Bay.
Musculium winkleyi, St. Old Orchard (not Saco).
Amnicola schroekingeri, Saco, proves to be a new species and is now Amnicola winkleyi, Pilsbry.
The following are also new to Lermond 's list :
Pyramidella (Syrnola) fusca, Damariscotta at low tide. Odostomia winkleyi, Quohog Bay. Odostomia, gibbosa, Quohog Bay.
— HENRY W. WINKLEY.
Harper's Ranch, 6 miles above Clifton, Arizona, on the Frisco river, July 1, '14.— * * * We get a rattlesnake (Crotalus mollossus) every day. * *
We find a Sonorella here on both sides of the river. In three days got 4 alive, 200 dead. Also an Ashmunella (4 dead) that seems to be a beardless pilsbryi. Will try the Copper King Mt. one day, and then move up the river four miles.
We have a team, a lumber wagon and a high-school New York boy of 17. We plan to go to Luna and then cross over to the Mongollons and down the Frisco to Duncan on the railroad. — JAS. H. FERRISS.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVIII. SEPTEMBER, 1914. No. 5
NOTES ON SOME LAND SHELLS OF EASTERN CUBA.
BY CHARLES T. RAMSDEN.
Recent collections have added two species to the Cuban fauna, one a Haitian Macroceramus, the other a tiny Luci- della, first described from Florida. A few other new forms are now described, to be illustrated when enough others come to hand to make a plate.
PLEURODONTE (Caracolus) SAGEMON GOODRICHI n. subsp.
The shell is imperforate, with elevated, dome-shaped spire, the chief height of which is in the penultimate whorl, those above being depressed. Last whorl indistinctly angular in front, becoming rounded. Peristome white, its outer margin rounded, not provided with a point. There are black bands above and below and a faint brown line upon the periphery; ground-color yellow (chamois) except above the upper band, where it is hazel or kaiser brown. Summit and a band above the suture on the spire are whitish. Alt. 21!/2, diam. 301/2 mm.
La subida a "La Hembrita," Monte Toro, Guantanamo, very close to where Urocoptis (Idiostemna) pilsbryana was found.
Named for my friend Mr. Calvin Goodrich, of Toledo, Ohio. This elevated race is obviously different from the high forms figured by Pfeiffer in Novitates Conchologicce, pi. 91, figs. 3 to 6, the latter being acutely keeled.
50 THE NAUTILUS.
ANNULAKIA EBURNEA PRESTONI, n. subsp.
Very closely related to eburnea, but flatter the whorls smaller in caliber ; aperture with a broad chestnut band with- in. Alt. 8.3, diam. 18 mm.
Taken on the "Ojo de Ague" Range between Guantanamo and "Ramon de las Yaguas", nine leagues from the former, and 4 leagues from the latter. I wish to name it for Mr. H. B. Preston of London.
ANNULARIA MAYENSIS Torre & Ramsden, n. sp.
Closely related to A. interstitial/is from which it differs in sculpture ; the larger threads being more numerous and closer, especially on the last half whorl, the smaller, interstitial threads are more minute than those of inter stitialis. The last whorl remains adnate or is only very narrowly free from the preceding at the aperture. Wing of the lip well de- veloped, the peristome well built out in front of it in females, less so in the males. Color very pale brown.
Alt. 11, diam. 15 mm. ; 4i/2 whorls. The males are about 4 mm. smaller in diameter.
"La Ysabelita' de Ramsden, La Maya, Oriente Province, Cuba.
LUCIDELLA TANTILLA (Pilsbry). PI. 2, fig. 5 (enlarged).
This species was at first thought to be new, but Dr. Pilsbry, on comparing it with his L. tantilla (described as a Helicwia) from Florida, decided that the two were identical. It adds one more Cuban species which has extended its range to the tropical margin of Florida.
The shell is minute, depressed, glossy, light pinkish cinna- mon. Sculpture of regular and rather close grooves in the direction of growth-lines. Whorls 3%, moderately convex. Aperture oblique. Outer lip slightly thickened, brown, ex- panded and a little reflected, retracted slightly at the upper insertion. There is a shallow notch at the junction of the basal lip and the short columella. Axial callus large and thick. Alt. 1.2, diam. 2.1 mm.
THE NAUTILUS. 51
Between La Victoria and Nimfitas, on Monte Toro, Guan- tanamo, in deep woods; found in dirt at the root of a large tree.
MACROCERAHUS RICHAUDI LINEATISTRIGATUS Pilsbry.
A single perfect specimen of this Haitian shell was taken on the beach at the mouth of a small port 12 miles to the east of Guantanamo harbor, by Oscar Tollin, who was with me on that trip. The name of this port is "Puerto Escon- dido" which translated means "The Hidden Port." It was used in the old days by the pirates as a haven.
Dr. Pilsbry kindly compared the specimen with the type, and states that it has larger, bolder markings, more whorls, and slightly coarser striation, but there can be no doubt of the identity of the Cuban shell with that of Haiti. It re- mains to be seen whether this is a drifted specimen, or a real inhabitant of the region, which washed down upon the beach. It measures, length 17, diam. 5y2 mm., 133/4 whorls.
UROCOPTTS (Gongylostoma) MAYENSIS Torre & Ramsden, n. sp.
The shell is very slenderly fusiform, usually retaining the apex perfect ; corneous, somewhat transparent, maculate with opaque white. Surface sculptured with close, fine, but rather weak, strongly oblique striae, the first 9 whorls smooth, last half of the last whorl pale brown with, thread-like strise on the back. First ten whorls convex, the rest flattened, last half of the last whorl free, tubular, whitish above. Aperture oblique, circular, the peristome reflexed above, elsewhere flar- ing. Axis encircled with a single thin, obtusely serrate la- mella, obsolete in the later whorls, where the axis is extremely slender and somewhat sinuous.
Length 18.5, greatest diam. 2.1 mm. ; 22 V2 whorls.
"La Ysabelita" de Ramsden, La Maya, Oriente Province.
Belongs to the group of U. ivrighti, but is distinct by its large size and weak sculpture.
52 THE NAUTILUS.
EESULTS OF A STATISTICAL STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE BLUE
SHELLS OF PECTEN NUCLEUS IRRADIANS FOUND AT
ATLANTIC CITY, N. J.
BY HAROLD S. COLTON.
Upon the beach of the Atlantic shore of New Jersey are found dead shells colored blue by clay particles infiltered into the shell. These shells have obviously been buried in the mud or clay of the bottom, out of which they have been washed by the surf.
In collecting shells from along the beach at Atlantic City in 1904, the author fancied that the blue Lunatia heros dif- fered in shape from the uncolored ones.
Not having sufficient material with which to base a con- clusion, he returned in the Spring to Atlantic City to collect Lunatict: Although in January they were abundant, now not a single one could be found. At once it was seen that Pecten would be a much more favorable form on which to work, as it was abundant and the ribs of the shell would be easy to count, therefore a few hundred of white and blue ones were collected.
In the course of time the writer happened to mention to Dr. E. F. Phillips, the present chief of the Bureau of Api- culture at Washington, on what material he was working. Dr. Phillips became interested, and in 1905 a joint trip to the coast was made and over five hundred blue right valves of Pecten were collected near Ventnor.
The ribs of these were counted, applying the arbitrary rules of Davenport (1900). The number of ribs of each shell was counted independently and compared. When there was a difference of opinion the ribs were recounted, and no record was made until both agreed.
This study was not completed and therefore not published. While sufficient blue ones were at hand, not enough white ones (representing the form of Pecten now living) were col- lected for comparison. However, in looking over the results it seemed that it might be of interest to publish them as they
THE NAUTILUS. 53
stand and let some one else take up the problem and bring it to a conclusion.
In some places along the Atlantic coast of New Jersey are exposed at low tide stumps of trees and also such turf as is now forming in the meadows behind the line of sand dunes. By this we can infer that the coast line is sinking. This being the case, the dunes are progressing inland, covering up the meadow turf and exposing it again in the ocean beach. Between the dunes and the mainland is oftentimes a bay or a channel. This bay or channel has a muddy bottom as a rule and there the Pecten lives. As the dune line pro- gresses forward the meadow encroaches on the bay, burying the dead shells of the Pecten which are later exposed by the action of the surf and cast on the beach after the dune line has passed over them.
It would be interesting to test if such a theory were correct and note the direction of the evolution of the Pecten or other form during the time that they were buried.
An examination of well borings made in the beach might help throw light upon this point.
Experiments also might be made as to the rate of infiltra- tion of the clay particles into the shell which may be rapid. The author made sections of the shells. These sections show that the clay has penetrated the shell to the center, the pearly layer alone excepted.
With the geologic evidence from well borings, with the experimental evidence from the rate of infiltration of the clay particles and the comparison of the variation of the blue forms with those now living, a conclusion might be drawn as to the direction of evolution in Pecten.
In the table which follows, N = the number of shells the rays of which were counted, — A==the mean, — a- the stand- ard deviation from the mean, — C = the coefficient of varia- tion,— and P. E. the probable errors of the mean, the stand- ard deviation, and the coefficient of variation. These have been computed by the ordinary methods. With them in lower case are placed similar counts made by Davenport (1900) on Pecten irradmns from several other localities.
54
THE NAUTILUS.
|
PECTEN |
Ray Frequency |
||||||||||||||
|
irradians |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
20 |
21 |
N |
A |
P.E.A. |
a |
P.E.ff. |
C |
P.E.C. |
|
BLUE PECTEN |
|||||||||||||||
|
ATLANTIC CITY |
6 |
72 |
187 |
185 |
44 |
5 |
1 |
500 |
16.416 |
1.028 |
.028 |
± .020 |
5.65 |
±.12 |
|
|
Cold Spring |
|||||||||||||||
|
Harbor . . |
2 |
15 |
108 |
515 |
308 |
90 |
7 |
1 |
1046 |
17.35 |
± .018 |
.876 |
± .013 |
5.049 |
± .074 |
|
Cutchogue . . |
• |
33 |
95 |
127 |
22 |
4 |
• |
281 |
16.53 |
± .034 |
.852 |
± .024 |
5.15 |
±.15 |
|
|
Fire and Oak |
|||||||||||||||
|
Islands . . |
1 |
6 |
15 |
24 |
4 |
• |
50 |
16.48 |
± .084 |
.877 |
± .060 |
These comparisons show that the average number of ribs of the blue Pecten at Atlantic City is less than the same species at Cold Spring Harbor but about the same as at Fire Island and Cutchogue. That they are more variable than any of these that Davenport reported is also shown by the statistics. To determine the significance of these differences will require much more work.
The author wishes to thank Dr. E. F. Phillips for his share in the work, and also for first introducing him to modern statistical methods.
Literature.
Davenport, C. B. — 1900. On the Variation of the shell of Pecten irradians Lamarck, from Long Island. Am. Nat. XXXIV, pp. 863-877.
Davenport, C. B. — 1903. A Comparison of the Variability of some Pectens from the East and the West Coast of the United States. Mark Anniversary Volume, pp. 121-136, New York, Henry Holt.
Davenport, C. B. — 1903. Quantitative Studies in the Evo- dution of Pecten opercularis from three localities of the British Isles. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Science XXXIX, pp. 123-159.
Davenport and Hubbard, M. E.— 1904. Ray Variability in Pecten varius. Jour. Exp. Zool., Vol. 1, p. 607.
Davenport, C. B.— 1904. Statistical Methods. Wiley & Sons, New York.
THE NAUTILUS. 55
SOME SLUGS (AGRIOLIMAX) FROM GUATEMALA.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
When my wife went to Guatemala early in 1912, I begged her to look for slugs, which I supposed would be found in abundance. To her surprise and mine, they proved extremely scarce, the only one obtained being two specimens of Agrio- limax, of the type of A. Iccvis. These may be described as follows :
(1). From Antigua, a locality in the highlands. PI. II, fig. 3. About 12 mm. long in alcohol; mantle 5 mm. long, the respiratory orifice 3*4 mm. from its anterior end; color light brownish suffused with slate grey, the mantle dark slate grey ; sides below mantle pallid ; sole yellowish white ; lateral pedal furrow a little above middle of lateral margin of sole ; median area of sole a trifle broader than lateral areas, except posteriorly; shell 2% mm. long, 114 broad, narrow, slightly convex, not very thick, the anterior (nuclear) end distinctly emarginate ; jaw of the same type as that of A. Icevis, the median projection very large. Penis sac like that figured for A. tevis by Taylor, Monog. L. & F. W. Moll, Brit. Is., part 10, f. 141, with the rounded end curled over, but the whole struc- ture rather more slender, its length a fraction over 2 ram. The lingual membrane of which a beautiful preparation was kindly made for me by Miss Rosamond Patton, shows 31-15-1- 15-13 teeth, formed essentially as in A. Icevis (Taylor, f. 136), except that the central tooth has the mesocone a trifle broader, and the long and slender marginals have no sign of an ecto- conal angle. The stomach was full of fragments of leaves, which exhibited cells containing very characteristic crystals, which my colleague Dr. F. Ramaley at once recognized as be- ing exactly like the crystals in leaves of Begonia, on which common tropical plant the slug doubtless fed.
(2). From Quirigua, a locality in the tropical lowland jungle. PI. II, fig. 4. About 10 mm. long in alcohol, of the usual form ; mantle 5 mm. long, respiratory orifice 3 mm. from
56
THE NAUTILUS.
anterior end ; color dark coffee brown, including sole ; mantle a shade darker than body ; no markings ; lateral pedal furrow below middle of sides of sole; median area of sole about as wide as either lateral area. Penis-sac curled like a letter s. Shell 2y2 mm. long, a fraction over 1 mm. broad, formed as in the Antigua specimen. Marginal teeth mostly simple, but the inner ones with small side cusps. The stomach contained vegetable remains, including numbers of two-armed hairs, which Dr. Eamaley identifies as being almost certainly those of a leguminous plant.
The character of the penis sac, wholly without any apical branched gland, places both these species in the group of A. l&vis, and separates them from A. agrestis. The jaw also is entirely of the l&vis type. It is a most extraordinary thing that slugs from the moist tropical coast region of Guatemala, and others from the highlands of that country, apparently native species, should so closely resemble the slug found at high altitudes in the mountains of Colorado, and that common in northern Europe. The fact of the wide distribution of the l&vis type has long been known, but one remains amazed at such migrations combined with such conservatism !
The same type of slug occurs at high altitudes in Asia. The character of the marginal teeth in the Quirigua slug agrees quite closely with that of A. tibetanus God win- Austen (Rec- ords Indian Museum, II, 1908, p. 414), from an altitude of 14,500 feet. The inner angle of the first laterals (admedians of God win- Austen) is less prominent in the Tibet slug, but the drawing is not very detailed. In attempting to distin- guish the Guatemalan slugs from veritable A. Iccvis, we are almost at a loss. The total absence of any angle or tooth on the marginals in the Antigua slug appears distinctive, but the far northern A. lavis hyperboreus is figured as having just such marginals. The shell in our specimens, except for the narrow form, shows nothing characteristic; it has not the obtusely keeled form of that of A. berendti and A. hemphilli pictus. The slight differences shown in the figures of the middle and first lateral teeth of the Antigua and Quirigua specimens are apparently of no particular significance, as the
THE NAUTILUS. 57
teeth of the different transverse rows are not precisely alike. Both forms, however, show very distinctly the inner angular projection of the first laterals, which is (probably in error?) omitted from Strebel's figures of A. stenurus and A. berendti, and also from Semper 's figure of A. brasiliensis. The figures of stenurus and brasiliensis do indeed show an inner angle, but from its position it is evidently neither an angle or endo- conal point. On comparison with A. guatemalensis Crosse & Fischer the shell in our slugs is seen to be narrower than the figure in Miss. Sci. Mex. (1878) pi. 9, f. 2; and the lateral teeth have a well-marked endocoue, whereas the figure in Miss. Sci. Mex., pi. 9, f. 4, shows none. Much has been made of the inner tooth of the inner laterals, but I suspect that some of the published figures may be faulty, since when the focus is not exactly right it cannot always be seen. Von Ihering's figures of the teeth of A. brasiliensis show the inner tooth very well, and differ from Semper 's figures of the same species.
It is at present somewhat uncertain whether the Antigua and Quirigua slugs represent different species or subspecies; but since they occupy entirely different life-zones, and present some tangible structural differences, it seems probable that they should be given different names. A. guatemalensis is said to be 15-18 mm. long, bluish-black, the mantle darker, the sole pale ; central tooth plainly tricuspidate. This might well apply to the Antigua slug, allowing for the usual varia- tion. The teeth of guatemalensis were 35-14-1-14-35, which is sufficiently near the formula of the Antigua slug. The local- ity of guatemalensis is Totonicapan, where it was obtained by Bocourt. This, like Antigua, is in the midst of the mountain country, and may be expected to have a similar fauna. All things considered, then, I believe I am justified in calling the Antigua specimen A. guatemalensis Crosse & Fischer, 1870. The Quirigua slug, from the tropical lowlands of the Motagua Valley, may for the present be known as A. guatemalensis motaguensis n. subsp.
I will take the opportunity to note that Taylor (op. cit., p. 126) is surely in error when he refers my A. Iccvis maculatus to A. lavis lacustris (Bonelli). The marginal teeth of
58 THE NAUTILUS.
lacustris, as well figiired by Lessona and Pollonera, are very unlike those of A. Icevis, and appear to indicate a distinct species, as the Italian authors maintained.
HENRY HEMPHILL.
We have just received notice of the death, July 25, at Oak- land, Cal., of Henry Hemphill, in his eighty-fifth year. Mr. Hemphill was born in Wilmington, Del., in 1830, but for many years had been a resident of the state of California. He was a mason by trade and took great pride in his pro- ficiency. More than fifty years ago he became interested in the shells of the Pacific coast and formed one of a group of enthusiastic collectors which included Kellogg the botanist, Harford, Voy, Stearns and others, of which he was the last survivor. His trade brought him in, at California union wages, such a good income that he could not only lay away a fair nest egg for his old age, but take long vacations. Dur- ing these periods he visited Florida and all parts of the Pacific coast south of British Columbia, and became one of our most expert collectors of mollusks. The genus of slugs, Hemphillia, was named in his honor by the late W. G. Binney, and a host of species commemorate in like manner Ms suc- cess as a collector.
He published but few papers himself, but was the cause indirectly of much publication by others. He had a keen eye for relationships and differences, and at times mounted on large tablets series of land shells with radiating lines of variation which were most instructive, and which found a place in some of the most important museums. He had been long a widower, and, as age diminished his energies, he re- tired to Oakland, where for the last few years he made his home with an only daughter. His kindly ways and gener- osity to others will keep his memory green among those who knew him. He left what is doubtless the best and most com- plete collection of Pacific coast shells, up to the time of his retirement, that is to be found anywhere except in the Na- tional Museum. It is particularly rich in series showing
THE NAUTILUS. 59
variation, and in the land shells; also including much valu- able exotic material received in exchange. It is to be hoped that this collection may be preserved intact in one of the public institutions of the Pacific coast, as at present a col- lection of shells worthy of the State of his adoption does not exist in any university or museum west of the Rockies. (Science, August 21, 1914). WM. H. DALL.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE NAIADES OB PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. By Charles Torrey Simpson. Pub- lished by Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich., pp. xi,1540. Mr. Simpson's Synopsis of the Naiades, 1900, next after the Observations of Lea, has done more than any other work to stimulate and direct the study of fresh-water mussels. Very little work had been done on our fauna for many years until Simpson's investigation inspired renewed research. The large mass of work which has appeared in the last few years, extending the lines initiated by Simpson, is the best testi- monial to the value of his Synopsis.
After the Synopsis was launched, Mr. Simpson began the more comprehensive work now before us, in which all of the species are described. It was intended that all should be illustrated, but this expectation could not be realized, and on the removal of the author to Florida in 1902, the work was laid aside. Unwilling to see the progress of Naiad study delayed for want of a descriptive work fully developing Simpson's system, Mr. Bryant Walker undertook the publica- tion of this monumental monograph, assisting Mr. Simpson in completing the descriptions of the period from 1902 to Janu- ary, 1913. The labor and expense of bringing out the book must have been very great, and Mr. Walker has earned the gratitude of conchologists for his part in it.
Mr. Simpson has adhered to the classification of the Synopsis, with few changes, in the belief that subsequent work on taxonomy and nomenclature has not yet progressed far enough to warrant such a general revision as will even-
60
THE NAUTILUS.
tually become necessary with the progress of science. A few corrections have been made in generic nomenclature. We note that the new name Cristidens was misspelled in the heading on p. 1154. The synonymy is given in full, and keys have been made to the species of many genera. The index contains about 7600 entries.
The Descriptive Catalogue gives students access to descrip- tions of all the species, which otherwise could be had only in a large library, which would take years to accumulate; and it also contains the full exposition of the principles of Simpson's classification which has revolutionized the study of Naiads. It should certainly be in the hands of all inter- ested in fresh-water mussels.
The division of the book into three parts, each with title- page, was an excellent idea, since each makes a volume of about 500 pages.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF A THOUSAND SHELLS. By Y. Hirase, Kyoto, Japan. Part One of this exceedingly interesting pub- lication has been received. It contains 95 beautifully colored figures, arranged in Japanese style on twenty double folding plates. The coloring and drawings are as a whole remark- ably good ; many of the more recently described species, such as — Cyclophorus hirasei Pils., Ornithochiton hirasei Pils., Chlamys hirasei Bavay and the rare and beautiful Pleuro- tomaria hirasei Pils. are figured. It forms a unique con- chological work. — C. W. J.
NOTE.
In a recent number of the Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (1913, p. 476) M. Germain proposes the new subgenus Pseudoclavator for Bulimus favannei Brug., Clavator heimburgi Kob. and Bui. crassilabris Gray. He omits B. procteri Sowerby, which belongs to the same group, and does not explain why the name Leucotcunius is not avail- able for the same series of species, B. favannei being its type.— H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII.
PLATE III
*
v
A. PHYSA ACUTA DRAP. B. C. BATHYTOMA CLARKIANA RIVERS.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVIII. OCTOBER, 1914. No. 5
A NEW SPECIES OF LEPTACHATINA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
LEPTACHATINA COOKEI n. sp.
The shell is perforate, ovate-conic, weakly marked with growth-lines, or nearly smooth, and glossy in the best pre- served specimens. Apex small, obtuse, the spire straightly conic above, convex below ; the last whorl more or less notice- ably compressed, more flattened than the penultimate whorl; the base is convex, compressed around the axial crevice. Whorls 6y2 slowly enlarging the penultimate somewhat con- vex, those above nearly flat. The suture is superficial; in the last third of a whorl it ascends slightly and at the aperture it is rather abruptly, arcuately deflexed. The aperture is oblique, ovate, contracted ; outer lip obtuse ; columellar lip reflected, thickened on the face, and appressed above the narrow perforation, continuous with a callous cord which bounds the rather thick parietal callus, and terminates in an enlargement or tubercle which is separated from the termin- ation of the outer lip by a narrow groove or posterior com- missure of the aperture. The columellar lamella is thin, broad and subhorizoutal, outwardly emerging to the edge of the columella.
62 THE NAUTILUS.
Length 10, diam. 5, aperture 4 mm. G1/^ whorls.
Length 9.5, diam. 4. 9 mm.
Length 9.3, diam. 5 mm.
Length 9.2, diam. 4.4 mm.
Oahu: Kawaihapai, on a steep wooded bluff about 500 ft. above the coastal plain, and perhaps % mile from the sea. Type no. 110593 A. N. S. P. Paratype in Bishop Mus.
This is a much larger, more robust species than other forms having a parietal callus and posterior commissure. The columellar lamella is broader and less oblique. By its form and texture it recalls L. resinula, which differs in apertural characters.
Kawaihapai is near the western cape of Oahu, and the bluff there is the last terrace of the Waianae mountains. My com- panions there were Dr. Cooke and Mr. Forbes of the Bishop Museum.
NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN EMARGINULINAE.
BY WM. H. BALL.
The large SubemarginulayatesiiDall, 1902, from Monterey Bay, seems to be represented by a fragment from the Bay of Panama. S. bella Gabb, described in 1865 is apparently very rare. I have an uneasy feeling that it may prove to be the young of ya- tesii; at all events the point will bear investigation; the speci- mens at my disposal are insufficient to decide the question. Zeidora flabellum Dall, 1895, is only known by the type speci- men from deep water off Clarion Island. Rimula mazatlanica Carpenter, 1857, is likewise represented only by its type.
Puncturella (Cranopsis') expansa Dall, 1896, we have from Panama Bay and the Galapagos Islands in deep water.
The typical Puncturellas have the internal septum, below the slit, buttressed by props. P. noachina of British seas is the type. But a large number of the species are destitute of this feature. The northern species have thickish tentacles, with the
THE NAUTILUS. 63
eyes on protuberances at their outer bases; the antarctic forms have long slender tentacles with the eyes about one third the length from the insertion of the tentacle. Behind the true ten- tacles is another pair, shorter and without eyes, probably really belonging to the epipodial series of cirri, but separated by a gap from the other shorter ones behind them. These pseudo- tentacles were figured from life by Couthouy and from a spirit specimen by Strebel, and are not represented in the forms of the northern hemisphere. The males in both groups have a well developed verge behind the right tentacle. This of course disposes of the identity claimed on conchological grounds for the antarctic and northern species like noachina.
Beginning with those species destitute of props to the septum we have P. cucullata Gould, 1849 ; high, with strong ribs, wide interspaces which may be smooth or radially grooved. It ranges from Kadiak Island to La Paz, Mexico. Nearest to this is P. multistriata Dall, n. sp. with small, slightly alternated, rather close set radial threads. This has generally been associated with cucullata as an extreme variation ; but the very large series I have indicates that it is distinct. It ranges from the Aleutian chain south to San Diego, and the Cortez Bank, Cal.
P. cooperi Carpenter, 1864, has been received from southeastern Alaska and extends to the Santa Barbara Islands, Cal. It is small, erect and very feebly sculptured.
P. caryophylla Dall, n. sp. minute, high, cylindro-conic, with strong, even, radial threads, resembles nothing so much as a miniature solitary coral, and has been dredged off San Diego, Cal., in 40 to 80 fathoms.
P. longifissa Dall, n. sp. is low, narrow, small, with an arcuate back, strong radial threads, very posterior apex, and the slit half as long as the distance from the apex to the anterior margin. It has been found only in 10 fathoms, off Bering Island, Bering Sea.
The Antarctic species are P. cognata Gould, 1849, from Orange Harbor, Patagonia, which has been often identified as P. noachina, being one of the species with props. P. falklandica A. Adams, 1862, is without them, while P. conica Orbigny, 1841, has only the faintest traces of a supporting callus. Both
64 THE NAUTILUS.
are common to the southern part of Chile, the Magellanic region, and the Falkland Islands.
The largest species of the genus, which reaches 58 mm. long and 28 mm. high, is P. major Ball, 1891, ranging from the Pribiloff Islands, Bering Sea, to Boca de Quadra in southern Alaska. It has faint transverse lines of callus but no pits, and the shell is very thin for its size. Lastly P. galeata Gould, 1849, has strong pits and props, with a finely threaded, close- set, radial sculpture. It ranges from Unalashka, Aleutian Islands, to the Santa Barbara Islands, California.
A NEW FORM OF BATHYTOMA FROM THE UPPER PLEISTOCENE OF BAN
PEDRO, CAL.
BY PROF. J. J. RIVERS.
Plate III, figs. B, c, represent two examples selected from six discovered by Dr. F. C. Clark, who has been for several years an investigator of the coast species of both fossil and recent Mollusca.
Dr. Clark and myself have a partnership in Paleontology, each holding equal rights under the firm name of "Rivers and Clark". Dr. Clark does most of the excavating of strata, while I have the delight to nominate the species when I am able. Our material is great, and unless we can obtain assistance, years will elapse before a complete catalogue will be forthcoming.
Bathytoma clarkiana Rivers. I name this in honor of my colleague, Dr. F. C. Clark of Santa Monica, Cal. The fossil is heavily charged throughout the whole of its structure with car- bonate of lime. The columella is thicker than in any described species. If the shell be placed with its aperture downwards, many conchologists would think it an exotic species of Mitra. But there are none of the known species of Bathytoma that re- presents this form in its attenuate outline. This figure will ex- plain the oblique condition of the sutures that divide the whorls.
THE NAUTILUS. 65
The sculpture has mostly been eroded, but in parts the sculp- ture remains, resembling that of other members of the genus.
Bathytoma clarkiana if restored, would measure 116 mm, over all, the body whorl measuring 68 mm, the spire 48 mm.
The photos submitted to you have also been sent to the scrutiny of Dr. R. H. Tremper of Ontario, and his reply reads thus; — "The photo is very interesting. I suspect your shell represents some extinct form of Bathytoma. I have not seen a specimen of this genus so long, nor so attenuate. Your fossil is not B. tremperiana of Ball. The latter is a very different shell and very much smaller, good-sized specimens measuring 67 mm. ; body whorl 82 mm., spire 35 mm., making the body whorl shorter than the spire, while in your specimen the body whorl measures 68 mm., and the spire 48 (if restored)."
STUDIES IN NAJADES.
BY A. E. ORTMANN.
(Continued from page 47.}
ALASMIDONTA (PEGIAS) FABULA (Lea) (See: Pegias f. Simp- son, 1900, p. 661).
Three males and two gravid females (with gjlochidia) from North Fork Holstoii River, Saltville, Smyth Co., Va., collected Sept. 17, 1912.
Anal opening separated from the supraanal by a well de- veloped, but rather short mantle-connection. Inner edge of anal crenulated, that of branchial with papillae. Posterior margins of palpi connected for about one third of their length.
Inner lamina of inner gills free in about the posterior half of the length of the abdominal sac, or a little more, so that the connection in front is distinctly longer than usual. Gills of Anodontine structure, in the female only the outer ones are marsupial, have lateral water canals, and are distended at the edge. The glochidia fill the ovisacs in a mass, which
66 THE NAUTILUS.
does not form distinct placentae. Glochidia very large, of a specific, peculiar shape. They have the general Anodontine character, and possess the typical hooks, but the anterior and posterior margins are strongly convex, so that the hinge-line is considerably shorter than the length of the glochidium. The general shape thus becomes almost transversely ellipti- cal, with the upper margin straight in the middle, the lower with a slightly projecting point, which bears the hook. Length 0.40, height 0.36 mm.
Color of soft parts whitish, mantle margin with square black spots posteriorly, entirely black on the inside of supra- anal and anal.
The structure of the soft parts of this species is truly Anodontine, and does not show any essential differences from that of the genera Symphynota, Anodonta, Anodont aides, and Alasmidonta. Thus we are to rely only on the shell charac- ters. The most important one, the beak sculpture, clearly places this species with the genus Alasmidonta, but the gen- eral shape of the shell, chiefly the peculiar truncation at the posterior end and the rather strong sexual dimorphism, give it a rather isolated position. Simpson created the genus Pegias for it, relying, as it appears, chiefly on the shape of the shell. But shape of shell is rather variable in the genus Alasmidonta, and I think enough justice is done to this, if we regard Pegias as a subgenus of Alasmidonta. The shape of the glochidia is unique, and although of the common Anodontine type, the triangular outline is changed, in consequence of the great convexity of the anterior and posterior margins, into a transversely elliptical. But since the glochidia also of other species of Alasmidonta show dif- ferences in shape, also this character is hardly of more than subgeneric value.
In Simpson's diagnosis of the genus Pegias, the radial de- pression in front of the posterior ridge is unduly emphasized : it is very faint, and indicated only in the female. The state • ment that anal and supraanal are not separated is not correct.
THE NAUTILUS. 67
AMYGDALONAJAS DONACIFORMIS (Lea) (Plagiola d. Simpson, 1900, p. 605).
One male and one gravid female, with glochidia, from Wabash River, New Harmony, Posey Co., Ind., collected by A. A. Hinkley, Aug. 8, 1912.
Soft parts agreeing with those of A. elegans (Lea), as described previously (Ortmann, 1. c. p. 328). The posterior margins of the palpi are connected for about one-fourth of their length. Inner lamina of inner gills in both specimens connected with abdominal sac, leaving only a small hole open at posterior end of foot. Marsupium of the female formed by 25-30 ovisacs. Glochidia extremely small, subovate, agree- ing in shape with those of A. elegans, but even a little smaller. Length 0.05, height 0.06 (in elegans they are said to be 0.075 X 0-09 mm.). These are the smallest glochidia known to me.
PROPTERA CAPAX (Green) (See: Lampsttis c. Simpson, 1900, p. 529).
I have males and females of this species from Wabash River, New Harmony, Posey Co., Ind., collected by A. A. Hinkley, Aug. 8, and from the Mississippi River, Martins Landing, Rock Island Co., 111., collected by Dr. Coker, October 5, 1912.
Coker and Surber (Biol. Bull. 20, 1911, p. 179, pi. 1, f. 4) have first discovered that this species has the glochidia of Proptera. Among both of my sets are gravid females with glochidia, and I have been able to confirm this, and to study the rest of the anatomy.
Mantle connection between anal and supraanal rather long, slightly longer than the anal, the latter crenulated ; branchial with papillae. In the female, the inner edge of the mantle in front of the branchial is slightly lamellar, with few remote, fine crenulations, which resemble minute papillae posteriorly (near the branchial) ; but these "papillae" are in propor- tion to the size of the animal extremely small, much smaller than in the genus Eurynia; the lamellar edge is nowhere flap-like, as in Lampsilis, and runs forward about one-third
68 THE NAUTILUS.
of the mantle margin, passing gradually into the smooth anterior section, of the edge. Posterior margins of the palpi connected for about one-third or one-half of their length.
Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with ab- dominal sac. Marsupium kidney-shaped, consisting of many ovisacs, located in the posterior section of the outer gill. Glochidia celt-shaped, agreeing with the figure given by Coker and Surber. Measurements length 0.09, height 0.18 mm. They are much smaller than those of P. alata (0.21 X 0.38), but about as large as those of P. laevissima (0.12 X 0.18), but the latter are more dilated at the lower margin.
Soft parts whitish throughout, with the mantle margin brownish-black, more intensely so posteriorly.
Nobody, except Coker and Surber, has doubted hitherto, that this species, according to the shape of the shell, is closely allied to Lampsilis ovata and ventricosa, in fact, the shape of the shell is very much like that of old females of L. ventri- cosa. Anatomical investigations has shown now, that this is no Lampsilis at all. It is a true Proptera, and a close exam- ination of the shell reveals, that the resemblance to L. ven- tricosa is indeed only superficial. This is shown first of all in the character of the hinge teeth, of the ligament and the symphynote character of the upper margin, and then by the lack of a distinct differentiation of the male and female shell. In the female, the postbasal region is indeed slightly expanded ; but this difference is very indistinct, in fact, I was unable to tell the males from the females, before I had looked at the soft parts: the sexes are even less distinct than in the other species of Proptera.
The present specimens show that glochidia are present at the beginning of August and the beginning of October, but they do not give an indication as to the duration of the breeding season.
Genus: CARUNCULINA Simpson, 1898 (as subgenus, Simpson, 1900, p. 563, and Ortmann, 1912, p. 337).
I think now, that Carunculina is entitled to generic rank. Characters of the shell (chiefly the beak sculpture), and
THE NAUTILUS. 69
characters of the soft parts (the "caruncle" in front of the branchial opening, and the inner lamina of the inner gills, which is more or less free) sufficiently distinguish it from Eurynia. In addition, there seems to be a difference, from Eurynia, in the glochidia, which are suboval, with the mar- gins rather regularly curved, not much higher than long, and smaller in the two species of Carunculina, in which they are known. In Eurynia, subgenus Micromya, the glochidia are larger, distinctly higher than long, and nearly subspatulte, with the anterior and posterior margins nearly straight. In the typical Eurynia, the glochidia are subovate, but larger and higher in proportion.
I have given (1. c.) U. parvus Barnes as type of the sub- genus, while Simpson (1900) names U. texasensis Lea. However, when Simpson first published the subgenus (as section, in : Baker, Bull. Chicago Ac. Sci. 3, 1898, p. 109, misprinted as Corunculina^), he used it only for one species, U. parvus, and this, consequently, is to be regarded as the type.
(To lie continued.}
PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA SAY" IN EUROPE.
BY CAESAR R. BOETTGER.
In the NAUTILUS, Vol. xxvii, No. 10, pp. 112-113, Mr. Fran- kenberger states that all the Physas lately introduced into Cen- tral Europe are not the European Physa acuta Drap. but the North American Physa heterostropha Say. He believes that Babor and Novak were the first to record this North American shell in the waters of Central Europe. This is not the case. In 1907 D. Geyer already mentioned (Jahreshefte des Vereins fiir Vaterl. Naturkunde in Wiirttemberg, 1907, pp. 426) that it is possible that the ancestor of our form is Physa heterostropha Say. It may be that now and then Physa heterostropha Say is introduced into Germany with American fishes and plants of aquaristic commerce. But this must be very rare and the ex-
70
THE NAUTILUS.
ception. As a matter of fact, however, I have never seen among the many specimens examined any true Physa heteros- tropha Say from a German locality. Even if Frankenberger had seen introduced specimens of the American form, he ought not to have generalized this fact. He would not have arrived at such exaggerated conclusions, if he had seen such large series of the introduced German shell as well as such quantities of the South- ern and Western European Physa acuta Drap. from so many local- ities as I have been able to study. Had Mr. Frankenberger asked me for information, — it would not have been the first time we corresponded, — I should have been glad to give him any de- sired. This is especially the case with my Physa acuta thermalis (Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 1913, p. 161). But this information was even rather superflu- ous, as I have stated (1. c.), that I had a series showing all in- tergradations from typical Physa acuta Drap. to my new form (Plate III, fig. A.)
This latter shell has reached such a large size by reason of the prevailing favorable conditions. The accompanying figures clearly illustrate this fact. There can be no doubt that all Physas — rare exceptions admitted — found in Central Europe and not belonging to Physa fontinalis L. are specimens (and their descen- dants) of Physa acuta Drap. from Southern and Western Europe introduced by aquarists. In many cases it is even still possible to trace their history, as their local forms may often be recog- nized. Apparently Mr. Frankenberger believes every large Physa with elongated spire and rough surface to be Physa heterostropha Say, quite ignoring the fact that in the natural range of Physa acuta Drap. there are also races showing these characters.
NOTES.
NEWSPAPER CONCHOLOGY — The following choice specimen of newspaper science has appeared in several western papers.
" TEST SNAILS SPEED RECORD. TUCSON, ARIZ., Aug. 29. — Prof.
Farniss, a naturalist of Joliet, 111., whose specialty is snails,
THE NAUTILUS. 71
has gone into the White Mountains with Frank Cole, a trapper and guide, to study the effect of altitude upon some snails he is taking with him.
"It is well known that snails travel plowly at low altitudes. What their running time is in the more invigorating climate of the mountains will be one of Farniss' problems."
BIRDS TRANSPORTING FOOD SUPPLIES. - - Mr. Charles T. Rarnsden's interesting note 011 "The Bobolink as a conveyor of mollusca" suggests to me the desirability of drawing at- tention to two other instances of similar phenomena. Pro- fessor G. E. Beyer of Tulane University, who has been a close student of Louisiana birds for many years, has col- lected numerous Upland Plover (Bartramia longicauda) soon after their arrival upon the Gulf Coast, which bore beneath their wings from 20 to 40 small snails of the genus Physa. In reply to a query about this point Professor Beyer in a letter of August 7, 1911 says : The peculiar habit which this bird has in concealing the snails among the under wing feathers has been known to me for many years. When first discovered I pointed out this singular fact to several of my hunter friends. The occurrence, however, w-as so regular and was confirmed so often in after years, that I expected the habit to be generally known. I used to count the num- ber of snails regularly; at one time I found as many as forty-one, oftener between twenty and thirty, never less than ten or twelve. The stomachs of the birds always contain a number of crushed shells of the snails. Furthermore, the finding of these snails is only possible if the birds are ob- tained shortly after their arrival from the South, the earliest date of which I always placed about March 22. I was at the time unable to determine whether the species of snail was the same or different from ours, for the genus contains several species. At the time the Papabotte's arrive here, Physa is not common with us and does not become plentiful until May and June. I am sorry to say that I became as it were side-tracked in after years as I had intended to continue this
72 THE NAUTILUS.
inquiry and extend it to other migratory birds of a similar nature. — W. L. McATEE, Biological Survey, Washington, in The Auk, July, 1914, p. 404.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
THE CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. By S. Still - man Berry. Bull. Bur. of Fisheries, vol. 32, Document no. 789, 1914. A monographic, illustrated account, based chiefly upon material collected by the Fisheries steamer Albatross. The fauna contains about 25 named species, together with about half as many uncertain forms. The absence of the great genera Loligo and Sepia is an unexpected peculiarity. Sepia being a littoral group, the author suggests that "wide oceanic areas may in some wa}^ form a special barrier to its dispersion. If this be true, we should perhaps expect other littoral forms, such as the Polypi [Odopiis], to be distributed in accordance with the same principle, but this does not appear to be the case. An explanation of this anomaly may be found in the hypothesis that the dissemination of these other forms took place at a more ancient period." The case of Sepia seems to be analogous to that of Fulgur and other gastropods of our coast which pass the veliger stage in the egg-capsule, and thus have never reached Bermuda, whilst genra with swimming embryos are common to Florida and Bermuda. The presence of Polypus in Hawaii indicates, probably, a less isolated condition in former times.
In summing up, Mr. Berry concludes that "although the ensemble of Hawaiian Cephalopods shows many features pecu- liar to itself, it appears reasonable to regard it as an offshoot, now largely isolated, of the great Indo-Malayan fauna, and therefore impossible of any definite or satisfactory correlation with that of other regions of the north Pacific." The conclu- sions of students of other groups of animals are quoted, sup- porting this estimate of the faunal relations of the islands.
THE NAUTILUS. XXVIII.
PLATE IV.
FUSCONAIA SELECTA WHEELER.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVIII. NOVEMBER, 1914. Is'o. 7
THE UNIONE FAUNA OF CACHE RIVEB, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FUSCONAIA FEOM ARKANSAS.
BY H. E. WHEELER.
Conchologists have seldom visited the "Sunken Lands" of Northeastern Arkansas, and little is known of their molluscan fauna. Through these vast flood-plains flow long sluggish " bayous" which for most of the year develop into respectable streams, but in long-continued droughts dwindle to a chain of muddy hollows. Such a river is the Cache. It is formed b}' the confluence of several small creeks which rise in the swamps of southeastern Missouri and on the western slopes of Crowley's Ridge in the upper part of Clark County, Arkansas. It flows through, or forms the boundary of, eight counties in this state. The only settlement on its banks is a small saw-mill hamlet, and the two nearest towns along its course have less than 500 inhabitants each. For more than one-half of its course of more than one hundred and eighty miles it parallels Black River, then, maintaining a more southerly direction, it continually approaches the easterly bearing course of White River, into which it empties near Clarendon in Monroe County.
Since Crowley's Ridge is the great divide between the St. Francis basin and the Sunken Lands on the east, and the wide valleys of the Cache and other (and more important) rivers on the west, a few notes on its geologic origin and history may be of interest.
Crowley's Ridge extends from southeast Missouri in a some-
74 THE NAUTILUS.
what regular curve to Helena, Arkansas, on the Mississippi River, varying in width from less than a mile to more than fifteen miles. Its greatest distance from the Mississippi River is sufficiently indicated by the line between Nettleton and Osceola, approximately forty miles. Near Greenville in Green County the Ridge reaches a maximum elevation of 250 feet above the valley of the Cache, and in many sections there are denuded areas or " ampitheatres" of great extent, but of lim- ited agricultural promise. The lowest beds are clays on which are imposed great deposits of sand and gravel, and the whole capped with loess. The loess is of early Pleistocene age, the gravels are Tertiary, the sands are also Tertiary but of a much older period, while the clays at the base are Eocene as estab- lished upon paleo-botanic data. Thrice alternately this region has been depressed and elevated during Tertiary times and be- fore the great depositary and erosive activities of the glacial period began. As Professor Call* truly observes, Crowley's Ridge is " the residual product of long-continued erosion. It is in no sense an upheaval, nor does it, in Arkansas, contain a rock of crystalline character or of Paleozoic age. Its existence is due to the resistance it has offered to erosive forces which have leveled the greater part of the region. It stands now a silent witness to a history so wonderful that the imagination is taxed by any attempt to compass all the details."
The fauna of all the rivers west of Crowley's Ridge and east of the Paleozoic escarpment f in Arkansas possesses a peculiar interest owing to the fact that they are the modern representa- tives of the ancient Mississippi, which in pre-glacial times did not cut through the solid rock southeast of Cape Girardeau, Missouri, but swept through the lowlands of Black, White and Cache rivers, uniting with the Ohio south of Helena. For the same reason the fauna of St. Francis basin will claim attention as this was the subsequent channel of the Mississippi when it broke through Crowley's Ridge at Chalk Bluff on the Missouri-
* An. Kep. Geol. Surv. Ark., 1889, Vol. II, p. 131.
| This boundary is accurately enough marked for descriptive purposes by the Saint Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad.
THE NAUTILUS. 75
Arkansas line, and followed in general the present course of the St. Francis River.*
In the Cache River bottoms occasional forests of cypress are found, though not as frequently as in the swamps east of the Ridge. Generally the lowlands are so flat that, as has been well remarked, " near the North boundary of Clark County it seems to be a matter of indifference to many streams whether they flow into the Cache or into the Black River." The ecologist will find in Harper's " Phyteographical Notes on the Coastal Plain of Arkansas,"! data of much value concerning the vegetation on Crowley's Ridge and the adjacent Prairie regions.
The writer collected a large number of mussels from Cache River at Nemo in Craighead County, on the Bonnerville and Southwestern Railroad, on June 19th, 1914. Since then col- lecting has been done in Black River and also in the St. Francis. Little and Tyronza rivers on the East of the Ridge, and a com- parative study of the forms obtained will be shortly undertaken,
Of the nineteen species listed from the Cache, the Quadrula, which is described below, proved to be the most abundant form, though Crenodonta trapezoides (Lea) and Lampsilis hydiana (Lea) were very common. No univalves were found except Vivipara contectoides (W. G. Binn) and Campeloma lewisii (Walker). I am indebted to Dr. Bryant Walker for a revision of my identi- fications.
LIST OF SPECIES.
Lampsilis hydiana (Lea).
Lampsilis fallaciosa (Smith) Simpson.
Eurynia subrostrata (Say). A peculiar form approaching nasuta, but only a few females were obtained.
Eurynia lienosa, (Con.)? A single young shell, but most probably of this species.
Carunculina parva (Barnes).
Proptera purpurata (Lam.).
Paraptera gracilis (Lea).
Obovaria castanea (Lea).
*See Branner, An. Kep. Geol. Sur. 1889, Vol. II, p. xiv. tThe Plant World, February 1914, Vol. 17, pp. 36-48.
76 THE NAUTILUS.
Plagiola elegans (Lea).
Anodonta imbecilis (Say). The species suborbiculata which might be expected here was not found. Undoubtedly it will be found in the adjacent swamp ponds.
Anodonta grandis leonensis (Lea).
Anodonta texasensis (Lea).
Arcidens confragosa (Say).
Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say).
Crenodonta perplicata (Con.).
Crenodonta trapezoides (Lea).
Quadrula (TritogonioC) tubercidata (Bar.).
Qvadrula pustulosa (Lea).
FUSCONAIA SELECTA n. sp. Plate IV.
Shell large, solid, quadrate to rhomboidal, much inflated, and inequilateral; dorsal margin evenly curved, gradually curving into the anterior and posterior margins; anterior margin some- what projecting but regularly rounded; posterior margin obli- quely curved, meeting the basal margin in a blunt, rounded point on the base line; basal margin nearly straight, slightly in- curved in front of the posterior ridge; umbonal region greatly inflated, flattened in the centre, the greatest diameter of the shell being through the anterior portion; beaks prominent, incurved, their sculpture indeterminate by reason of erosion; posterior ridge strong, roundly angled, extending to posterior point; a shallow medial depression extends from the beaks to the basal emargination, in front of the posterior ridge: the central portion of the disk is decidedly flattened; the posterior area is wide, flat- tened toward the margin, and markedly incurved from the pos- terior ridge; surface smooth, with regular and even growth-lines, having the rest-periods clearly defined; epidermis polished and shining in young and half-grown shells, rougher in mature spec- imens; colored bright reddish-brown, with an undercast of yel- low or ochre or occasionally green, becoming with age dull red- brown, deeping to black on the umbonal region; young shells are faintly and beautifully rayed; in young shells the epidermis is " faintly, radiately puckered or festooned, giving an appearance of superficial, radiating stria3" extending from beaks to basal margin, and these are stronger on the dorsal area immediately
THE NAUTILUS. 77
behind the posterior ridge; ligament moderately developed, red- brown; hinge strong; interdentum short and flat; in the right valve there is a single, strong, high, triangular and rather smooth pseudocardinal which is ragged apically, and separated from the dorsal margin by a deep, narrow, straight pit for the reception of the anterior pseudocardinal of the left valve and cut away be- hind to accommodate the posterior pseudocardinal and a long sharp curved lateral; in the left valve the pseudocardinals are low, ragged, and nearly confluent, the anterior one flat, and nearly parallel with the hinge line, the posterior one sharp and triangular, laterals long and somewhat curved; muscle scars deeply impressed, the anterior confluent, the posterior separate; beak cavities deep and capacious; nacre white, sometimes faint- ly salmon-tinted, irridescent posteriorly. Length 67.5, height 55.5, diameter 43 mm. Type locality: Cache River, Nemo, Craighead County, Arkansas.
Type in cabinet of H. E. Wheeler; co-types in collection of Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. L. S. Frierson, Alabama Museum of Natural History, and Academy of Natural Sciences.
Remarks. — This species is closely related to Fusconaia undata (Bar.), but is readily distinguished from it by having the ante- rior portion of the umbonal area and the posterior ridge almost equally inflated, thus making a remarkably wide and flattened area in the middle of the shell, and by its broad, flattened and incurved posterior area. It further differs from undata in not having its narrow, elevated beaks, and in being without the flattened area in front, which is called by Mr. Simpson the "secondary lunule." It is too inflated to be confused with rubiginosa (Lea) or with cerina (Con.), and too inequilateral, as well as too inflated, to be taken for hebetata (Con.), from which it also differs in lacking the peculiar posterior end characteristic of that species.
Dr. Walker points out that young shells of the size of the one figured are rhomboid and only moderately inflated. But with increasing growth the inflation of the umbonal region is rapidly developed, and half-grown specimens are proportionately higher, shorter and more inflated than the adults. An example at this
78 THE NAUTILUS.
stage measures: length 43, height 41, diameter 33 mm. At this period the resemblance to typical undata is quite striking.
Mr. L. S. Frierson was the first to call my attention to the peculiarities of this species, and both he and Dr. Bryant Walker have generously aided me in its description.
A NEW POLYGYRA OF THE STENOTREMA HIRSUTA GROUP FROM
GEORGIA.
BY GEO. H. CLAPP.
POLYGYRA COHUTTENSIS n. Sp.
Shell imperforate, thin, reddish-horn color; densely hirsute with very fine, short hairs. Whorls 5, those of the spire con- vex with a well-impressed suture; the body whorl with the per-
iphery situated high, very convex below, impressed in the umbilical region, abruptly deflected at the aperture and con- tracted behind the lip. Aperture transverse, narrow, widening anteriorly; parietal tooth large, erect, parallel to the lip in its lower half, then curving outward and in the upper third inward terminating in a hook which passes under the lip between the notch and the lip tooth, outer end connected with the peristome by a low ridge; outer lip reflected back against the body-whorl buifree its entire length; lip notch stretched out so that it forms a regular curve in the lip for over half its length with the edge raised from the lip; beyond the notch the lip sweeps around the inner end of the parietal tooth and then forms a small tooth above; fulcrum medium.
Largest shell (type), diam. 7£, alt. 5 mm., smallest 6x4, average 7 x 5 mm.
The character of the lip at once differentiates this species
THE NAUTILUS. 79
from all others of the group ; it is apparently closest to P. brevipila.
Collected by Herbert H. Smith on " Fort Mountain and foot- hills below 1500 feet, Cohutta Mountain, Murry Co., Ga," Aug., 1914.
Type in my collection, cotypes in collections of Academy of Natural Sciences (No. 110919), Geological Survey of Alabama, U. S. National Museum.
DESCEIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TOBNATELLIDES.
BY C. MONTAGUE COOKE, PH. D.
TORNATELLIDES PILSBRYI n. Sp.
Shell minutely perforate, elongate-conic, corneous, glossy, un- der a lens minutely striate with growth lines ; thin, diaphanous. Spire elongate-conic, with almost straight outlines ; apex slightly obtuse. Suture hardly impressed, margined with a broad line. Whorls nearly 7, the embryonic increasing rapidly, convex, minutely, indistinctly, spirally striate, the rest increasing slowly and regularly, nearly flat, the last whorl long, tapering towards the base. Aperture narrow, obliquely truncate-ovate. Parietal lamella large, oblique. Columella narrow below, tumid above, furnished with two well developed, deeply seated lamellae, of which the lower is the stronger. Peristome thin, erect, the outer margin regularly arcuate. Length 3.1, diam. 1.5, ofapert. 1.1, parietal lamella 0.29, umbilicus 0.3 mm.
Oahu : Popouwela, in the Waianae Mts. (Cooke). Type no. 36261 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 110764 A.N.S. Phila.
All the specimens were collected on the trunks of a species of Urera, a foot or two above the ground. It was not abundant at that time, and a later visit to the exact spot did not yield a sin- gle specimen. Pilsbry and Spalding were along on the first trip, but apparently neither collected specimens.
This species is characterized by its very strong parietal lam- ella and the columellar lamella?, which persist in the adult stage. The columellar lamellae are rather long, fairly strong and oblique ; the upper is situated just below the parietal wall.
80 THE NAUTILUS.
The parietal lamella is remarkably strong and extends inward for nearly a whorl.
In an immature specimen with 5^ whorls the parietal lamella is 0.27 mm. in height. The lower columellar lamella is 0.2y the upper 0.14 mm. in height.
NOTES ON RANELLA LAMPAS OF AUTHOES.
BY E. G. VANATTA.
Having gone over the specimens in the collection of the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences, using Mr. E. A. Smith's enlightening article (Journal of Conch., vol. 14, p. 226, 1914), I would like to supplement it by recording my impressions. It seems to me that there are three species involved.
I. BURSA BUBO (L. ). The first name for any of the shells in question is Murex rana [var.~\ bubo Linnseus, 1758. Also in Gmelin. T. bufo Bolten is a synonym. Var. gigantea Smith is a name applied to the extra large size, and var. lissostoma Smith for these with a darker-colored aperture.
II. BURSA RUBETA (L. ). The second species was named by Lin- nffius Murex rana \yar.~\ rubeta. Also of Gmelin; T. rub eta Bolt., B. rubeta Smith. T. tuberosum Bolt, is a synonym, and has page-priority over rubeta if the names were to date from Bolten.
III. BURSA TENUIGRANOSA Smith. (B. rubeta var. tenuigranosa Sm. ). The Academy has a fine specimen 10 inches long, from "India," the gift of M. Thomas. It seems to me to be a dis- tinct species.
A REMARKABLY RICH POCKET OF FOSSIL DRIFT FROM THE
PLEISTOCENE
BY T. S. OLDROYD.
In digging away the dirt from a side hill on my place in the Los Cerritos two miles back from the ocean at Long Beach and over 100 feet above sea level, I found some drift in a fissure or pocket in a hard calcareous formation under seven feet of top soil. It consisted mostly of fine sand and broken shell? and would measure up about one cubic foot. I call it drift from
THE NAUTILUS.
81
the difference in the habitats of the various species when found living : some were common — those usually found at low tide in estuaries or on mud flats ; some from rocky beaches and some usually found in deep water. I found one species, the only specimens I ever obtained living, in a piece of coral brought up from 200 fathoms. The shells, most of them very small, were remarkably well preserved. After sieving and sorting and saving nothing but good specimens, I obtained 105 species and over 4000 specimens, as follows.
Marginella varia Sby., 17 Turbonilla ambusta D. & B., 2
Marginella subtrigona Cpr., 2 Turbonilla laminata Cpr., 18
Turbonilla torquata Old., 20 Turbonilla undetermined, 1 Turbonilla undetermined, 1 Olivella pedroana Conr., 662 Olivella biplicata Sby., 3 Olivella intorta Cpr., 15 Crepiclula adunca Sby., 135
Eulima micans Cpr., 21 Drillia hemphilli Stearns, 81 Acteon punctocaelatusCpr., 16 Acteon traskii Stearns, 2 Platidea anomioides Scacchi, 1 Cadulus nitentior Cpr., 13 Dentalium neohexagonum Pils., 18
Crepidula excavata Brod., 12
Dentalium pseudohexagonum Crepidula nivea Old., 6
Dall, 125
Caecum californicum Dall, 18 Caecum hemphilli Stearns, 6 Vermetus (tips only), 5 Cylichna alba Brown, 15 Volvula cylindrica Cpr., 15 Tornatina harpa Dall, 3 Tornatina carinata Cpr., 228 Tornatina cerealis Gld., 57 Cyclostremella californica
Bartsch, 2
Mangilia angulata Dall, 123 Mangilia variegata Cpr. , 17 Epitonium hindsii Cpr., 10 Epitonium bellastriatum Cpr.,
2
Epitonium tincta Cpr., 2 Epitonium undetermined, 3
Crepidula onyx Sby., 3 Crepidula dorsata Brod., 1 Crucibulum spinosum Sby., 11 Siphonaria peltoides Cpr.. 1 Megatebennus bimaculatus
Dall, 3 Lucapinella callomarginata
Cpr., 2 Ischnochiton conspicuus Cpr.,
1
Acanthina spirata Blainv., 27 Acanthina engonata aurantia
Dall, 3
Tritonalia poulsoni Nutt,, 11 Tritonalia foveolata Hds., 1 Tegula viridula ligulata, Mke. , Calliostoma gemmulatum Cpr. ,
22
82
THE NAUTILUS.
Turbonilla tenuicula Gld., 20 Cerithiopsis pedroana Bartsch,
I
Cerithiopsis cosmia Bartsch, 4 Odostomia tennis Cpr. , 54 Odostomia io D. & B. (?), 10 Turris ophiderma Dall, 5 Melampus olivaceus Cpr., 10 Amphissa versicolor Dall, 2 Cohimbella carinata Hds., 238 Columbella gausapata Gld.,
200
Columbella tuberosa Cpr., 2 Columbella oldroydi Arnold,
18
Columbella oldroydi var., 10 Phasianella compta Gld., 215 Eulithidium substriatum Cpr.,
1
Lacuna unifasciata Cpr., 412 Nassa cerritensis Arnold, 8 Nassa mendica Gld., 3 Nassa perpinguis Gld., 148 Nassa fossata Gld., 21 Nassa tegula Reeve, 3 Con us californicus Hds., 22 Polinices recluziana Petit, 52 Thracia curta Conr. , 1 Saxicava arctica Linn, 1 Astarte branneri Arnold, 10 Nucula suprastriata Cpr., 413
Corbula luteola Cpr., 77 Calliostoma canal iculatum
Mart., 1
Calliostoma tricolor Gabb, 1 Cerithidea californica Hald., 5 Myurella simplex Cpr., 10 Leda taphria Dall, 6 Petricola denticulata Sby., 20 Donax laevigata Desh., 8 Donax californica Conr., 1 Pecten aquisulcatus Cpr., 1 Pecten latiauritus Conr., 3 Pecten monotimeris Conr., 10 Phacoides nuttallii Conr., 6 Tellina meropsis Dall, 1 Mactra faloata Gld., 2 Cardium procerum Sby., 1 Anomia lampe Gray, 5 Ostrea lurida Cpr., 1 Metis alta Conr., 1 Cryptomya californica Conr. , 1 Platyodon cancellatus Conr., 1 Chione succincta Val., 1 Chione undatella Sby., 1 Paphia laciniata Cpr., 1 Paphia staminea Conr., 1 Semele decisa Conr., 1 Saxidomus giganteus Desh., 1 Amiantis callosa Conr., 1
THE BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB.
The Boston Malacological Club has completed successfully its fourth year. It is a hopeful sign that although the first flush of enthusiasm and novelty has passed by, the club still flour- ishes. The character of the organization is extremely informal.
THE NAUTILUS. 83
While the membership includes a number of distinguished pro- fessional scientific men, it also includes members who make no pretensions to scientific training, but from one point of view or another, find common ground in their interest in, and love of, shells. In recognition of this varied membership it has been sought to make the meetings of varied character. Some even- ings have been devoted chiefly to technical papers; others to a comparative study, exhibition and exchange of shells. The meetings are held monthly from October to April.
Among the important papers given during the year were:— one by Dr. Hervy W. Shirner on the very interesting semi-fos- sil mollusks from the subway excavation in the Back Bay, Bos- ton, based on the same material from which the Secretary has described a new Vitrinella; one by Professor R. T. Jackson on stages of growth in the Mollusca, particularly Nautilus and Hin- nites, illustrating the recapitulation theory; one by Dr. P. E. Raymond discussing the probable cause of the peculiar double- looped beak sculpture of the Naiades, which we found to be in the tooth or spur of the glochidial embryo; one by Professor E. S. Morse on the differences between shells from shell mounds and their living local descendants, which differences he found to be very appreciable, and singularly constant in trend not only in New England, but in Japan and (so far as investigated) in Europe.
In June the club held its first field meeting, making an ex- cursion to the varied shores of Cohasset which, if not produc- tive of any novelties, was, at least, well attended, much en- joyed, and the occasion of some interesting observations. — WILLIAM F. CLAPP, Secretary.
NOTES.
Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd, of this city, will leave for Oakland to- morrow on the Beaver, having been summoned north to arrange, classify, and pack away, preparatory to their display, more than 1000 shell specimens that are valued at $6,000. This collection was recently bequeathed to the California Academy of Science, San Francisco, by the late Henry Hemphill, who, while alive, was considered the dean of shell collectors. — Los Angeles Tribune, Sept. 30.
84 THE NAUTILUS.
Note on Antillean Paleogeography. — A recent paper by A. P. Brown and the writer, describing the freshwater shells of the Oligocene of Antigua (Proc. A. N. S. Phil., 1914, p. 309) seems to throw some light upon the little-understood paleogeo- graphy of the West Indies. The presence of three species of Hemisinus indicates that although a large area of the present Antillean islands was submerged in the Oligocene, there must have been considerable extent of land, since these are river snails, and a number of species would not be likely to have been evolved, or to exist, unless permanent streams existed at least equal to those of the larger Antillean islands. The Oligocene fossil Ectracheliza truncata Gabb, from Santo Domingo, further supports this view. This shell is not marine, as Gabb supposed. It is really nothing but a Hemisinus, though a very large one, equal to the large South American species. It may be regarded as certain that at the stage of the Oligocene when the Antigua bed was formed, as well as those of Santo Domingo, a considerable land area existed in the eastern Antillean region, and that this land was, or had been, connected with continental South Amer- ica, the original home of Hemisinus. The marine fossiliferous beds of northern Santo Domingo and of Haiti, as well as that of Bowden, Jamaica, were deposited in shallow water near the shore, judging from the character of the fossils. —
H. A. PlLSBRY.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
Littoral Marine MoUus&s of Chincoteague Island, Virginia. By John B. Henderson and Paul Bartsch. Proc. U.S.N.M., Vol. 47, pp. 411-421, plates 13, 14. New species are Epitonium vir- ginicum, Turbonilla powhatani, T. pocahontasa, T. toyatani, T. virginica, Odostomia toyatani, 0. virginica, 0. pocahontasa, Tri- phoris pyrrha, Diastoma virginica, Cerithiopsis virginica. The large, typical form of Urosalpinx cinereus was found, up to 51.5 mm. long. In a protected cove, in which cold springs keep the bottom temperature down to about 8° below that of the open sea, the northern species Yoldia Umatala and Nucula proxima were found. H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVIII. DECEMBER, 1914. No. 8
TERTIARY FOSSILS ON LONG ISLAND.
BY L. P. GRATACAP.
Myron L. Fuller in his Geology of Long Island 'p. 79) writes: "Long Island has never yielded any fossils of Tertiary Age, the diatoms from Rockway and elsewhere described by A. M. Edwards, being from deposits that are clearl}- interglacial or post-glacial."
Mr. Thomas C. Topping of Bridghampton, Long Island, a highway commissioner, in digging out the side of a bare hill to widen a road, six miles east of the village of Southampton, lately uncovered some fossil shells, which interested him, and were b}' him given to Mr. William S. Pelletreau, the historian of Southampton.
The shells taken from a light yellow sandy marl, at a depth of eight to ten feet below the surface, were in excellent preserva- tion, and unmistakably of tertiary origin. The locality is three or four miles from the sea, and has an approximate eleva- tion of seventy five feet above high tide water-mark.
The shells were kindly shown to me by Mr. Pelletreau who recognized their interest. They consist entirely of Areas, and number in all twelve separate valves. There are ten valves of Area (Scapharca} transversa Say and two of Area limula Conrad.
86 THE NAUTILUS.
The latter species is significant. It is referred by Dr. Dall to the Miocene of North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, S. Carolina and New Jersey, and to the Pliocene in Florida, Georgia and S. Carolina. Dr. Dall writes of it (Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida, 1898); " Area limula is with little doubt the progenitor of A. ponderosa, Say, from which it differs by a more quadrate outline and more anterior beaks. The sculpture is usually more elegant." This species does not survive in the recent molluscan faunas.
A. (Scapharca) transversa, Say, very familiar to-day along the eastern sea-board of the United States, apparently began its life history in the Pliocene, and in the upper beds of that formation, (Dall): attaining its maximum development perhaps in the Plio- cene also. The determination of the formally correct reference in time of these fossils, which are unquestionably contempor- aneous with each other, is — without more evidence — uncertain. But assuming as fixed the datum point of A. transversa as some- where in the Pliocene, and allowing weight to the probability of A. limula finishing its career in the Pliocene, an age not later than that formation may be safely predicated for the shells at Southampton. And the deduction seems legitimate that at that day the climatic conditions along the edges of Long Island were more mild than to-day. It is to be hoped that explora- tions in this neighborhood will establish more valuable and ex- tended conclusions.
In view of the discussions now pertinaciously continued as to the stability of our coast line, it is, in this connection, interest- ing to learn that at Southampton, according to the old records (Pelletreau) the ocean has encroached on the land to an extent of the whole width of the beach, and fence-posts formerly set up back of the "beach banks " (sand dunes) are now down to the level of the water at ordinary high-water mark. These dunes ("beach banks") also retreat before the incessant whipping and pressure of the winds, and deserted whaling boats, formerly abandoned behind them, viz., on their northern slopes, have been overwhelmed and have subsequently re-emerged on the south side of the northwardly shifting sand mounds, whose transgression for a time buried them.
THE NAUTILUS. 87
NOTES ON MOLLUSKS FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA.
BY A. W. HANHAM.
Puncturella cucullata Gould.
My daughter Phyllis took a full-grown living specimen at low tide this season at Maple Bay, B. C., crawling on the under side of a ledge of rock. Previously I had the species only from Departure Bay, where it was taken rarely by dredging in fairly deep water.
Hemphillia glandulosa Bl. & Binn.
My acquaintance with this species is very limited. I never met with it during several season's careful collecting in the dis- trict around Victoria, B. C. Here I have taken it twice — but only in small numbers — by scraping over the dead leaves in small thickets in pastures close to the Corvichan River; in sim- ilar surroundings, further back from the river, I could not find any. With it may be taken Prophysaon hemphilli Bl. & Binn. (abundant), Polygyra columbiana Lea (frequent), and Polygyra germana Gould (occasional). In the thickets back from the river our big slug Ariolimax columbianus Gld. may be found in some numbers. In my garden, the last two seasons, both this slug and P. hemphilli have shown up in great numbers and have done some damage. Another slug — perhaps Ariolimax niger Cooper — was noticed on Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, at an elevation of 4,500 feet, in 1913 and again this year. It was quite rare, however.
Selenites sportella Gld.
I took a fine sportella this summer for the first time, although I have often tried to imagine that some of the smaller S. van- couverensis taken were this species. One good specimen and some remains were taken from the cliff a little above high-water
88 THE NAUTILUS.
mark on Salt Spring Island towards the end of August, only a few miles from Maple Bay, "as the crow flies." If it had not been the dry season I dare say I might have discovered more or had better success.
Pisidium sp.
Two or three small shells, one living, were found in a very shallow pond, fed by the surrounding enow banks, on Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, at an elevation of over 5,000 foet, on August 6th, 1914.
Contents of Wild Duck's Crop and a few other notes. In Octo- ber my son shot some ducks (Canvas-backs) on Quamichan Lake, which lies a quarter of a mile below, or distant from, our house, and when cleaning them he came and told me that their " crops " appeared to be full of shells. I got him to empty one of them on to a newspaper, and later sorted them out, with the following result:
Lymnsea sp. Several dozen, mostly juvenile, but some half an inch long.
Physa sp. About the same number and size.
Planorbis exacutus Say. Three specimens.
Valvata virens Tryon. Over 200 specimens. The species is greenish and perfectly smooth, and I give this name, as it is the name mentioned by the late Rev. G. W. Taylor in his catalogue of the mollusca of this province, and no other species is listed.
Sphxrium or Pisidium sp. Two, one fairly large — but both may be Pmdia — in about the same quantity as the Valvata.
An examination of the crops disclosed absolutely no sign of food of any other kind, and all the crops — there were six birds — appeared to be crammed with shells.
I have found the bivalves fairly abundant in this lake about the roots of the \vater lilies, but the Valvata only rarely, not more than 20 having been taken, so this catch was quite a "find."
Quamichan Lake, B. C. (Vancouver Island).
THE NAUTILUS. 89
FRESH WATER SHELLS IN MOOSE RIVER, SOMERSET COUNTY, MAINE.
BY OLOF O. NVLANDER.
Moose River is made up of many lakes and is the main trib- utary to Moosehead Lake. I have visited this part of Maine twice to make collections of the lower Devonian fossils, and in explor- ing the lake shores for long distances I have had favorable opportunity to also collect some of the recent shells.
Anodonta maryinata Say, Common in Brassua Lake, and Long Pond.
Alasmidonta undulata Say. One living specimen from Brassua Lake and a few dead shells in Long Pond, it seems to be quite rare.
Unio complanatus Sol. Plentiful in the above lakes.
Sphsermm. sulcatum Lam. One large specimen and many small ones from the South and of Brassua Lake.
Musculium secure Prime. A few dead shells in Misery stream, a tributary to Moose River.
Campeloma decimm Say. Common in Brassua Lake.
Amnicola. limosa Say. Common on aquatic plants in the Lakes.
Lymntea emargimta^ var. migheki W. G. Binney. On the east side of Brassua Lake above the outlet, on a rocky shore a colony of this interesting shell was discovered, a dozen living specimens were collected and about the same number of dead ones. They all compare very well with the large form obtained at Square Lake inlet, some years ago. All of the specimens were the var. mighelsi, no young shells were seen, only old and full grown specimens.
Planorb is bicarinatus Say. Common in Brassua Lake, a few in Long Lake, and at Baker Brook Point, Moosehead Lake.
Planorbis companulatus Say. Dead shells were quite common at the south and of Brassua Lake.
By any one having time to work in this part of Maine, I think many interesting things might be found.
90 THE NAUTILUS.
CORRESPONDENCE FROM JAPAN AND CHINA.
TOKYO, JAPAN, April 28, 1914.
Dear Dr. Pilsbry: I have [intended writing you any time during the past fortnight — but these are busy times and little gets done except what is absolutely necessary. I thought you would be interested in an account of a call I made on Mr. Hirase at his Conchological Museum —
We landed at Nagasaki, ran down to Kagoshima where we inspected the still active volcano of Sakurajima, which erupted so alarmingly in January — We were on the Transport Logan and received wireless reports that thousands were killed. Act- ually the death toll is said to have been eighteen, for the dis- turbance began twenty-four hours before reaching its full height and the three or four thousand people living on the island es- caped to the mainland.
The scenery on the run down to Kagoshima is really fine- one long gorge surpassing the Rhine in beauty, though not hav- ing the historical and legendary associations of that river.
We came back via the Inland Sea, stopping at Miyajima, one of the three brag beauty-spots of Japan. I had a fine afternoon on the beaches — getting a lot of stuff that was new to me, and some old friends.
At Kyoto I sent a note to Mr. Hirase, asking if I might call that afternoon, and received a cordial note in return. Mr. Hirase is a dignified Japanese gentleman, nearly of my own age I should judge, full-bearded and fine-looking. After half an hour spent in tea drinking and conversation, Mr. Hirase and his assistant spent a couple of hours in showing me over the col- lection. They have about ten thousand species and varieties of Mollusks — three thousand Japanese and seven thousand foreign. The collection is beautifully mounted, each specimen or species with Latin names and additional notes and names in Japanese. Being Japanese, the arrangement is artistic, as all things are in this country, and it is a delight to go over it. There has been no economizing of space at the expense of fine appearance, so there is room for few foreign shells besides the Japanese. Mr.
THE NAUTILUS. 91
Hirase informs me that several times a year all foreign shells are changed in their cases, so that all of these shells are gone over completely each year, each set being exhibited several
weeks.
I scarcely had time to make any specific notes but recall a few striking things. At one place they have various sets of land shells arranged in series to include several recognized species in such a manner as to leave almost no breaks perceptibly de- marking specific limits, after a manner with which Mr. Hemp- hill has made us familiar at home with his Helix strigosa group. At another point a case is given up to an exhibition of freaks, each mounted with a perfect specimen of the same species. Among them is a large Haliotis gigantea with two full series of holes. Some of the others are even more striking. Among rarities is a splendid series of Pleurotomarias.
Last week I ran down for a couple of days to Misaki to visit the Biological Station connected with the Imperial University. There I met Dr. C. Ishikawa who was down with a class of advanced students for the University vacation and Mr. S. Fujita who has charge regularly. Mr. Fujita has done some work on mollusks but his most important work is the artificial produc- tion of marketable pearls — a process which he has but recently perfected. After our return from the Kyoto-Obama trip I hope to run down again and do some careful collecting. A single day on the beaches verified Mr. Fujita' s statement that the fauna is very rich.
We are having a truly delightful visit in Japan ; though I never was so helpless, — the language, with no connection to any other that I am familiar with, and offering an entirely new set of roots and word forms, is unbelievably difficult, and I have gotten no hold on it whatever.
ON BOARD S. S. AMPING MARU.
October 29, 1914-
It is some time since I reported, so here goes. We are on our way to Formosa but have a two-day stop off Foochow, China before making the last 24-hour run. Have had a very rapid run through Korea and China, most interesting every-
92 THE NAUTILUS.
where, but not very productive of shells. We spent about a week in Korea — half in Seoul and three days in a trip to visit Dr. Borrow, an English lady-physician who is doing a marvel- lous lot of surgical work in a very primitive hospital in an out- of-the-way place, twenty-six miles from the R. R. On this trip I picked up about two hundred Melanias in a little stream we followed for a mile or two; I also got about thirty species of flowers, although the season is late.
Korea is almost absolutely free of timber, a tradition stating that early Koreans cut it all out to make the country appear barren and to prevent invasion by envious neighbors. It is closely cultivated however wherever it is level enough and the yield is generally good.
The most striking thing to the tourist is the costuming of men and women and the hair dressing of the men. All married men wear the hair in a closely tied topknot projecting about four inches from the vertex. The unmarried men and boys part their hair in the middle and braid it into a long pig-tail. So that we took them all for girls till we learned that no girl or woman is seen without a skirt.
From Seoul we ran through Manchuria to Peking, where we spent a week, doing the ordinary stunts including a two-days run out to Nankow to see the great Wall and the Ming tombs. Then we ran to Hankow by rail where we took boat down the Yang Tse to Nanking where we put in two delightful days as guests of Mrs. Thurston, an old friend of my wife's who is pres- ident of a Woman's College, already endowed but yet to be built.
I am astonished at the educational and hospital work being carried by the various missionary boards in the cities of China. There are seventeen separate establishments, churches, chapels, hospitals, and schools and a university under control of the American Episcopal board in the three cities Hankow, Han Yang and Wuchang grouped about the junction of the Han and Yang Tse rivers.
At Nanking around the old examination halls I took about a hundred Helices of three species, and later — on the way to the tomb of the first Ming Emperor I got two or t^ee hundred
THE NAUTILUS. 93
Planorbes, thanks to some helpers — men, women and children. When I gave them the enormous sum of twenty cents Mexican —about eight cents — they pretty nearly mobbed me. Mrs. T. said I should have given them four or five coppers and that for months to come every foreigner who went that way would have shells offered to him in the hope of finding another crazy man like me.
At Soochow I met Professor N. Gist Gee of Soochow Uni- versity who took me out on the canals and lake for a beautiful afternoon's collecting. We saw the river life of the Chinese, the Sampans or house boats in which they are born, live and die ; also we saw the fishing with trained cormorants, a queer sight of which I had read. More important we took some- where from seven to ten species of shells which were everywhere plentiful : Anodonta, Unio, Vivipara ( at least three species) a Bythinia, Corbicida and Sphceriwn. It was most interesting and profitable day.
Very sincerely yours, FRED BAKER.
ON THE RETENTION OF THE ORIGINAL COLOR ORNAMENTATION IN
FOSSIL BRACHIOPODS.
BY DARLING K. GREGER.
In 1908 the writer published what he believes to be the first recorded American occurrence of the preservation of the orna- mental color design of a Palaeozoic brachiopod.* In this notice the species described, Cranaena morsli Greger, came from the Craghead Creek Shales (Middle Devonic) of central Mis- souri, and at the time, we had in mind the remarkable fact of the preservation of the original color design rather than a sug- gestion that the markings described were a remnant of the orig- inal pigmentation. Our observations, however, since the pub- lication of the article, lead us to believe that in rare instances the original pigment is retained, in a more or less altered con- dition.
* 1808, Greger, D. K , American Journal of Sci., Vol. 25, pp. 313-314.
94 THE NAUTILUS.
In his work on the Middle Devonic of Wisconsin, Dr. H. F. Cleland* figures three species of Brachiopoda, on which the original color design is preserved, viz., Lingula milwaukeensis Cleland, PL 12, Figs. 3 and 4; Lingula sp. indet, PI. 12, Fig. 5; and Craenaena iowensis Calvin, PI. 13, Figs. 8 and 9. To this interesting list of occurrences we are able to add three more in which the preserved markings assume a definite pattern and another in which the entire shell is colored and of which we are somewhat dubious.
Greger Coll., No. 35-17. Lingula sp., Rowleyf from the Grassy Creek Shale (Upper Devonic) of Pike County, Missouri, frequently shows dark blue bands, concentrically arranged, and these we at first attributed to variation in the thickness of the test, but after carefully removing the shell from the matrix, their true character was discovered. The ornamental design of this species is identical with that of Lingula milwaukeensis Cleland. That these bands of color are a vestige of the original ornamen- tation of the species can scarcely be questioned.
Greger Coll., No. 282-5. Dielasma Calvini, H. & W., from the upper beds of the Craghead Creek Shale, in two examples, show rays of color, the design being quite similar to the mark- ings shown on Oranaena iowaensis Calvin, in Dr. Cleland' s fig- ures. In our shells the lines are very faint and at best afford little more than a suggestion of the color design.
Greger Coll., No. 70-10. A specimen of Orbiculoidea humilis Hall, from the Hamilton shales of the Canandaigua Lake region of New York, retains the color pattern, which consists of alter- nating concentric bands of light greenish horn and dark chestnut brown.
Greger Coll., No. 79-12. Crania modesta, W. & St. J., from the Cherokee Shale (Pennsylvanian) of Central Missouri, at- tached to a section of a large Crinoid Column, are dark blue or slate-colored, their host being pearl-gray or nearly white.
*1911, Cleland, H. F., Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., No. 21, PI. 12, figs. 3, 4, 5 ; PI. 13, figs. 8, 9.
1 1908, Rowley, R. R., Mo. Geol. Surv. , Vol. 8, 2nd Series, p. 74, PI. 17,
fig. 14.
THE NAUTILUS. 95
The finest example of the preservation of color pattern in a fossil Brachiopod that has yet come to the writer's notice, con- sists of two specimens of Coenothyris vulgaris Schl. , from the Muschelkalk (Triassic), the design assuming the form of fasci- culated rays of bright red, the body color varying from light buff to dull horn. The fresh bright color shown in these shells suggests the retention of original pigment, practically unaltered, during the process of the silization. Greger Coll., No. 351-4.
In conclusion, we would also call attention to Discinisca lugubri* Conrad, from the Choptank Formation (Miocene) of Maryland. All specimens of this Brachiopod that have passed under the writer's observation are blue-black and on one small example faint concentric bands are present.
NOTES.
PETRICOLA DACTYLUS SOWERBY. — In a recent letter from Mr. G. W. Pepper he says: "In all published accounts pertaining to the habits of Petricola pholadiformis it is stated that they are ' found living in hard clay.' This seems to be entirely at vari- ance with my collecting in Buzzard's Bay, Mass., where I ob- tained over 100 specimens from a colony living in sand and gravel in company with the common clam (Mya arenaria). In fact I have been unable to find them except associated with the common clam." In writing to Mr. Pepper I obtained some of the specimens, and was pleased to find that they were P. dactylus, a much scarcer species on the New England coast than P. pholadiformis, and from which it is readily distinguished by its less cylindrical form, due to the wider and more flattened valves. The dividing line between the larger and smaller ribs is less clearly defined. In well-preserved specimens the very young, yellowish shells, described as Gastranella tumida, can be distinctly seen on the umbones. — C. W. JOHNSON.
EMARGINATA MIGHELSI ABSENT IN ITS OLD LOCALI- TIES.— In September I visited Square Lake Inlet, where L.
96 THE NAUTILUS.
emarginata mighelsi was formerly so abundant, and 'not a single living or dead shell could be found. The same was true at Cross Lake. — OLOF 0. NYLANDER.
COCHLICOPA LUBRICA IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. About the
middle of October a friend living in Sewickley, Pa., first noticed a lot of small shells on a flagstone walk at the side of his house. He called me up by telephone and I requested him to get some of the shells, which he did and they proved to be Cochlicopa hilrica Mull. On Nov. 30 I visited the place and found the living shells present in large numbers as I gathered over 100 fr*>m along the edge of the walk in a few minutes. In 25 years collecting in the Sewickley Valley I have found this species de- cidedly rare so their sudden appearance in the center of the village is very interesting. With the lubrica were a number of Vallonia excentrica St., which has become very common all through the valley in the past few years. The specimens of lu- brica, you will note, area small compact form averaging 5 mm in length. — GEO. H. CLAPP.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
A new Pearly Fresh-water Mussel of the genus Hyriafrom Brazil. By L. S. Frierson. Proc. U.S.N.M., Vol. 47, p. 363, pi. 12. Hi/ria amaznnia n. sp.
List of Moilusca of Harding and Perkins counties. South Da- kota Geological Survey, Bull. No. 6. 1914, pp. 95, 96. By Wm. H. Over. In this little-known region, every contribution is of value, giving records from the wide gap between the better known States on the east and west.
The Land and Fresh-water Molluscs of the Dutch West Indian Islands. By Dr. J. H. Vernhout. Notes Ley den Museum, Vol. 36, pp. 177-189. A useful compilation, with a bibliogra- phy, and some new records for Curacao.
THE NAUTILUS
VOL. XXVIII. JANUARY, 1915. No. 9
FURTHEB NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE.
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.
I. ORIENTAL SPECIES.
As one very important work (Chenu's Illustrations Conchyl- iologiques, Oliva by Duclos)was not available at the time I wrote my previous notes (NAUTILUS, xxiv, pp. 49-51, 64-68, 121-124) on several species of Oliva, the names of which were affected by adopting the oldest recognizable characterization, it seems well at this time to briefly review the subject. I will therefore give a more complete synonymy of the species, together with some additional notes, hoping thus to show more clearly the changes in nomenclature and the relationship of the species and varieties.
1. OLIVA SERICEA (Bolten).
Porphyria sericea Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798. 0. textilina Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., xvi, 309, 1810. Var. tremulina Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 310, 1810. granitella Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 314, 1810. obtusaria Lam., Anim. sans vert., vii, 436, 1822. hepatica Lam., (not Marrat) Ann. du Mus., xvi, 320, 1810.
fumosa Marrat, Thes. Conch, iv, pi. 9, f. 119.
98 THE NAUTILUS.
Var. olympiadina Duel, (pars) in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 13, f. 11, 12.
Var. nobilis Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 2, figs 3 a-c, 1850. Var. pica Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 310, 1810.
concinna Marr. , Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 7, f. 100, 101. Var. tenebrosa Marr. , Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 13, f. 177. Var. ponderosa Duclos, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 14. f, 8, 9. Var. miniacea Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798.
miniata Link, Besch. Rostock Samml. , pi. 2, p. 95, 1807. erythrostoma Lam., Ann. Du Mus., xvi, 309, 1810. magnified Ducros, Revue critique du genre Oliva, p. 30, pi. 1, f. 4. 1857.
azemula Duclos, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 15. f. 10, 11, (decorticated)
Var. porphyritica Marr. (pars) Thes. Conch., pi. 7, f. 105. Var. sylvia Duclos (pars) in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 14, f. 12. Var. marrati Johns., Naut., vol. xxiv, p. 51, 1910. la. Subsp. irisans Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., xvi, 312, 1810. Var. zeihmica Lam., Anim. sans vert., vii, 436, 1822.
mazaris Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 22, f. 7, 8. Var. ornata Marrat, Illus. Conch., iv, pi. 7, f. 102, 103.
cylindrica Marr. (not Sowerby) Thes. Conch, iv, p. 14, f. 193, 594.
lignaria Marr., Illus. Conch., iv, pi. 14, f. 195, 196. Var. cryptospira Ford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p. 99, f. 3, 4.
Var. fordii Johnson, Naut., vol. xxiv, pi. 51, 1910. Both Bolton and Lamarck refer to the same figure in Martini (Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 51, f. 559) which represents the finely marked, indistinctly banded form, with a light cream-yellow aperture. Length 70-85 mm.
Under the Var. tremulina is grouped a large series connecting sericea with miniacea, but typified by having a white or bluish white aperture. It was not figured by Lamarck but all the authors seem to agree — although several intermediate figures are given. The typical form is that figured by Reeve, pi. 4, f. 6c ; Weinkauff, pi. 17, f. 2 ; Marrat, pi. 8, f. 117. 0. fumosa is only a dark smoky form. The Var. olympiadina is restricted to
THE NAUTILUS. 99
figures 11 and 12, an albinic form. Nobiiis represents the large three-banded form, pica the brown form with large white sub- triangular spots, and tenebrosa the almost or entirely brown form. Length 70-100 mm.
The thick, light-colored var. ponderosa is intermediate between forms referable to tremulina on the one hand and miniacea on the other. The latter both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figures by Martini (Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 45, figs. 476, 477). I have restricted the porphyritica to the small form (45- 55 mm. ) with bands of bright purple spots, of which I have recently received specimens through Mr. Wm. N. Southern, collected by Mr. Frank E. Rand, at Ponape, Caroline Islands. The name of sylvia is applied to the orange-yellow form with a red aperture, and marrati to the dark brown red-mouthed form as figured by Marrat, (Thes. Conch., pi. 7, f. 109), represent- ing a parallel variation to that of tenebrosa and fordi.
The subspecies irisans, though poorly defined, is the oldest name and has already been applied to various forms of this group by authors. There is only one figure referred to by Lamarck that can be considered as irisans (Martini, Conch. Cab. II, Tab. 561); the others are questioned. This figure has not a callous spire and the description " spire acuminate" does not apply to the low callous-spired forms, figured by WeinkaufT, Marrat and Duclos, but to the form figured by Reeve (PL 6, fig. 8b). Figure 8d is the orange-yellow acutely spired zeilanica and fig. Sa the low callous-spired ornata. The typical cryptospira is light yellow with only slight traces of dark marking (Thes. Conch., pi. 9, f. 125) while furdi is the dark brown, callous- spired form (Thes. Conch., pi. 9, f. 126). There is also a pure white, callous-spired form (albescens}.
2. OLIVA OLIVA (Linne).
Valuta oliva Linne", Syst. Nat., 10 ed. p. 729, 1758. Porphyria vidua Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798. CylindrusnigellusM.eu.scla.Qn, Mus. Gevers. , p. 376. 0. maura Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 309, 1810. 0. mauritiana (Martini) Marrat (pars) Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 10, 1870.
100 THE NAUTILUS.
Var. fenestrata Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 34, 1798. fvsca Link, Besch. Rostock. Samml., p. 95, 1807.
Var. fulminans Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 312, 1810.
Var. sepulturalis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 311, 1810.
Var. madeaya Duel.; in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 23, f. 13-16.
fabreii Ducros, Revue critique du genre Oliva, p. 43, pi. I, f, 8, 1857.
The species oliva Linne cannot be ignored, in the light of our present ruling in nomenclature ; while a composite species, the prevailing form is readily recognized as Hanley in his "Shells of Linneus " page 215 says : — "Still it is not unworthy of remark that the Oliva nigrita of Karsten (0. maura of Sowerby, Genera Shells) has been indicated as the principal variety or form in the 'Museum Ulricae' and that all cited engravings (Argenville alone excepted) of the tenth edition of the 'Systema' wherein the species originally appeared, pertain to that shell". The plain olive-green or yellowish form is fenestrata; with broad ir- regular longitudinal stripes, fiihnmans ; with narrow irregular stripes and bands sepulturalis ; with a light pearl-gray ground color and less conspicuous markings the more pronounced var. madeaya.
3. OLIVA TIGRINA (Lamarck).
0. tigrina Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 322, 1810 (not Menschen).
0. holoserica (Martini) Marrat, Thes. Conch., pi. xiii, f. 179, 181.
0. atkonia Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 5, f. 22, 23
(Pv- )
0. stainforthii Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 19, f. 40 (juv. )
Var. fallax Johnson, Nautilus, xxiv, 65, 1910. The dark brown form resembling 0. oliva is the var. fallax, representing the color variation common to many species.
4. OLIVA FUNEBRALIS (Lamarck).
0. fnnebralis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 332, 1810. 0. labradorensis (Bolten) Marr. , Thes. Conch., pi. xi, f. 146-148.
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0. leucostoma Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 29, f. 14-16.
0. propinqua Marr., Thes. Conch., pi. xi, f. 141-142.
0. avelana (Lam.) Marr. Thes. Conch., pi. xi, f. 149-150.
0. glandiformis Marr. (not Lam.) pars, Thes. Conch., pi. xii, f. 174, 175.
0. giliola Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 30, f. 5, 6. An extremely variable species, the limits of which are very difficult to define. The figure cited by Bolten is unrecogniza- ble. 0. avelana as figured by Marrat probably represents faded examples, of which I have seen similar colored specimens. Under glandiformis Marrat figures at least two species ; figure 173 is a form of elegans, the others probably variations of this spe- cies. The figure referred to by Lamarck as glandiformis can not be identified.
5. OLIVA BULBOSA (Bolten).
PorphyriabulbosaBolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 34, 1798. Olivaundulata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 318, 1810. Valuta ventricosa Dillw. , Cat. Recent Shells, i, 515, 1817. Var. inflata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 319, 1910. picta Reeve, Conch. Icon. Oliva, sp. 79, pi. 26, f. 79 (juv.) ovum-raUi Ford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 139. (decorticated).
Var. tuberosaBolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 37, 1798.
bicingulata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 319, 1810. bicincta Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. xiii, f. 189. Var. fabagina Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 325, 1810.
crassa (Martini) Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv, pi. xiii, f. 186, The typical form has undulating longitudinal stripes, both Bolten and Lamarck referring to the same figures (Conch. Cab. ii, Tab. 47, f. 507, 508). Var. inflata has only small bluish- gray spots and bicingulata two dark brown bands. Var. fabagina is irregularly clouded with dark brown. Pure white examples constitute the var. alba.
6. OLIVA VARIEGATA (Bolten)
Porphyria variegata Bolt, , Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798. 0. evania Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 22, f. 3, 4.
102 THE NAUTILUS.
0. zebra Kuster, Conch. Cab., Oliva, Tab. 5, 6, 1878. Var. reticulata (Bolten).
Porphyria reticulata Bolt. , Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798. 0. sanguinolenta Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 316, 1810. The grayish-white reticulated form is typical. The dark olive-green, finely reticulated form is the var. reticulata. In the latter case both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figures (Martini, Conch. Cab. ii, Tab. 48, f. 512, 513).
7. OLIVA TRICOLOR Lamarck.
0. tricolor Lam., Ann. du Mus., 316, 1810. 0. guttida (Martini) Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. xii, f. 165-168.
var. philantha Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 22, f. 5, 6.
This species is more closely related to variegata than to elegans. The var. philantha is the light-colored form often approaching 0. caerulea in external appearance.
8. OLIVA OERULEA (Bolten).
Porphyria caerulea Bolt., Mus. Bolt., xvi, p. 313, 1810. 0. episcopalis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 313, 1810. Var. lugubris Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 317, 1810. The var. lugubris is based on the small form heavily clouded with brown, as figured by Duclos, (Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. xi, f. 5, 6.) also by Marrat (Thes. Conch, iv, pi. 4. f. 48). It was not figured by Lamarck.
9. OLIVA ISPIDULA (Linne)
Valuta ispidula Linne, Syst. Nat., 10 ed. p. 730, 1758. 0. hispidula Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., Oliva p. 14, ispidula pi. 8.
0. tigridella Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 9, f. 13, 14. Var. stellata Duel. Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 8, f. 11, 12. Var. taeniata Link, Besch. Rostock Samml. , pi. 2, p. 98, 1807.
Var. fiaveola Duel., Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 7, f. 17-20.
Var. Candida Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 322.
This extremely variable species, most readily distinguished
THE NAUTILUS. 103
by its brown aperture, has several well marked varieties. Var. stellata is white Avith coarse brown markings and low spire, taeniata white with a broad subsutural b&nd,—flaveola is yellow with a white aperture and Candida is an albino form. Speci- mens from Sarmar, Philippines, collected by Mr. E. L. Moseley, are all uniform in color, representing the dark reticulated form (Thes. Conch., fig. 248). This might bear the varietal name of samarensis.
10. OLIVA ANNULATA (Gmelin). Valuta annulata Gm el. , Syst. Nat., p. 3441, 1790. 0. leucophaea Lam. Ann. du Mus. , xvi. p. 314, 1810. Var. amethystina Bolten., Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798.
aurata Link, Besch. Rostock. Samml., pi. 2, p. 97, 1807. guttata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810. cruenta (Solander) Dillw., Cat. Recent Shells, i, 514, 1817. maculata Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 16, f. 1-5. Var. mantichora Duel., Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 16, f. 7, 8.
emicator Marrat. (Pars), Thes. Conch., pi. 5, f. 57, 60. It seems unfortunate that the pale abnormal form should have to be the type of the species, instead of the beautiful ame- thystina. To the latter both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figures by Martini (Conch. Cab. ii, Tab. 46, f. 491, 492). Many specimens of the var. mantichora show the same malfor- mation of the typical form — an elevated ridge at the periphery.
11. AGARONIA GIBBOSA (Born).
Valuta gibbosa Born, Test. Mus. Caes., p. 215, 1780. Valuta utriculus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3441, 1790. Oliva gibbosa Marrat, Thes. Conch, iv, pi. 19, f. 307 (pars). Oliva (Agaronia} gibbosa Tryon, Manual Conch., v, 90, f. 85-87, 1883. '
The dark brown specimens are usually decorticated. The orange-yellow form might bear the varietal name of A. g. auran- tia, n. var.
12. OLIVANCTLLARIA URCEUS (Bolten).
Porphyria urceus Bolt., Mus Bolt., p. 37, 1798. Oliva brasilana Lam. , Ann. du Mus., xvi, 322, 1810.
104
THE NAUTILUS.
Valuta pinguia Dillw., Cat. Recent Shells, i, 516, 1817. Oliva ( Olivancillaria) brasiliana Tryon, Manual Conch., v, 90, pi. 36, f. 88.
TWO NEW VAKIETIES OF VALVATA.
BY E. G. VAN ATT A.
VALVATA TRICARINATA INFRA CARINATA n. var. fig. 1, 2.
Shell globose, depressed, translucent, early whorls orange colored, body-whorl greenish gray, spire moderately elevated, apex obtruse, suture linear, whorls 3£, rapidly increasing, last whorl flattened above, with an impressed line near the suture, slightly angular at the shoulder, periphery rounded, surface polished, provided with irregular growth lines. Umbilicus wide, deep, funnel-shaped, surrounded by a strong carina. Aperture oblique, orbicular, slightly angular at the suture and base, parietal wall short, lip thin.
Alt. 2.53 diam. 3.48 apert. alt. 1.74 diam. 1.55 mm.
Type in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences number 12087 from White Pond, New Jersey, collected by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and Mr. S. N. Rhoads in 1895. Also in the collection from Hamilton, Ontario (Robert Walton); Mohawk, New York (Dr. James Lewis); Post Pliocene at Halcyon Lake,
THE NAUTILUS.
105
Duchess Co., New York (W. S. Teator); Post Pliocene at White Pond, New Jersey (Dr Joseph Leidy); and Saginaw Bay, Michigan (Prof. M. Miles.)
Differs from V. t. xi/n/i/c.r, Old by having a basal carina and from F. t. confusa Wkr. by lacking a keel at the shoulder.
VALVATA TRICARINATA BASALIS n. var. figs. 3, 4.
Shell discoidal, thin, translucent, greyish corneous, spire truncate, slightly elevated, apex impressed, suture linear, shal- low. Whorls 3^, the first ones with a median carina, body- whorl slightly descending at the aperture, with two strong carina?, the upper surface between the suture