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THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH'’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. )
CONDUCTED BY
CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Ese., M.A., F.B.S., F.LS., F.G.S., JOHN EDWARD GRAY, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.LS., V.P.Z.S. &e., WILLIAM S. DALLAS, F.LS.,
AND
WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.L.S.
~~
VOL. IV.—FOURTH SERIES
Nowe / {/
/ B 7) \ . LAZLOSEY
ation al Museu LONDON:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS.
SOLD BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER}; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO., KENT AND CO.; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH ¢ HODGES AND SMITH, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN.
1869.
~,
““Omnes res create sunt divine sapientiz et potentie testes, divitiz felicitatis humanz :—ex harum usu donitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper sstimata ; a yeré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta ; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—Linnzvs.
“Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.’—Brucxner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden,
1767.
4 ba iag Untal peal gue crs The sylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet ; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Tayzor, Norwich, 1818.
CONTENTS OF VOL. IV.
[FOURTH SERIES. ]
NUMBER XIX, Page I. A Descriptive Account of four Subspherous Sponges, Arabian and British, with General Observations. By H. J. Carrer, F.R.S. Reem Ce MLAB Ear the ORS ail arate acs MPS nye. ye. ncacnysycaseres tusjemtehs <iouta eeeapele A:
II. Note on an Alciopid, a Parasite of Cydippe densa, Forskal. By Epwarp REen& CLaparepE, Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Academy of Geneva, and Paut Pancenrt, Professor of Com- parative Anatomy in the Royal University of Naples. (Plate V.) .. 29
III. On a new Volute. By FrepErrick M‘Coy, Professor of Na- tural Science in the University of Melbourne. (Plate III. figs. 1&2.) 34
IV. Considerations on the Neuropterous Genus Chauliodes and its Allies; with Notes and Descriptions. By R. M‘Lacutan, F.L.S.. 35
V. Note on the Animal of Limnea involuta (Harvey). By A. G,
hiiorrant@ tal Dats ag lt 75 eal OD i Tf a 4) a ae eR eae ey 46 VI. On the Cestoid Worms of the Bustard. By Dr, H. Krassr. Re RUSE BM Dede a o's vey wares! « ¥ nie GReSIR test tye 6 mre AMS weg hie 47
VII. On the Myology of Bradypus tridactylus; with Remarks on the general Muscular Anatomy of the Edentata. By ALEXANDER MacaLisTER, Demonstrator of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, Professor of Anatomy, Royal Dublin Society ............ 51
Proceedings of the Royal Society..... 00. 00cceses satus sewer 67—73
Note on anew Hermaphrodite Chetopod Annelid, by G. Moquin- Tandon; The Poison-glands of Callophis intestinalis and C. bi- virgatus, by A. Bernhard-Meyer ; On the Geographical Distribu- tion of the Ferns of Mexico, by Eugéne Fournier ; Note on the Structure of the Blastoidea, by E. Billings, F.G.S., Paleeontolo- gist Canada Geol. Survey; Tadpoles of Lissotriton punctatus re- producing the Species, by M. J. Jullien ..............4. 73—76
NUMBER XxX.
VIII. On the Anatomy of Diplommatina, and its Affinity with Cyclophorus and Pupina in the Cyclophoride.- By Joun DENIs MacponaLD, M.D., F.R.S., Staff-Surgeon, R.N. (Plate IV.) .... 77
iv CONTENTS. - Page IX. The last Discoveries in the extreme North. By OswaLp MAGEE, 5. eM Dal ahs (ate cia Was ave w winietey wie ace Stare soins a cig ie ae 81
X. On the Existence of distinct Larval and Sexual Forms in the Gemmiparous Oligochetous Worms. By E. Ray LanKEsteEr, B.A. (OP tc esd ep ea ee PS ee eM bean it municar iP aicue 1 eRe airy FS 102
XI. On the early Stages in the Development of Phyllodoce macu- lata, Johnston. By W. C. Kagan M.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S. MMLC ONAL) DIS. (sists teiel Salts a das o's ge Oe eee epee oe Re ohne 104
XII. Descriptions of five new Species of Birds from Queensland, Australia ; and a new Humming-bird from the Bahamas. By JoHNn
REVO TTAD) EN Bua OO 665 “onerarcinens <5 5 "0s 0 kee lace. ve te'e Sm Ms tes RL erate eae 108 XIII. On the Depths of the Sea. By Prof. WyvitE THomson,
DA IAT ess (c 2 Ghat stars la blaa athe WN tia Ronin 8 ee i ee ac ters 112 XIV. Observations on the Calamites and Asterophyllites. By M.
GERI URW. IAs o's aaa a tah rabeis ile aor esas ooet> cao sas ten eee ten 124 XV. Observations onthe Ancient Fauna of the Mascarene Islands.
By M. ALPHONSE MILNE-EDWARDS ........ ..... 2 dala eye sate ane 129
Proceedings ot the Moyal Sorieky. . 26. ce aes peeves sive eee veers 132
On the Origin of the name “ Penguin,” by Alfred Newton, M.A. &c.; On the Structure of the Flower of the Graminee, the Functions of the Organs of which it is composed, and the Phenomena which accompany the act of Fecundation, by M. Bidard; On a Tree-Frog in New Granada which secretes a Poison employed by the Indians to poison their Arrows, by J. Escobar; An Hermaphrodite Nemertean from the Mediterranean, by A. F. Marion; Note on the Crustacea which live parasitically in Ascidia in the Mediterranean, by R. Buchholz; On the Cecilie, by M. F. Leydig; On the Spire of Voluta Thatcheri, by Prof. Frederick M‘Coy ; On two new Species of Gyrodus, by Sir pen de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., V.P.G.S. .. 1833—140
NUMBER XXI. XVI. Notes on the Fertilization of Orchids. By CuHar.xs
Dp asrapvanny LAs NS 25.5 Bees cates sa ceeinpie eaten ees ee 141 XVII. Note on Hyponome Sarsi, a recent Cystidean. By S. BON ROS o's GING ages iar vl cib.4 C nae eke o iar paeael ds al eng AMeCereNa IP BAN esac 159
XVIII. Descriptions of a remarkable new Jellytish and two Acti- nians from the Coast of Maine. By A. E. VERRILL.............. 160
CONTENTS. Vv
Page ‘XIX. Descriptions of new Species of Butterflies from Tropical js America. By OsBErT Satvin, M.A., F.L.S., &. 0.1... eee 163
XX. On a new Labyrinthodont Amphibian from the Northumber- land Coal-field, and on the Occurrence in the same locality of Anthracosaurus Russelli, By AtBpany Hancock, F.L.S., and THos.
LUT TRIED Sr ein ea Bese am Pit na ne TE TCC hacia tiers take Beton ers Site rs 182
XXI. On Grayella cyathophora, a new Genus and Species of Sponges. By H. J. Carter, F.R.S. &c. (Plate VIL) .......... 189
XXII. Notule Lichenologice. No. XXX. By the Rev. W. A. Leieuton, B.A., F.L.S.—Further Notes on the Lichens of Cader
Beira se Nctat Wy Ale as la7g ale ee Wao a aN aie a bah AT eRe ante Sees 198 XXIII. Descriptions of three new Species of Callidryas. By
fa Tecan 07 gf G OM 6 upg yo c1 OR 1 Des a ar mee ruareeeee eS, rar 202 XXIV. Descriptions of some new Species of Lamiude. By
PR AN@IACE sb ASEUey Y TOs Gils. (aa ss + So) «cate ayatste.n\0l so Sacmonaet Caio 203
On the Marine Forms of Crustacea which inhabit the Fresh Waters of Southern Europe, by Prof. Heller; On the Leaves of Coni- feree, by Thomas Meehan, of Germantown, Pennsylvania ; Me- chanical Reproduction of the Flight of Insects, by M. Marey ; Spectroscopic Examination of the Diatomacez, by H. L. Smith ; On two new Generic Types of the Families Saprolegniee and Peronosporee, by MM. E. Roze and M. Cornu; On Spatangus PSEA TUONGTIE «jon tse trere sie ridctasy ia ale eiavatele mie, Wiaee leant 211—220
NUMBER XXII.
XXYV. On some curious Fossil Fungi from the Black Shale of the Northumberland Coal-field. By AtBany Hancocr, F.L.S., and EGR. ACEH, « CE la tes ew oie in aici eta cro are core he tele wo everett 221
XXVI. Descriptions of a new Genus and two new Species of Scyllaride and a new Species of 4thra from North America. By SONY METER gaa cdc ee cbs nt cb aR ba Lew one dole Uplate 228
XXVII. On some new Species of Graptolites. By Henry ALLEYNE NicHoxson, M.D., D.Sc., M.A., F.G.S8. (Plate XI.) .. 281
XXVIII. Descriptions of four new Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the Genus Thyca. By A. G. Butumr, F.LS. &. ............ 242
XXIX. The Myology of Cyclothurus didactylus. By JouN CHARLES Gatton, M.A., F.L.S., Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at Charing Cross Hospital. (Plate VIIIT.) ..........-.. sees eee eeee 244.
XXX. Additional Notes on Sea-Bears. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.5d CT A eee werner eh a ruta 264
Vi CONTENTS.
- Page XXXI. Note on Anthracosaurus. By ALBANY Hancock, F.L.S., HHO HON. ARTERIES oO ics. At. SO «abs the bs EES ie Ses WTO Tn ee 270 XXXII. Description of Ceryle Sharpii, a new Kingfisher from the Gaboon. », By JoHN Gounn, PR Saij otal). iralede oeig afetara «percslereterete} 271 XXXIII. On Calamites. By the Rev. J. W. Dawson, LL.D., F.R.S., &c., Principal of M‘Gill College, Montreal .............. 272 XXXIV. Note on Anolis auratus. By Prof. W. PETERS ...... 273
XXXV. On Norops auratus. By Artuur W. E. O’SHavuGHNESSY 274
New Books :—A History of British Hydroid Zoophytes, by Thomas Hincks, B.A.—British Conchology (Vol. V.), by John Gwyn ETTONT, Eu sy OCES i, cing ais nie, cl ae ek ooh aay care 277—281
Proceedings of the Royal Society... oo... 6.0sis oi versie oan nre.ace 282—290
On the Development and Change in the Form of the Horn of the Gnu (Connochetes gnu), by Dr. J. HE. Gray, F.R.S.; On the Development of Cypris, by C. Claus; On the White-toothed American Beaver, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.; On the Occurrence of Beania mirabilis and Labrus mixtus at Eastbourne, Sussex, by F.C.S. Roper, F.L.S. &c. ; On the Origin and Increase of Bac- teria, by Dr. A. Polotebnow; Experiments to show that the Fins of Fishes are regenerated only when their Basal Portion at least is left, by M. J. M. Philipeaux ; Descriptions of two new Species of Hymenoptera from the Argentine Republic, by J. C. Puls ; Habits of the Medusz, by Dr. J. E. Gray ; On the Repro-
duction of Pholeus phalangioides, Walk, by Dr. Paolo Bonizzi 291—296
NUMBER XXIII.
XXXVI. On the Coleoptera of St. Helena. By T. Vernon Wot- PME, CNOA TU ey vias eh yn 04 Arya eS ee EAE AREY GS 297
XXXVII. On the Generic Identity of Climaxodus and Janassa, two Fossil Fishes related to the Rays. By AuBany Hancock, Peo. and THomas Arrany.: (Plate X1L)) 2.0.9 sic es'soe aeranye 322
XXXVIII. Descriptions of five Birds and a Hare from Abyssinia. By Wacnan T BLANKORD, F-G:S., ONLZS, 02.5.2 <6 ves «spe ae 329
XXXIX. Descriptions of some new American Phyllopod Crusta- cba By AE, VEBRELE 6632's holla Geen toes Retoe ane Oe 331
XL. On some British Freshwater Shells. By J. Gwyn JEFFREYS, IR i's «eng oO aurea aera. Cie ee na ¢ de taks anette 341
CONTENTS. Vil
Page XLI. Notes on Seals (Phocide) and the Changes in the Form of their Lower Jaw during Growth. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e,.. 342
XLII. On some points in the History and Relations of the Wasp — ( Vespa vulgaris) and Rhipiphorus paradoxus. By ANDREW MurRRay,
Eee he Me A se, eae MR ae oo So eed elda. pape’ 346 XLIII. Species of Terrestrial Mollusca collected on the Island of San Lucia. By Ratpx Tarte, Assoc, Linn. Soc., F.G.S., &e....... 356
New Books :—Notes on the Geology of North Shropshire, by Char- lotte Eyton.—Figures of Characteristic British Fossils, with Descriptive Remarks, by W. H. Baily, F.L.S., F.G.S., &c.. . 356, 357
On the Occurrence of Beania mirabilis at Shanklin, Isle of Wight, by Henry Lee, F.L.S. &e.; Cuttlefish (Sepia) of the Red Sea, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.; The Larva of Tischeria complanella and its Parasite, by Prof. Canale Rondani ; A naked Shrew, by Dr. J. E. Gray; On Spoggodes conglomeratus, and a new Genus of Fleshy Alcyonoids, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c., and Henry J. Carter, F.R.S.; On the Anatomy of the Genus Gordius, by H. Grenacher ; On the Development of Pelobates fuscus, Wagl., by C. van Bambeke ; On the Systems of Capillary Vessels in the Gasteropods, by Prof. Wedl; Discovery of New and Rare Fossils in the Marl-Slate of Midderidge, by Richard Howse, Esq.
357—368
NUMBER XXIV.
XLIV. List of Coleoptera collected in Vancouver's Island. by Henry and Joseph Matthews, with Descriptions of some new Spe- vies. By Dr, J.-L. Emconnn, Philadelphiay 3.5.50 <0 ses ce gen ey 369
XLV. On the Nomenclature of the Foraminifera. By Prof. T. Rupert Jonss, F.G.S., W. K. Parker, F.R.S., and J. W. Kirxsy, RRR eRe MOLY. 29, Wee wi cies ence shale cance iM Mt neko eA. BE os 386
XLVI. Observations on the Parasitism of Rhipiphorus paradoxus. By Freperick Smiru, Assistant in the Zoological Department of
Rane RS EML IS VUTSEIN 265.6 4% ia nit aronesd Broseba ogeis ale ex a rip 8ieelby ol aie Gb 393 XLVI. On certain nondescript Bones in the Skull of Osseous Rishes; By Groner Guuriver, FLRS, .2......00088 cave ces 397
XLVIII. Description of anew Species of Epeira. By Joun Sad SIUUISTES TES 0S Sa Ba a ee i Ee de yr 398
XLIX. On the Coleoptera of St. Helena. By T. Vernon Wot- POUT. 1s Oe Sl DiS Bs on RPP IRE ee A 401
vill CONTENTS.
Page
L. Contributions to Jurassic Paleontology. By Ratpu Tare, PNSEGG ATA, A500.) EAD COE! ios ad ad clot Midas ae bese te ae
LI. A Description, with Illustrations, of the Development of So- rastrum spinulosum, Naig.; to which is added that of a new Form of Protococcus. By Henry J. Carter, F.R.S. &c. (Plate XIV.) ....
LII. Descriptions of two new Species of Sun-birds from the Island of Hainan, South China. By Roprerr Swinuos, F.Z.S. ........
Observations on the Zoological Characters and Natural Affinities of
Apyornis, by MM. A. Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier ; Reptile Remains and Climaxodus, by T. P. Barkas, F.G.S.; On Exoba- stdium, Woronin, by H. Karsten; Polypterus Lapradei, sp. n., and Polypterus senegalus, by F. Steindachner; Large Trees in
417
420
436
omstreneg fC, LEAR G.I" Se vode cil) RE he, 437—443
PLATES IN VOL. IV.
Ea } subspherous Sponges.
II. Voluta canaliculata—Animal of Limnza involuta.—Cestoid
Worms of the Bustard. IV. Anatomy of Diplommatina. V. Alciopide Parasite of Cydippe densa. VI. Development of Phyllodoce maculata. VII. Grayella eyathophora. VIII. Myology of Cyclothurus didactylus.
TX | Fossil Fungi.
XI. New Species of Graptolites. XII. Teeth of Janassa (Climaxodus) lingueformis. XIII. Foraminifera from the Permian Limestone.
XIV. Development of Sorastrum spinulosum.—New form of Proto-
coccus.
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
[FOURTH SERIES. ]
sceetisebea temeaseed per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphz Craterides, ite sub undas; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”
NV. Parthenii Giannettasii Ecl. 1,
No. 19. JULY 1869.
I.—A Descriptive Account of four Subspherous Sponges, Ara- bian and British, with General Observations. By H. J. CarTeER, F.R.S. &e.
{Plates I. & II.]
THE Subspherous Sponges, like potatoes in appearance, analo- gous also in form to the Lycoperdons, the large Spheriz, and the tuberose Fungi, are not unfrequently present among the exuvie of the sea-shore, where, after having been freed from their original attachments, and drifting in a living state about the bottom of the sea for awhile, they are at last landed by the waves. . Having specimens of two species, which I found on the south-east coast of Arabia (one of which was gathered alive), and of two others found on the beach at Budleigh-Salterton (also alive), I resolved, for the sake of direct information, to examine them respectively; and bringing to my aid Dr. Johnston’s work on the British Sponges (1842), and Dr. Bowerbank’s papers on the Spongiadz, published successively in 1862 and 1864 by the Royal and Ray Societies, I found so much still left untold that I further resolved to draw each of these sponges themselves, and, placing their elementary parts beside them respectively, to write a simple description also of each (that is, confining myself as much as possible to familiar terms in our own language), and to follow the whole by ge-
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. iv.
2 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Subspherous Sponges.
neral observations showing how far I agree and how far differ from the remarks of my predecessors on this portion of the Spongiadee.
Two of the species which I have figured and described are new, viz. the Arabian ones; and the other two are common to our own shores, but hitherto very inadequately represented. Each contrasts in most respects strongly with the other, and all four brought together in this way seem to me well fitted to convey a good idea of the principal as well as peculiar fea- tures of the subspherous Spongiade respectively.
My object has not been to pres’ t a mere description which might serve for a handbook, but . give an elaborate account, with illustrations, of four of the most characteristic species of the division, to correct to a certain extent what appear to be the errors of others, and thus to record, to the best of my abi- lity, descriptions and observations which might be relied upon for future classification.
In these descriptions I shall as much as possible avoid the word “tissue; for such is only shadowed forth in the sarcode of the sponge, and, however much apparent in its fresh state, more or less subsides into a glue-like mass on drying, when tissue in the higher developments for the most part puts forth its most definite, prominent, peculiar, and persistent charac- ters. The tissues and the structures of the sarcode, whatever they may be, are, for the most part, as it were in embryo; and we have nothing to do with the naming of objects, in a scien- tific point of view, until they are unmistakably defined. Hence such terms as ovaria, membrane, cesophagus, pyloric valve, &c., in respect to the sponge, had better for the present be omitted, whatever their application hereafter may prove worth when such parts in the sponge are undeniably iden- tified.
In the following descriptions, also, it must not be expected that I have given the whole history of the British species, their habitat, locale, &c.; this must be sought for in the works to which I have alluded, my desire being chiefly to contrast four prominent species among the subspherous sponges, two of which appear to have been undescribed, and the other two - unsatisfactorily illustrated.
The measurements (of course approximative) are chiefly given in the explanations of the plates, to avoid confusion in the text, and units indicating so many 1800ths of an inch or frac- tions of the same (unless otherwise mentioned) have been employed, by which the relative proportion of the objects in size may be seen at once, and the real size readily computed if necessary ; while the illustrations of the sponges themselves,
Mr. H. J. Carter on the Subspherous Sponges. 3
although drawn after nature as much as the subject would permit, are less for effect than for efficiency, the microscopist often having, in his delineations, to aim at that which an artist would not tolerate nor could supply.
Tethya arabica, mihi. Pl. I. figs. 1-8, and Pl. II. figs. 19 & 20.
Globular and free, or hemispherical and fixed. Surface soft, hispid, reticulated, with the pores occupying the inter- stices, and projecting spicules the lines of reticulation, all more or less matted together by the dermal sarcode of the sponge. Large vents in more or less plurality, monticular. Internal structure radiated, rigid, compact, consisting of a corticular, a body-, and a nucleated portion. Corticular portion loose, ill- defined, consisting of tufts of spicules matted together by dermal sareode. Body formed of sponge-substance supported on bundles of spicules overlapping each other and radiating from the nucleus to the circumference; the whole permeated by the excretory system of canals, which, branching and ana- stomosing throughout, finally terminate in the vents on the surface of the sponge. Fleshy portion of sponge-substance more or less charged with minute spherical bodies like gem- mules. Nucleus globular, consisting of a more compact and dense condition of the spicules and sponge-substance of the body. Spicules of the surface all smooth and pointed, con- sisting for the most part of groups of bifid, trifid extended, and trifid recurved heads, supported on long delicate shafts respec- tively, mingled with the pointed ends of the stout spicules of the body. Spicule of the body straight, smooth, fusiform, pointed at each end, or not unfrequently with one end more or less abruptly terminated and round. Minute, thread-like, contorted spicules, semicircular and sigmoid, together with minute siliceous globules, abound throughout the sponge, but more particularly in the corticular portion ; somewhat larger ones, of a semielliptical form, with single, pointed, incurved ends, and others of a like kind, whose shafts consist of three curves (of which the central is the largest), with trifid ends, webbed together like a waterfowl’s foot, and bent inwards, are not uncommon in this sponge. Gemmules(?) numerous, white, spherical, in all sizes of development up to the matured or largest, which consists of a spheroidal cell filled with glo- bules (?) of refractive matter; gemmule white, when viewed by direct light, but by transmitted light seen to be surrounded by an equally spherical transparent portion, or cell, densely charged with extremely minute, bacilliform spicular bodies.
4 ~ Mr. H. J. Carter on the Subspherous Sponges.
Size variable, that of specimen figured 3 inches in its longest diameter. Colour:—corticular portion grey, body bright orange, nucleus pink.
Hab. South-east coast of Arabia, opposite the north-east end of the island of Masira. Free or fixed to the rocks along the shore.
Obs. I found several specimens of this sponge about the ~ locality mentioned ; some were floating or rolling about in the land-wash, and others fixed to the rocks—the latter with, and the former of course without, point of attachment. It is pro- bable that those portions alone float which, having got out of the water for a little time, get some air in them, and that when this is extricated they again sink to the bottom. The sarcodal substance of this sponge is so rigid and contrac- tile that, when alive, it can with difficulty be torn to pieces. Those on the rocks appeared to me to get more rigid in pro- portion as I tried to get them off, until at last I was obliged to apply my geological hammer and chisel to them. The forcible power of contractility here, as well as in Tethya lyn- curium, which I shall presently describe, may partly account for the compact character of the sponge-substance after death, and the comparative absence of the excretory system of canals probably arising therefrom, in both these species. 7. arabica very much resembles 7. cranium of our own shores; but I found no gemmules in it, like those figured and described by Johnston and Bowerbank respectively as peculiar to the latter species ; nor does the surface of the Arabian species agree with that of JT. cranium figured in Johnston’s ‘British Sponges.’ It appears nevertheless to be the representative of the latter on the south-east coast of Arabia. .
In one small portion of the surface which I examined there happened to be several stoutish triradiate spicules, with their rays expanded in the corticular part, like those of Geodia— showing, by this occasional occurrence, how such characters may be present in species otherwise distinctly different.
On treatment with iodine, faint traces of starch made their appearance in the globular contents of certain little cells, but not of the gemmules, which turned amber-colour.
When dry, the surface of this sponge presents a glistening asbestiform appearance, from the number of delicate spicules which project beyond the dermal sarcode.
Geodia (Cydonium, Gray) arabica, mihi. PI. I. figs. 9-16. Globular, free or fixed. Surface hard, hispid, covered with
a short hirsute dermal sarcode (where the latter is not abraded) densely charged with minute smooth spicules, beneath which
Mr. H. J. Carter on the Subspherous. Sponges. 5
are a number of dimples or pores more or less regularly scat- tered over the whole sponge, with here and there larger ones, of the same appearance, which seem to.be vents. Internal structure subradiated, cavernous, consisting of a cortex and body, but no nucleus. Cortex hard, compact, composed of a thin but firm layer of globular crystalloids, apparently in con- tact with each other, covered externally by the dermal sarcode mentioned, and internally in communication with the body, the dermal sarcode presenting minute apertures of communi- cation between the exterior and interior of the sponge; and, where abraded, that portion only of this sarcode which is usually stretched across the pore in the form of a diaphragm with central circular aperture some distance below the surface. Body formed of sponge-substance supported on intercrossing stout spicules, which circumferentially run into a zone of radiating ones that support the cortex, and centrically into a denser condition, which is subnuclear; the whole permeated by an excretory system of wide canals, which, branching and anastomosing throughout, communicate to the body a cavernous subradiated structure, finally terminating in the vents on the surface of the sponge. Spicules of the dermal sarcode minute, smooth, slightly curved and pointed at each end. Globular crystalloids of the crust more or less elliptical, somewhat com- pressed vertically, and presenting an umbilicated depression on the proximal side; found in every part of the sponge, in all stages of development, but chiefly forming the crust. When young, consisting of a minute central point surrounded by a radiated mass of hair-like spicules, which, in advancing to- wards maturity, become conical externally and, giving place to a clear general crystallization of the centre or body inter- nally, terminate at last on the surface in short, rough, club- shaped eminences and polygonal star-like facets (peculiar to the umbilicated depression and convexity respectively) sepa- rated from each other by shallow fissures. Spicules of the body large, smooth, fusiform, slightly curved and pointed at each end. Spicules of the zone supporting the crust all smooth and pointed; provided for the most part with trifid extended, trifid recurved, and triradiate heads, in the proportion of about eight of the two former to one of the latter, which in point of stoutness is more than double their size; all furnished with long pointed shafts, of which the stout triradiate one 1s by far the shortest, although the thickest. J/inute stellate spicules found in every part of the structure, but most about the crust, inside and out, consisting of a variable number of smooth (?), straight rays, radiating from a central globule; also some few of a larger kind, in which the rays consist of a number of
6 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Subspherous Sponges.
short conical processes standing out vertically from a thick globular body. Size variable; that of the specimen figured 3 inches in diameter. Colour: grey on the surface, yellowish interiorly.
Hab. South-east coast of Arabia, opposite the north-east end of the island of Masira. Free at the bottom of the sea, whence it gets landed by the waves.
Obs. I have never found a living specimen of this sponge, or a specimen fixed to the rocks :. my descriptions are taken from dried ones found on the sea-shore, whose shape never- theless indicates their free or floating habit. Pieces of stone and coral, however, may be attached to this sponge almost sufficient to keep it stationary at the bottom of the sea; and in these instances it is observed that the crust is always con- tinuous next to the foreign material, by which we learn that it must therefore have been the dermal sarcode outside the crust which attached them to the surface of the sponge. Of course the same remark applies to the condition under which portions of G. arabica would float or sink to the bottom as that on 7. arabica, viz. the presence or absence of air in it.
This species is closely allied to Geodia zetlandica of our shores; and if hereafter it should be found that the dermal spicules of G. arabica are of the same kind as those which impart a like hirsute character to G. zetlandica, and that this character in the latter should be owing more to their presence than to the “ projection of the body-spicules” (which in G. arabica are ten times as long as the dermal ones), then it is not improbable that both will have to be regarded as belong- ing to the same species. Stellate spicules also abound in the dermal sarcode, but they are subsidiary; they are no more numerous there than the stellate spicules which we shall pre- sently see in the dermal sarcode of Pachymatisma Johnstonia, where a fusiform, rough, and not the stellate form will be found to be the dermal spicule in particular. Like the latter, whose surface, when fresh, is of a grey colour, from the trans- lucent state of the globular crystalloids and sponge-tissue when soaked in water, it consequently becomes chalky-white when dry; and probably, like Pachymatisma also, although subsequently free, is, in the early part of its history, fixed in some submarine locality.
On comparing the size of the pores and their distance apart in G. arabica-with those in a fresh specimen of Pachymatisma (where they appear in other respects to be precisely alike), I find that the former are all much smaller and much nearer together than in the latter. But as they are much smaller and much nearer together in the dried than in the fresh speci-
My. H. J. Carter on the Subspherous Sponges. 7
mens of Pachymatisma, I infer that in the fresh state of @. arabica they would also have been much larger and much further apart than in the dried specimen. This difference in size and distance therefore arises from contraction ; and allow- ance should be made for it in viewing the illustration, which is, of course, taken from a dried specimen. ©
On raising a portion of the crust of a specimen of G. ara- bica, and taking out a piece of the subjacent structure (viz. that just inside the trifid heads of the spicules of the zone), I find, by treatment with iodine, that it often contains many decided starch-granules, whose presence seems to indicate that they were developed there, and there in particular, since the part was never so exposed before I opened it, and no por- tions of the structure taken from other parts of the sponge have, under similar circumstances, presented any trace of an amylaceous deposit; nor have I ever been able to find any starch-granules in a corresponding position of the structure in Pachymatisma Johnstonia. The remark is therefore made for what it may prove worth hereafter.
Tethya (Donatia, Gray) lyncurtum, Lam. Pl. II. figs. 1-6.
Globular, almost spherical, fixed. Surface continuously un- even, wartlike, and rigid, except at the part of attachment, which is, of course, rough and torn; consisting of small, more or less circular lobes, with interangular depressions, the former presenting the broken ends of spicules, and the latter, in the recent state only, the pores and vents respectively of the sponge, which the cortex, owing to its powerfully contractile nature, closes to almost entire obliteration after death. In- ternal structure radiated, rigid, compact, consisting of a cortex, body, and nucleus. Cortex defined, thick, rigid, consisting of sponge-fibre interlacing at right angles the spicules of the body as the bundles of the latter pass through it, in an expanded form, to the surface; the whole so dense as to assume the ap- pearance of fibro-cartilage ; charged with two forms of stellate spicular bodies peculiar to the species. Body consisting of sponge-substance supported on stout bundles of spicules over- lappimg each other and radiating from the nucleus to the cir- cumference ; the whole permeated by the excretory system of canals, which, branching and anastomosing throughout, finally terminate in the vents on the surface of the sponge. Nucleus large, globular, consisting of sponge-fibre and spicules, all in- tercrossing and interwoven with each other so densely as, like the cortex, to present the appearance of fibro-cartilage. Spi-
8 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Subspherous Sponges.
cules of the body straight, smooth, fusiform subulate—that is, awl-shaped, with one end round ; of different degrees of tenuity, but probably all subulate. Stellate spicules of two kinds, large and small or minute: large stellate spicule smooth, consisting of a clear globule of silex more or less covered with tubercular projections supporting a variable number of conical pointed rays, which are frequently more or less undulated, and some- times bifurcated, at the extremity; situated chiefly at the union of the cortex with the body: mdnute stellate spicules consisting, in like manner, of a central globule, from which project a variable number of rough subspinous rays; found in abundance throughout the whole structure, particularly in the lines of the afferent or incurrent (?) canals, and the outer part of the cortex. Size of specimen figured about an inch in diameter when fresh. Colour dull sponge- or amber-yellow, most evident in the fleshy substance of the body.
Hab. England, Devon, Budleigh-Salterton beach. Marine, place of growth to me unknown.
Obs. About three years -since, several of these were found on the beach at Budleigh-Salterton, having by some means been wrenched from their place of growth and thrown up (I think in the autumn) among other exuvie. They were brought to me quite fresh on the same day that they were found ; but their place of growth is to me as yet unknown. I could discover no gemmules or reproductive bodies in them like those observed in Tethya arabica; and the afferent and efferent canals can only be traced by placing a thin vertical section of the cortex (after having been compressed while dry- ing) in balsam, when the minute stellate spicules almost alone mark their course, on account of the homogeneousness of the structure and plastic consistence of its elementary tissues through which they pass, and in which, on this account, they appear to exist as mere canalicular excavations. In short, the fibres of the cortex are so soft, plastic, and delicate, that on drying they all collapse into a common mass, in which indi- vidually they become indistinguishable.
It might be observed that the abundance of minute stellate spicules in the afferent canals are for the purpose of straining the water as it passes through them into the body of the sponge; but it must be first proved that they are in the afferent or incurrent, and not in the efferent canals, before this opinion can be held; and then it can only be conjectural.
Pachymatisma Johnstonia, Bowerbank. PI. II. figs. 7-18.
' Subglobular, tuberose. Surface hard, or covered with a soft dermal. sarcode (where not abraded) densely charged with
Mr. H. J. Carter on the Subspherous Sponges. 9
minute rough spicules, beneath which are a number of pores more or less regularly scattered over the whole sponge, with here and there larger ones that appear to be vents. Internal structure dense, amorphous, without any appearance of radiation, con- sisting of a cortex and body only. Cortex hard, compact, com- posed of a thin but firm layer of globular crystalloids in juxta- position, covered externally by the dermal sarcode mentioned, and internally in continuous contact with the body ; pierced by conical or dimpled depressions called “ pores,” keeping up communication between the exterior and interior of the sponge through several microscopic apertures in the dermal sarcode opposite to them, when this sarcode has not been abraded, but where this has been the case presenting a diaphragm of it pierced by a circular aperture some distance below the sur- face*. Body formed of sponge-tissue supported on intercross- ing spicules, which circumferentially run into a narrow zone of triradiate ones that support the crust, the whole permeated by the excretory system of canals, which, branching and ana- stomosing throughout, communicate to the body a cavernous structure, but not the least appearance of radiation; finally terminating in the vents at the surface of the sponge. Spicules of the dermal sarcode minute, fusiform, rough or subspinous. Globular crystalloids of the crust for the most part elliptical, elongate, somewhat compressed vertically, and presenting an umbilicated depression on the proximal side, found abundantly in every stage of development in every part of the sponge, but chiefly in the crust, where they are packed together like masonry, and sometimes equally so round the calibre of some of the excretory canals for nearly an inch of their course in- wards. When young, consisting of a minute central point surrounded by a radiating mass of hair-like spicules, which, in advancing towards maturity, become conical externally and, giving place to a clear crystallization of the body inter- nally, terminate on the surface in clavate rough extremities or polygonal star-like facets (according to their position in the um- bilical depression or on the convex surface of the crystalloid), separated from each other by superficial fissures. Spicules of the body all smooth and slightly curved, cylindrical or fusi- form, with simply rounded or inflated extremities. Minute stellate spicules abundantly dispersed in every part of the sponge, and consisting of a variable number of conical sub- spinous rays, radiating from a more or less conspicuous central point. Size of specimen figured about 1? inch in
* That this diaphragm is a portion of the dermal sarcode seems proba- ble, from the occasional presence in it of the dermal spicule.
10 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Subspherous Sponges.
longest diameter when fresh. Colour light grey, becoming darker on contraction of the sponge after death.
Hab. England, Devon, Budleigh-Salterton beach. Marine, place of growth to me unknown.
Obs. I found three specimens of this sponge on the beach at Budleigh-Salterton in February last, the largest of which is about 3 inches in diameter. They did not present any pedicle of attachment, and therefore must have been free for some time previously. Sessile they are most probably at one time or other, and soon cement themselves through the dermal sarcode to loose stones or rocks when they are left in contact with them respectively. But they always fortify themselves with their crust first, which thus as constantly. intervenes be- tween the body and the foreign ingredient. It is the dermal sarcode which forms the bond of attachment. Two of the specimens were fresh and living when I found them on the beach; but of their original place of growth I am as yet ig- norant. Sometimes, probably, such sponges are wrested from their places of attachment by the dredges or trawls of the fishermen as they pass over sandy bottoms, and, when thus loosened and brought to the boat, may not be thrown over- board until some air has got into them, when they float on the surface till this is extricated, but, afterwards sinking, may be drifted at last by under-currents to the shore.
It is to the microscopic apertures in the dermal sarcode covering the pores and their subjacent cavities that Dr. Bower- bank would apply the terms ‘‘ pores” and ‘ intermarginal cavities” respectively—points to which we will now more particularly direct our attention.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. Pores and Oscules.
To understand these terms, it is necessary to consider them abstractedly. Thus the young Spongilla growing from the seed-like body may probably be taken as typical of the whole. It consists of many pores and one oscule. The former admit the particles of food to the sponge; and the undigested portions, having passed through its sarcodal sub- stance (apparently in the same manner and as easily as the undigested particles in Amabe are passed through its body, viz. without cicatrix), find their way into the excretory system of canals which terminate in the latter or single oscule. And this system, multiplied over and over again as the mass increases in bulk, probably accounts for the great number of pores, together with the plurality of oscules presented by all the larger pieces of sponge.
Mr. H. J. Carter on the Subspherous Sponges. 11
Before the particles reach the pores, they pass through apertures in a delicate expansion of sarcode which, mem- brane-like, covers the Spongilla, which apertures (about 1-700th of an inch in diameter) are extemporized here and