+ ¥Y AA Bob - - ¥ Ph. iF. wy +% eae dim te Cha neat eon tithe hope Tasaer tata ttl Toate: - es ws eae Se ee ty Ce 2y este earn => a. . nas Sen peas oe ete v o..%, Orne: = we. | “A "AA a a e OC ay nee = aera Vv ~~. sig I alae Te le | aoe 8 we Oe es As See At RS i ies s) TT Bice SAE ran eo Se. wee x? a ¢ 5 pein OT he yer ayy f ‘ ALS 4 = Ng nee mi wv s PEF “re ey ile Lee a ae can oe ye" ed | \ Set q Ys Sh] ot A nee +44 hh boo hashed TT || WT ee ke ene aang WS f f WNAge"~ .& yo AP ithe , i «ancoet EP Pera TH at innaeees | ‘ veneer yt Boe NAA A ARAA pes? mec*Vvaneredt® ee biiddddi @ wri TIEN ey if “EN Tiny, pratagl®® ere 8 batt Tehppbbi e AJ igh “ween ined Wage NAO ie Pill AW we PA AAL AS , = et tefl yy) Ped rAA” ie in’) § Sesnes apanannn eS Say Apr ananer* mG § » we Seaa™, ANGE Beal PDT aT | pp Aueenn” ~ a 0 1, 2 a : “i * fit fin f PRL AAW i} ® 4 here en, > ) \~" i= y a | Aan a % on \ » ~ a | ~ p* pe " i) a6 ox ireion ° EP Ant ra NAMB w m AAA aa m une . ) aaa \ 4 yeas Ane ry Ne ax Suaaaasane VAL ARR sans mA 2 UBAnS ; Ny MPa ; : : = 8 ma . 1% id ‘* ~ aa Ta me Lomas 7 ae : ~ g a=» Ys Neate! Mak, “a veh a! pon Role Big, © Mes = teat Nan a Wen) et te nx, _ § " j Bat ae | { its Mi ' Mia Fe): oe yp eee An “I Be ie ( rie Va. ay Wie r aT a i 5 a ‘ AY i * v4 vv } * Ae 2; As My PS AN Li si +h Re via va > ere 7 - : dae ye Lim j f ea | i 7 mm i j /\ & 4 y a OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY VOT EIMES VY. 228380 HONOLULU, H.I. ‘BISHOP MUSEUM PRESS. 1.9.6 Se CON da NeLS [Basal pagiuation. ] NUMBER I. PAGE New Hawaiian plants, III, by Charles N. Forbes (with 5 unnum- ineimeel! wiikimca tite Gh oabeds pe onoga soos oF noel Ob ed Uan sop ne ocome I-13 Plant invasion on lava flows, by Charles N. Forbes-.-.-..----++--- 15-23 NUMBER 2. Director’s report for 1911 (with 18 illustrations)..-.-. +--+. -+++-+-- 27-80 Another curved adze, by William T. Brigham (with 1 illustration) 81, 82 NUMBER 3. Notes on the flora of Kahoolawe and Molokini, py Charles N. Forbes Gwith? 4 lustrations oes on 2 eee. cons wleisec loeemine asicesceces 85-97 An enumeration of Niihau plants, by Charles N. Forbes (with 4 illus- MEYAULORNG telethon tomer clon et aN crs satan crekttsleys ans iste ictoiwiateuchereteNaeas ekelolevereienevarsie 99-112 NUMBER 4. Director’s report for 1912 (with 6 illustrations)-----.--...--....... 115-148 NUMBER 5. Report of a journey around the world: 1912, by William T. Brigham 151-320 mot OF Te LUS ERA LIONS. Basal pagination; p.c. indicates that the illustration was from a postcard. PART I ; PAGE (eee LAT ISCUSE keallidilitin EYOGRDES cic nce & ced oreie © 00 cictosere are Sieh eneretorere len Oks eet Stans 5 Aa aveiwey siliyeenslbicy Wl areng oS eto Goa ape Gata U Gono COE COE See eine 7 Pree lotinontiant mbekedlata wh OGDESie- lr are rercneie clisia cle tienen cieteleuciecrorcie 9 a ARCiienacke, jeMAahKolbey, J8vordolssy Good dsucodedad Saceeevoe moat bonomoopEs Il a iCyauiea, TraGlellanein Jon eSocccccbdan moneam ps caba Hobonobacenouneoectc 13 JPAIRAD IOC. Pe BOWLELLOm Keanmlatii collections. ss aclsterceiioe oetecetid scico acer oes 4o 2, Ileat Ghighsirora ixertulevant @olilyearorils copco coco se cou nc0ns cadoKN Ob CbOL 4o BeeVicamdish tromecaiilani Colle ctiome see cele cles sles es ciclele cieine sees AI Hae isin er Dowlerronn kKartlandscollecttOnle cytes cris <1 sees eres atl «ores 4I Si Souluoveras wicorm eniuilavanl Collecwloin Sonosbomccosnogdno sopoduacundacd AI Oo TRESUS Binh mmoneane Tawonon 18 Wo INauebeitoo coup esos soupuo oo aden daecsedc 43 Ze eatone lamps irom) MeBryde Collectiont.+ isis Mica eciedanls secs 2+ = 43 SPM ram NE UREN E Olay aa > a)ars cPormiale on ia cs es Stee crate si ttw clolejny ow iniste wees Fa aelen es 66 ee ALG faye CULO MIMIC ENO OI ae aNeasore a Ahead t eho Sha loree, Site 4 ws oleh naukaraisi< 68 TG}, ILAloGyeANWONRY. sebdIe inloyorcoo Gong cand sladuoD bUcuoodouddoE pbosens Baaceoonr 70 TRA OLALOT yp SC COME LO Okauiraietstrere ier erolels )isfclar- Wore ajalstotele cic alt) 'or(cueecieyeue iis = Fa i Waboratory, root and photopraphic department./.< 2. 1. neste. «a0 TP 13-17. Laboratory, illustrations of process of building............... 75-79 Meee AOCALOL VC EEONT EME TOGEMECAGE ee -itlece: ciel a eile ane

Uofet afoyoray cla) ale IDie, IRcliarzal Ise, Wilder 6 n0G0 oocudd bdcapGOUCKdUD sooS ce DdeC Rickshaw in Singapore. (Gore: Nocsopcon0ds agosgosuonoec Hood SooT Riana mana ia OlMxon~midcaa gone 605 cDoUDoDOAU cUma ooo Cape ocOC BHRETMEAS Goaeer anole Beal teh eee eee ORO tic EEO IDO RC DICE OOO em ora OCtC Gunung Salak from Hotel Bellevue, Buitenzorg ..--.-.-+---. +--+ Driveway through ferns, Buitenzorg .------+-+ee eee ee cere eee eee List of Illustrations. PAGE Canarium) Avenue, Buitenzore Garden .- 2. .0- jess A252 eee 287 Fountain inigardem, <2 cakes sme ve ase we OO Ere eae te ae ee 288 LAURE sire, Coneirmones, iwSGleineae osonnoccas ocondsn0 boodsoscugnebe 292 Roadsideuview with tice ponds. 2s... sie ine sieun ele ets ee ee 293 Bish pond tear (Garoet ce ottesiaetoctsc cre oc ae ees Se oe Oe 294 Bamibnranktomor | GW dee dirs eacnstoteiacs 6 se speioveftae at ee eee ae 295 Paintino-batik at Garoeticc.cs.s yeas vis cicleece ae eraeiaee ae © eee eee 2098 Crateniot Papanday arise oe led yiertae teeters tele eit etek eieealer teat pails 303 Ricevnelds an javasr (pics) s 2 = cies Seine oe la ran ae eee ee 305 BOTOKuBOCHOCT Cire wcisteeinte SORE Oe oe ieee are cee en eee Eee 308 Onrtheterrace Boros ocdoenasee aaeeeee ae oe eee eee eee 310 One-off the stair waiySwmc-15t-e tele ete sete ieterete euetets eters eral ke 312 Dhe-roof Boro WOedoet occ s fae eee Oe eee eae 314 Chandi WMendoetanentminedestatereier cesses reer er nrerritnee 316 Chandi Mendoet Government’ restoration o.'.+)-4.-es-. ees eee 316 StatwielolsBuddihayatiViendoctsceeeaes rice aoe eee coer cee ANG Water Castle Mjocjacantan (Cetra (Com) sere ett ee ee 320 Lhe Javan dance; Roper. ty ial wie ae) oatlate Cee ee na erar ii ae 320 Roespo onthe Toadstomlosarin, \(p:G-)) erect in nctaeter et eeees 322 Cones ofthe Zand Zeer eC Kmrledijianss)) tertile lore ions eee retire 324 Cloudsan the Zand Zee.) \( Keun kedytartts) leet aie erste ears ote ete ee ere 325 Trail in Zee to Bromo. CXtiakGliiiain, jo a6 docs ccacanspadoa gsc boc 327 Cratenof Bromo. (@kiunkdiiane) pera ceca er aeet Cope err 328 A crater filled with water. (Kurkdjian.).--.--..-...2...-2.5.-- 329 WallleKerouleth oe dhocrbalkicm@ouamod oadenn oo On enae nous Oaoed DO cces GueGc 330 /NeAehven oe Copoahy ohaaht sgqdoeiom aD ode oa damdecmoaooe asoeooobonousnes 28 AO we ens la nid gait otal ya (py sesp ere arns ever eres eitete ra eicieateeteter tele ee nero Bale The Queensland Museum, Brisbane. (A. A White.).-..........- Bei Dyes I, Ikon oI SeNecIs, IDIACWONe CoDascnaoes boob mA OoDM Googado0Ns 338 Anstralian Miusenims Sy dies at == \aleveiairs oxelete la) ee elim elatelel elelereiels 340 ROMS ereraakaa, lfic IDsieOwOiecosg ono0ge 000000 Hoan Ob6b Voda GE OUSOODRE 2A Enconnyonesm Nope lone \WWaliddlom Oana goned JocU Cac pooougeUmeons coos l5- 343 Case of Admiralty Islands bowls -----....--. --+.-+02-0-5 eeee ees 345 Augustus Hamilton, Director of Dominion Museum.......--..--- 346 Carved Too dHHOO: Arise <0 fearon oie Suber a Seton’ bins Ae eens tele maori eee 347 SEO MSG Here Uh Ones FS ooo Taos as oon teddan sued scm 2a sel yond aces 347 Maori carve diflitesis- 450 Creative god of Austral Islands (back) ---...---.-----.-------0+- 451 ILorcbtsy lhtljeys Issahwutlow Whee bbonla no omanddGdccenooCeGo Dono UdoeoocoOUs 452 Bankes Tslanid's Vette -erneccAotorstaehchototesel ar ctetiare chetic: hecodebewel ole metomeveehe eremlomesancieieke 453 Wotus clibsst@ xahor dtereecteretoetel-vorotonckol- Voy ctetelenetatetenciee ta ileks et enon Retort tenets 454 Berne Municipal OM Gbieh bh oon ORT ae Croc IEG tao LOO UN ba ae - A56 ‘Tortoise-shell! Leto mia tiointerss% te ictaveicters aierm vevevees here ietel eve eteer el ote delr-Velanetenenotels 457 Tongan TINEA vo) cvevehaventotevot= Weeks [-Motale te tstelaycleie) miter ehevetetcner Mel cretohiorer chet iokeRomanewen Mats 457 SthholsakeNalse GeO oH CoM ne boa OD OmOOoc bo GaDbab oo dado bdaagonaloucDooO6D 457 Aid ze =watihha niles re-seeeortrore%a co tai sreietelen eielenerch crecepateleterekeroi ed rere) oe welerey means 457 GUxonalS (oholoYesinaaaiidiair oacadoocencntoaooboadooo ooddonodCoONoUS MO08 457 WEXoral Coyrsuar, Bub - - Artist and Modeler Mass. B JAIGGINS (0) 5.0 ne ae a a a aa ete JoHN J. GREENE - - . - - - Printer AUGUST PERRY - : - - Assistant Printer EXHIBITION STAFF Mrs. HELEN M. HELVIF . - : Superintendent JAMES KALEI - - - - : - - Janitor Joun LunG CHUNG - . - . - - . Janitor SAMUEL WILLIAMS — - - : - - - Janitor OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. VoL. V.— No. l. New Hawaiian Plants.—lll. Plant Invasion on Lava Flows. HONOLULU, H. I. BIsHOoP MuSEuM PRESS. LOE, New Lhawanan Piants—I1f. CHARLES N. FORBES. DECEMBER, IQII. 4 New Hawatian Plants. Hibiscus kahilii, sp. nov. Arbor 75-90 dm. alta; foliis ellipticis vel cuneiformis, serratis, scabro- pubescentibus, 5-6 cm. longis, 2.5—.5 cm. latis; petiolis pubescentibus, .5-1 em. longis. Flores solitarii, axillares; pedunculis pubescentibus, articulatis prope sumuinis, I.5-2 cm. longis; involucro-bracteis lanceolatis, pubescentibus, I1 mim. longis; calyce tomentosi, tubulato, brevyi dentato, marginati, 2.5-2.7 cm. longo; petalis oblongo-spatulatis, rubris, extus pubescentibus, 6.5 cm. longis, 11 mm. latis; columna staminea 5 cm. longa, stylis hirsutis, 9 mm. longis. Capsula ignota. Type locality, near the Wahiawa swamp, on the slopes of Kahili, Kauai. Specimens first collected by Mr. J. M. Lydgate a number of years ago. C.N. Forbes, No. 259, K. August, 1909. A tree 75-90 dm. high. Leaves elliptical to cuneiform, serrate on the upper two-thirds, lower third generally entire, scabro pubes- cent, 5-6 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide; with pubescent petioles of .5-1 cm. long. Flowers solitary in the axils; with pubescent peduncles, articulate near the top, 1.5—2 em. long. Involucral bracts lanceolate, pubescent, 11 mm. long. Calyx pubescent, tubular, marginate, shortly dentate, 2.5-2.7 cm. long. Petals ob- long-spatulate, red, pubescent on the outside, 6.5 cm. long, 11 mm. wide. Staminal column 5 cm. long. Styles hirsute, 9 mm. long. Capsule unknown. This species differs from /7. koko Hillebr. in its pubescent calyx, and in other minor characters. A red hibiscus growing on Hauopu, Kauai, although very different in habit, has flowers very similar, and is probably a variety. Another specimen, originally from Napali, which has been under cultivation a number of years in Mr. Lydgate’s garden at Lihue, Kauai, is probably another species, or distinct variety. It has much shorter involucral bracts, and a wider corolla of a different shade of red. As I have never seen it in its native locality, I hesitate to describe it at present. I observed still another form, growing on the cliffs near Kalalau, which I was unable to obtain, which had a staminal column which protruded beyond the petals. HIBISCUS KAHILII FORBES. 6 New Hawaiian Plants. Kadua fluviatilis, sp. nov. Frutex 6-9 dm. alta; foliis lanceolatis, acuminatis, basi acuminata, glabris, 21 cm. longis, 4.5 cm. latis, cum petiolis 2.5 cm. longis; stipulis triangularis, mucronatis. Flores axillares vel sub-axillares; pedicellis 2.5 vel 4 cm. longis; calycis lobis lanceolatis, 11 mm. longis; corolla alba, glabra; tuba 2 cm. longa, lobis reflexis, 9 mm. longis; antheris linearis, sessilis, inclusis; stilo glabro, bifido, 7 mm. longo; lobis 4 mm. longis, linearis. Capsula obconica, calycis laciniis coronata; seminibus angulariis, marginatis, minutissimis pustulatis. Type locality, on the borders of the upper Wahiawa stream, Oahu. To be expected along the streams of the Koolauloa moun- tains, Oahu... .C. N. Forbes; No, 2621,-O2 “December ao aromo: Bushy, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, base acuminate, glabrous, 21 cm. long, 4.5 cm. wide, with petioles 2.5cm. long. Stipules triangular, mucronate. Flowers axillary or sub-axillary, on pedicels 2.5-4 cm. long. Calyx lobes lanceo- late, 11 mm. long. Corolla white, glabrous, tube 2 cm. long, lobes reflexed, 9 mm. long. Anthers linear, sessile, inclosed be- low the throat. Style glabrous, bifid for one-third of its length, with broad linear lobes. Capsule obconical, strongly marked by four ridges, alternating with four grooves, drawn out into the slightly elongated pedicel, crowned by the calyx lobes. Seeds angular, margined, minutely pustulate. This species is closely related to Aadua acuminata Cham. & Schl., but is very different in appearance. Its leaves are larger and more typically acuminate than A. fefiolata Gray, while its flowers are pure white, the latter species having greenish flowers. The corolla is considerably longer and larger than in these two species. KADUA FLUVIATILIS FORBES. 8 New Hawatian Plants. Clermontia tuberculata, sp. nov. Arbor 45 dm. alta; foliis obovatis vel oblongis, serrulatis, coriaceis, gla- bris, cum neryilis subter minutim tuberculatis, 19.5 cm. longis, 4 cm. latis, petiolis 2-3 cm. longis; pedunculis bi-floribus vel uni-flori, 5 mm. longis, pedicellis 3 cm. longis cum parvis tuberculatis. Flores grandes; calyce tubo campanulato, extero tuberculato, 1.7 cm. longo, cum lobis obtusis, tubercu- latis, 3 mm. longis; corolla carnosa, parum curyata, extera tuberculata, viride, intra rubre 5 cm. longa; antheris rubris, glabris. Bacca globosa tuberculosa, 1.3 cm. crassa, seminibus ovoidis, levibus, flavis. Type locality, wet woods on the slopes of Haleakala, Maui, to the east of and between Olinda and Ukulele. C. N. Forbes, INO, 201, Me julyromo: A tree about 45 decimetres high, with the habit of Clermontia arborescens (Mann) Hillebr. Leaves obovate to oblong, serrulate, glabrous, coriaceous, the veins on the under side minutely tuber- culate, 19.5 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, with petioles 2 to 3 cm. long. Flowers in cymes or single, the peduncle 5 mm. long, pedicels 3 cm. long, both covered with small tubercles. Calyx tube cam- panulate, with short obtuse lobes, covered with tubercles on the outside. Tube 1.7 cm: long; lobes 3 mm, long. “Corolla thick, fleshy, slightly curved, covered with tubercles of a reddish tinge on the outside, green on the outside, a dark rich reddish color on the inside, 5 cm. long. In maturing the lobes converge, the lower lobes split about half way down the tube, the upper nearly to the base as in Clermontia grandiflora. Anthers dark red, glabrous. Berry globose, glabrous, strongly tuberculate on the outside, 1.3 cm. in diameter. Seeds smooth, yellow, shiny, and ovoid. This species belongs to the group Clermontioideac as consti- tuted by Hillebrand. While very distinct from other species, I believe it is most closely related to Clermontia arborescens (Mann) Hillebr. CLERMONTIA TUBERCULATA FORBES IO New Hawatian Plants. Rollandia parvifolia, sp. nov. Caulis 9 dm. altus; foliis lanceolatis, acuminatis, apexe cum minuto microni, integerrimis, glabris, coriaceis, subter albidis, cum petiolis 4.8 cm: longis, 2.3-4 cm. latis; floribus 5-6 in racemis, pedunculo 3-4 cm. longo, pedi= cellis 1 cm. longis, glabris. Flores grandi; calycis tubis cylindricis, glabris, 8 mm. longis, lobis oblongis, obtusis, minutim mucronatis, I em. longis; corolla purpurea, sigmoidea, 6.5 cm. longa; columna staminea adnata, supera pubescens; antheris pubescentis. Bacca ignota. Type locality, Waioli valley, Kauai. Only one specimen was seen amongst the dense undergrowth on a wet talus slope. C.N. Forbes, No» 103) K. “August 19007 Single stem 9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate with a minute mucro at the apex, gradually narrowing from the upper third to the petiole, entire, glabrous, coriaceous, pale whitish be- low, 18-22 cm. long, 2.3-4 cm. wide; with petioles 2.8 cm. long, which are occasionally sparingly marked with small lenticels. Flowers five to six in a raceme, the peduncles 3-4 cm. long, bi- bracteate, the pedicels 1 cm. long, bracteolate above the centre, glabrous. Calyx tube cylindrical, glabrous, 8 mm. long; with the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely mucronate, thin, 1 cm. long. Corolla purple, strongly sigmoid, 6.5 cm. long, the lower lobes split less than one-half the distance of the tube, 1.5—2 cm. long. Staminal column adherent to the corolla for about one-third its length, the upper half puberulent, as long asthe corolla. Anthers puberulent. Berry not seen. This is the first Xo//andza to be reported off the island of Oahu. Its arrangement of characters easily separates it from the other species, while its relatively much smaller leaves give it quite a different appearance in the field. 36 ROLLANDIA PARVIFOLIA FORBE 12 New Hawatian Plants. Cyanea undulata, sp. nov. Caulis 18-36 dm. altus; foliis lanceolatis, integerrimis, acuminatis, prox- ime marginibus undulatis, apexe interdum spirali, basi acuminata, subter hispidulis, coriaceis, nerviis subter rubigo-tomentosis, 36 cm. longis, 4 cm. latis; cum petiolis rubigo tomentosis, 5 cm. longis; floribus in racemis, pe- dunculis 4.3 cm. longis, pedicellis 1 cm. longis, rubigo-tomentosis. Flores (in gemma); calyci hirsuta, cylindrica, lobis triangularis, acutis, 4 mm. longis; corolla intra et exteriora rubigo-tomentosa, curvyata, luteola; col- umna staminea hispidula, 22 mm. longa; antheris elegantis, glaberimis, 7 mm. longis. Bacca obovata, luteola, rubigo-fulvis, 17 mm. longa, II mm. crassa; seminibus obovoidis, levibus. Type locality, damp woods surrounding the Wahiawa swanip, Kauai. Specimens were first sent me by Mr. J. M. Lydgate, who has thoroughly explored this region for a number of years. C.N-Forbes; No. 292; kK. -August, 1909)(iruit)s SM. Lydgate, May, 1908 (flower buds). Single stem 18-36 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, entire, acu- minate, undulating near the edges, or the edges sometimes irregularly turned over, the apex sometimes spirulate, coriaceous, hispidulous on the under side, the veins on the under side rusty- tomentose, 36 cm. long, 4 cm. wide; with rusty-tomentose petioles 5 cm. long. Flowers 5-6 in racemes, peduncle 4.3 cm. long, pedi- cels 1 cm. long, both rusty-tomentose. Flowersinthe bud. Calyx hirsute, cylindrical, the lobes triangular, acute, 4 mm. long. Corolla hirsute on the outside and inside, slightly curved, yellow- ish. Staminal column hispidulous, 22 mm. long. Anthers elon- gate, glabrous, 7mm. long. Berry obovate, yellow, 17 mm. long, Ii mm. thick. Seeds obovoid, smooth, dark reddish brown. This species can be easily recognized in the field by the unique appearance of its leaves. CYANEA UNDULATA FORBES. Preliminary Observations Concerning the Plant Invasion on Some of the Lava Flows of Mauna Loa, Hawaii. CHARLES N. FORBES. DURING an excursion on the island of Hawaii for the purpose of collecting botanical material for the Bishop Museum, an ad- mirable opportunity was offered for making observations on the colonization of a portion of the lava flows of Mauna Loa. Although a limited portion of the mountain has been covered, and observa- tions of this character should extend over a number of years, it is believed that data of enough local interest was obtained for record at this time. The region visited extends from Puuwaawaa, over the summit of Hualalai, through the districts of Kona and Kau, mainly at an elevation of 4500 feet, which is just above the dense forest belt. One trip was made to the summit of Mauna Loa on the Kailua side, and from numerous localities the forest was penetrated in all direc- tions; the region below the Government road in Kona and the shore line being the only portions from which a representative collection of plants was not taken. This territory is on the dry or lee side of the island, and for that reason the naturalization of plants on the lava flows may vary somewhat from that of the moister regions; but it is believed that the main factors will prove to be the same, except for rapidity of invasion. ‘The general characteristics of the Hawaiian vegetation have been described by several writers,’ and in this paper it is the intention to discuss only the flora in the immediate vicinity of the flows visited. There is probably no better locality in the world for observing the colonization of lava flows than the slopes of Mauna Loa. The 1Hillebrand, W.: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, 1888. Guppy, H. B.: Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific, vol. ii. Hall, W. L.: The Forests of the Hawaiian Islands, U. S. D. A., Dept. Forestry, Bul. 48, 1904. I n 16 Plant Invasion on Lava Flows. whole mountain is a gigantic mass of these lava streams which radiate on all sides from the summit, 13,675 feet, to sea level. The later flows have generally arisen from sources below the summit. ‘The different flows have had irregular courses. Many of them in flowing over older streams have left areas of various sizes of the older flow surrounded on all sides by the newer flow, without apparently harming the vegetation of the resulting island to any appreciable extent. The surrounded areas, known to the natives as ‘‘kipuka,’’ may be above or even below the surface of the surrounding flow. Fortunately for a study of this sort the age of many of these flows is known. The lava flows are of two kinds, generally simply described as the smooth or slaggy, and the rough or scoriaceous; but as these regions differ so much from the country generally traversed by botanists, I quote the fuller word picture of Dana.* ‘‘There is the ordinary smooth-surfaced lava called pahoehoe, the term sig- nifving having a satin-like aspect. The surface of the lava cooled as it flowed. Through one means and another the surface is usually uneven, being often wrinkled, twisted, ropy, billowy, hummocky, knobbed, and often fractured......The other most prominent kind of lava stream is the aa. ‘The aa streams have no upper flow-like surface; they are beds of broken up lava, the break- ing of which occurred during the flow. They consist of detached masses of irregular shapes, confusedly piled together to a height sometimes of twenty-five to forty feet above the general surface. The size of the masses is from an inch in diameter to ten feet and more. The lava is compact, usually less vesiculated than the pahoehoe, not scoriaceous; but externally it is roughly cavernous, horribly jagged, with projections often a foot or more long that are bristled all over with points and angles. In some cases ragged spaces extend along planes through the large masses, like those of the exterior.’’ Both kinds of lava may be represented in the same flow, either in different parts or closely associated. Many hundreds of these two classes of flows were passed over during the ted excursion, The first flow of known date visited was that of 1859. ‘This flow was followed from a point west of Puuwaawaa down to where it crosses the Government road. It is composed of both aa and ?Dana, J. D.: The Characteristics of Volcanoes, 1891, p. 9. palm Plant Invasion on Lava Flows. 17) pahoehoe. ‘The aa assumes the position of a winding river through the pahoehoe. In places the pahoehoe has flowed around portions of the aa in an irregular manner, leaving sunken islands of aa varying from a few feet to half an acre in area. From the close interrelations between the two there is no doubt that both belong to the same flow. The pahoehoe is jet black and new looking, while the aa has a chocolate tinge, it also appearing very new as compared to adjacent flows. After several hours spent on the flow it became apparent that, with the exception of the lower cryptogams, most of the vegetation was supported on the pahoehoe and not on the aa. As this was contrary to what I had expected and had heard generally ex- pressed on these islands, I gave particular attention to this point, and also directed my guide to call my attention to any plants he might see on the aa. A portion of the aa stream was followed for a considerable distance down the centre, but nothing was obtained save a liberal supply of cuts and bruises. This scarcity of plants was even true for the small sunken areas of aa, which of all places one would think would be admirable traps for catching seeds and spores. The aa portions of the flow are often white with a certain lichen, and a closer search reveals an occasional moss, but there are no ferns or phanerogams, except on the contact line with the pahoehoe. The plants which occur on the pahoehoe are to be found grow- ing in the numerous small cracks which cross the flow in various directions, especially where the flow is at all billowy, and between the folds of the ropy lava. The smoother portions are entirely bare of any vegetation. Such cracks act as riffles to catch either disintegrated particles of the flow itself, or dust and other refuse which may be blown over the smooth portions from the outside. At one place I noticed several hundred dead shells of zlota similaris being blown across a portion of the flow, many of them being caught in the cracks. Such soil is stopped on the edge of an aa flow, while apparently not enough accumulates by the weathering of the flow itself in this period of time to fill its smallest spaces. The following plants were observed scattered here and there in the cracks on the pahoehoe, but they were in no case in suff- OCCASIONAL PAPERS B. P. RB. M. VOL. V, NO. 1I.—2. 18 Plant Invasion on Lava Hows. cient quantity to be conspicuous from a distance. would probably add quite a few more species to the list: FILICES.3 Asplenium praemorsum Sw. (As- plentum furcatum, Thbg.) Asplenium trichomanes I,., var. (Asplenium densum Brack.) Diellia erecta (?) Brack. (Lina- saya erecta Hook.) Doryopteris decora Brack. ( Pteris decora Hook.) Pellaea ternifolia (Cav.) Link. Psilotum nudum (1,.) Griesb. (Psilotum triquetrum Sw.) Polypodium pellucidum K\f. var. The folded form. Sadleria cyatheotdes K1f. PHANEROGAMS. Cyperus sp. Amaranthus spinosus 1,. Rumex giganteus Ait. Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (Smith.) Lind]. Metbomia uncinata (Jack.) Kuntz. Oxalis corniculata \,. Luphorbia pilulifera Vy. Stda cordifolia 1,. Waltheria americana 1,. Opuntia tuna (1,.) Mill. Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud.., var. Asclepias curassavica 1. l[pomaea congesta R. Br. Verbena bonariensis \. Plectranthus australis R. Br. Capsicum frutescens I,. Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Solanum nigrum V,. Bidens pilosa ,. Lrigeron canadensis I,. Gnaphalium sp. Sonchus oleraceus I. Raitllardia sp. A longer search Of the above, the most frequent species met with are J/efros?- deros polymorpha, Polypodium pellucidum and Sadleria cyatheotdes. With the exception of JZetrostderos polymorpha, which is the pre- vailing tree, these plants do not give a conspicuous aspect to the flora in the immediate vicinity of the flow, but constitute what might be classified as the weeds. Of the twenty-three phanero- gams, sixteen belong to the naturalized flora and six to the native flora, one of the latter being of wide distribution as a shore plant. *These are the names recognized in Christensen’s Index Filicum, but for the convenience of local readers the names given in Hillebrand’s Flora are given in parentheses. Plant Invasion on Lava Flows. 146) I believe that distribution is mainly by wind, although cattle and goats occasionally cross the flow. Several days later this flow was again visited at a somewhat higher elevation, at a place not far distant from the Judd road, and about ten miles above Puuwaawaa. ‘There was relatively less vegetation, but distribution was the same as observed in the first case. At this place there are several islands of an ancient aa flow which are covered with vegetation. The following plants were observed in the cracks on the pahoehoe, only the common white lichen being observed on the aa: FILICES. Asplenium trichomanes J,., var. Polypodium pellucidum K\f., var. Doryopteris decora Brack. The folded form. Sadleria cyatheotdes Kf. PHANEROGAMS. Chenopodium sandwicheum Moq. Verbena bonariensts 1,. Argemone mexicana l,. 1 plant. Solanum nigrum I,. Dodonaea viscosa I,. FErigeron bonariensis \,. NMetrosideros polymorpha Gaud., Guaphalium sandwicensium var. Gaud. Cyathodes Tameiameiae Cham. Sonchus oleraceus Ly. Of the ten phanerogams, five are native and with Sophora chrysophylla, which was not observed on the flow, constitute the prevailing flora of the surrounding region. The remaining five belong to the naturalized flora. The prevailing plants on the flow were J/etrosideros polymorpha, Polypodium pellucidum and Sadleria cyatheotdes. Dr. W. T. Brigham‘ visited this flow in 1864. He reports having observed ferns in some of the caves, and a Polyfodium on the surface cracks, but lichens were rare. From a station called Honomalino the flows of 1887 and 1907 were visited. The flow of 1887 was observed at the place where it branches and flows around a cone called Puu Ohia.’ Both 4Dr. W. T. Brigham: Volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna Loa. B.P.B. M. Mem., vol. ii, no. 4, p. 16. 5 This cone is called Puu Ohohia on the Government map. 20 Plant Invaston on Lava Flows. branches were composed of extremely rough aa and supported no vegetation, with the exception of a few J/etrosideros on the contact edges with the older flows. The 1907 flow was visited at a point a short distance above Puu o Keokeo, which is about two and one-half miles above Puu - Ohia. At this point the flow is entirely pahoehoe, very shiny black and fresh looking. Plants were just beginning to be established in a few of the cracks, the following being observed: Polypodium pellucidum K\f.,var. Vaccinium penduliflorum Gaud. The folded form. Cyathodes Tameiameiae Cham. Cyperus sp. Raillardia sp. All of these plants are indigenous and constitute the prevail- ing flora at this elevation. ‘The naturalized flora is not yet estab- lished to any considerable extent on this portion of Mauna Loa. The 1907 flow was visited later at the place where it crosses the Government road on the Kona side. At this point it is aa and supports no vegetation except an occasional lichen or moss, appar- ent only on minute examination. The flow of 1823 was visited where it crosses the Kau Desert. It is pahoehoe, but unfortunately much of the vegetation had been eaten by goats just before my visit. Ina deep crack which crosses the flow, practically all the species of plants which occur in the surrounding region were observed. The following plants were observed in the surface cracks: Cibotium sp. Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud., Nephrolepis exaltata(1,.) Schott. var. Psilotum nudum (1,.) Griesb. Solanum nigrum T,. Another recent but unrecorded aa flow was visited above Kapapala near the old Kahuku trail. With the exception of a few lichens, no vegetation was observed upon it. From these observations of the plant invasion on the flows of known date the following summary might be obtained: 1. A few lower cryptogams, followed by ferns and phanero- gams first become established on the pahoehoe. Plant Invasion on Lava Flows. 21 2. Lower cryptogams become established on the aa at an early date, and eventually cover the flow to a considerable extent, some of these species being rather rare on the pahoehoe. 3. Ferns and phanerogams only become established on the aa a long period of time after these become established on pahoe- hoe of the same age, other conditions being the same. 4. The plants to be found on the new flow are the same as those found on older flows in the immediate vicinity. Polypodium pellucidum, Sadleria cyatheoides and Metrosideros polymorpha were usually the prevailing plants at all points and elevations studied on the pahoehoe, while a species of white lichen was usually com- mon on the aa. 5. A fertile soil is apparently formed in the cracks of the pahoehoe sooner than amongst the aa particles. Metrosideros polymorpha is one of the important plants which prepare the way for the establishment of many plants on the flow. The roots spread over the smooth portions of the flow, often from one crack to another, forming pockets to catch a soil formed of dead leaves and other debris. In viewing the older flows it is rather difficult to ascertain their relative ages, for the reason that the Hawaiian flora assumes its mature form at an early date. In passing over many hundreds of flows the prevailing characteristics of invasion were found to be somewhat as shown in the following paragraphs. In the scrub region above the wet forests there is no great distinction between the flora of the pahoehoe and the aa. The latter, however, has a greater proportion of lichens, occasionally these plants occupying the aa to the exclusion of all other vegeta- tion. ‘The prevailing plants are Cvathodes Tamciameiae, Dodonaea viscosa, scrub Jetrosideros polymorpha, Sophora chrysophyvla and other characteristic mountain plants. Large portions of either variety of flows are bare rock, and when a soil is formed it is usually a very thin layer, limited almost exclusively to the pahoehoe. In the dense forests of the rainy belt there is usually a good soil on the pahoehoe varying from six inches to a few feet in depth, sometimes only the tops of the billows remaining in sight to record the character of the flow. The aa, however, with few exceptions, still retains its rough file-like character. I find that 22 Plant Invasion on Lava Flows. the dense koa forests where Acacia koa is the prevailing tree, with a thick undergrowth of ferns, labiates and innumerable other spe- cies, are limited with remarkably few exceptions, as far as the forests of Kona are concerned, to the pahoehoe. From any hill the traveler through this district can pick out the aa flows from a distance by the lines of ohia (JZetrosideros poly- morpha) forests, which divide the koa into sections. When he arrives at the rocky flow he will find a totally different character of undergrowth, where such plants as Polypodium pellucidum (folded form), Lycopodium cernuum, Vaccinium pendulifilorum, Raillardia and certain other plants are conspicuous. From this, I believe that the koa forest is the final type for this region, and when one finds an aa flow supporting koa, it must be relatively very much older than other aa flows in the vicinity. In later years, however, outside influences, especially cattle grazing, have considerably changed the floral aspect of the coun- try in certain places. On account of greater ease for penetration, a more succulent undergrowth, and perhaps more available water, cattle have worked their way into the forests on the pahoehoe and destroyed the undergrowth. Ina few years the introduced flora becomes established, and a park-like meadow, usually in every sense an ideal pasture, is the result. However, the indigenous trees, which after many years have become adapted to the dense undergrowth, epiphytic creepers and moist soil, are much weak- ened, and are not able to withstand the new, more xerophytic conditions. ‘The weakened trees eventually fall an easy prey to destructive insects, but as far as I was able to observe were not touched by the cattle. The cattle penetrate to a much less degree on the aa owing to its rough character, while the more xerophytic undergrowth is less succulent. When they do, the character of the flora is less changed for the reason that complete destruction of the under- growth is impossible, while this ohia, which has not become adapted to such wet conditions as the koa, does not succumb to insect attack. Ohia varies tremendously with the habitat, but any great change in conditions would probably affect it the same as koa. From the preceding paragraphs it must not be inferred that ohia forests are not found on some pahoehoe flows; for the damp- Plant Invasion on Lava Flows. 23 est, and consequently the densest forests on these islands are com- posed of this species; but the prevailing tree in the upper forests of the middle zone on the lee side of Hawaii is koa, while ohia is apparently not the final type for this section. In the region below the wet forest the pahoehoe flows are occupied almost solely by the naturalized flora, Ps¢dium guajava, Lantana camara and introduced weeds being very conspicuous. The long lines of native vegetation, consisting mainly of ohia, which cross the Government road in many places throughout Kona, and the rich native flora at Puuwaawaa are on old aa flows. The region below the Government road and the shore line has not been sufficiently investigated for discussion in this paper. In summing up the process of plant invasion on a lava flow on the lee side of Hawaii the following sequence might be obtained: 1. Appearance of lower crytogams, eventually becoming con- spicuous on the aa. 2. Appearance of Polypodium pellucidum (folded form), Sad- leria cyatheotdes and Metrosideros polymorpha, first on the pahoehoe, and at a much later date on the aa. 3. Gradual development of the typical floral aspects of the immediate vicinity, if in the central region an ohia forest. 4. Establishment of the final native vegetation, if in the cen- tral region a koa forest. 5. A later stage may be the encroach:nent of the naturalized flora, due to a change of conditions brought about through human agency. PUBLICATIONS OF THE Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. A. MEMOIRS. (Quarto.) Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1899-1903. Vol. II. Nos. 1-4. 1906-1909. Vol. III. Ka Hana Kapa: The Making of Bark-Cloth in Hawaii. By William T. Brigham. 1911. Complete volume. OCCASIONAL PAPERS. (Octavo.) Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1898-1902. (No. 1 out of print.) Vol. II. Nos. 1-5. 1903-1907. Vol. III. Nos. 1-2. 1907- ---- (Volume incomplete.) Vol. IV. Nos. 1-5. 1906-1911. Vol. V. No.1. New Hawaiian Plants, III. By Charles N. Forbes. Preliminary Observations Concerning the Plant Invasion on Some Lava Flows of Mauna Loa, Hawaii. By Charles N. Forbes. 1912. A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. (Oblong octavo.) 1903. Index to Abraham Fornander’s ‘‘Polynesian Race.’’ (Octavo.) By John F. G. Stokes. rIg09. A detailed list, with prices, will be mailed to any address on application to the Director. = } P OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE _ BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY . AND NATURAL HISTORY. VoL. V.— No. 2. Director's Report for IoII. HONOLULU, H. I. BisHorp MUSEUM. PRESS. IQT2. ‘ BOARD OF TRUSTEES ALBERT F. Jupp - - - - - - President E. Faxon BISHOP - - - - - Vice-President J. M. DowsETt ° - - - - - - Treasurer ALERED, W. CARTERS chiles ae hoe rel Le, Sematary. : Henry Hormes, SAMUEL M. DAMON, WILLIAM O. SMITH MUSEUM STAFF WiiiiaM ‘I. BricHAM, Sc.D. (Columbia) - - Director WitiiAM H. Dau, Pu.D. - Honorary Curatorrof Mollusca Joun F.G. Stokes - - Curator of Polynesian Ethnology C. MONTAGUE CooKE, PH.D. (Yale) - Curator of Pulmonata Otto H. SwrezEy - - Honorary Curator of Entomology CHARLES N, Forpes: =) -) /- >> \4. Curator of Botany Joun W. THOMPSON - - - - Artist and Modeler Miss BK, B..H1iccrns Barts - : - Librarian © JOHN J. GREENE - Ee - - - Printer AUGUST PERRY - - - - - Assistant Printer EXHIBITION STAFF : Mrs. HELEN M. HELVIE — - : - Superintendent JAMES KALEI - - - - a a lee a Janitor Joun Lunc CHUNG - - - . - -. Janitor SAMUEL WILLIAMS - - - - . - Janitor OCGA SIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. VOL V-— No. 2: Director's Report for Ig11. HONOLULU, H. I. BisHorp MuUSEUM PRESS. IQI2. To the Trustees of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Sirs:—In accordance with the rules adopted by the Trustees on December 15, 1910, I submit my Annual Report on the pres- ent condition of this Museum and the work done in the various departments during the year 1911. WILLIAM T. BRIGHAM, Director of the Museum. Honolulu, January 17, 1912. Ordered printed May 18, 1912. Re OeRL N reviewing the work of this Museum during the year roir it is gratifying to find that while the considerable labor of moving to new quarters occupied several months of the year, the total work accomplished on the regular lines of the staff work has much exceeded the average, owing in large part to the in- creased facilities afforded by the new laboratory. For the first time in the history of this Museum has there been suitable place under the Museum roof for both work and study in all the differ- ent departments. For the first time has each department hada separate room for work, storage of specimens, and where a scien- tific visitor could examine the reserve collections in comfort and without interruptions. The fuller description of the new labora- tory will be given at the end of the more formal report. The construction of the building, which had dragged through the previous year, was completed in the early spring, although the porous nature of the concrete made the application of supposed waterproof paint to the entire outside necessary, and this was not completed at the close of the year. The Museum staff were natur- ally anxious to move into the new and larger workrooms, but it was not until May that this was possible. At first the resounding cham- bers and halls in a building of one mass of concrete bound together by steel rods and network were most uncomfortable, but the use of coconut fibre matting on the painted floors of the hallways and the accumulation of furniture and cases in the rooms greatly reduced the reverberation, and custom finally made it nearly negligible. The shell was found very convenient and our cabinet makers were able by the end of the year to provide the many shelves, tables, cabinets, racks and other utilities that have made the new [27] 3 4 Director's Annual Report. home of the several departments very satisfactory. No important furnishing remains but the provision of steel cases for the storage of perishable treasures. With these, which are commonly admit- ted the best for our purpose in a tropical climate, the Bishop Museum will be in a most satisfactory position for the preservation as well as for the study of all its collections. What has already been done in the new quarters may be gathered from the following abstract of the departmental reports to the Director. Looking first to our relations with the rest of the world the work of the printery may be reported. We have been greatly hin- dered by the nonarrival of important printing machinery ordered many months ago, but in spite of this, and the absence of our head printer on his well earned vacation, the usual routine work of label, notice, letterhead, etc., has not been interrupted, and our assistant printer has put through the press the final part of Volume IV of the Occasional Papers. Ofthe Memoirs the third volume has been issued consisting of but one part, but of nearly the bulk of the pre- vious volumes in five and four parts issued separately. This book on the manufacture of bark-cloth, Ka Hana Kapa, with its very beautiful and valuable plates, has been well received by our corre- spondents and others. The final part of Volume IV Occasional Papers has been completed with index to the volume. It contains the Director’s report of the work of the previous year, and a valu- able paper on the Naturalized Flora of the Hawaiian Islands by Charles N. Forbes, Curator of Botany. This addition to previ- ous lists of plants that have become naturalized in recent times on these islands will prove of no little interest to the future student of the vegetation of the Pacific islands. Volume III of the Occa- sional Papers has not been completed, as it was thought best to reserve this for the conchological papers which it is thought will soon be ready for publication. When our long-delayed machinery arrives our printery will be very complete and productive at a less [28] Lirector’s Annual Report. 5 expense than at present. The rooms allotted to this purpose could hardly be improved. The light is admirable in all parts, they are cool, with painted, solid concrete floors, and sufficient space. Besides the actual printing our assistant printer has been fully and usefully occupied in library work, preparing and arranging index cards, and in the more convenient arrangement of cases and books. Mr. Greene, our head printer, during his vacation visited the coast and carefully studied the most recent improvements in the printer’s art, the advantages of which we hope to reap in our future publications. In spite of the drawbacks mentioned it is felt that the labor of making the treasures of the Museum accessible to the many institutions on our exchange list has been well done, and the progress made gives pleasing promise of the results to be ob- tained in the coming years. The matter of housing and distributing our publications has been simplified greatly by the provision of a commodious room with ample presses for storage, and conveniences for packing and mailing. Only two new institutions have been added to our ex- change list which is printed below. Library. The list of accessions given below will show the character of the increase to our working library, but it may be stated here that the number of books and pamphlets received dur- ing the year is as follows: In the ordinary course of purchase or exchange-------- 448 Separates on Crustacea, Kirkaldy estate*..------------- 300 Kaiulani collection, Dooks << 6.5.0 scans sec es cee ee ones 128 Kaiulani collection, pamphlets ...--.++-+++++e+++++++++ 232 Letimaal lilevewe ates ofte cyeNep suet istevetiersksic «lo fe «ioralonatel aus, ‘ais! «iets oisie) e's: jeueceiei= 808 In addition to these are the parts of Memoirs and Proceedings of learned societies which will be reckoned when complete volumes *The late G. W. Kirkaldy, entomologist of the experiment station of the Planters’ Association was a man of great knowledge in his profession and of most extensive reading; he was preparing to take up, as an avocation, the study of our local crustaceans, and his collection of ‘‘separates’’ was very valuable. [29] 6 Director's Annual Report. next year. We have also had 228 volumes bound; a very import- ant matter, as most of our exchanges come to us in parts, and for use as well as preservation must be bound. On behalf of the library Mr. Stokes visited the attic of the Capitol in July and spent five days in selecting from the somewhat scattered stacks copies needed to complete our sets of early session laws and ministerial reports. A large list of desiderata was then submitted to the Governor with the hope expressed that the books mentioned might be deposited in the Museum library. ‘The books were finally given to the Museum on the tenth of January, 1912. The present rooms occupied as library were planned for taxi- dermy, and are temporarily occupied until we may build the more commodious structure already planned. Although the cases are not what they should be they fairly answer their temporary purpose. Ethnology. Many additions have come to us in this depart- ment both by gift and purchase. In the former class is the bequest of the late Archibald S. Cleghorn called, as directed in the will, ‘““The Kaiulani Collection’’ in memory of the late Princess. ‘This included, besides the books already mentioned, 268 ethnological specimens, some of great interest and considerable rarity which will be illustrated in the list of accessions; 80 framed portraits, many of them of the Princess Kaiulani; and 62 unframed photo- graphs. ‘The framed portraits of Hawaiian royalty have been placed in the library. Among the kapa a rare specimen has been printed in colors in Ka Hana Kapa (Pl. ZZ, p. 212). Rev. W. D. Westervelt, Mrs. Charles M. Cooke, Mrs. Emil Waterman, and Mr. D. Thaanum have also added to our collections. Some of the last mentioned specimens will be separately described by Mr. Stokes. During the summer we acquired the collection of Mr. W. C. Schiefer of Makaweli, Kauai, consisting mostly of stone, 104 Hawaiian specimens, among them a very large ring poi pounder, [30] Director's Annual Report. 7 and part of a stone knife. We also purchased with funds from the Chas. R. Bishop Trust the very interesting collection of Mr. Alex- ander M. McBryde, formerly of Kauai. This collection numbered but 343 specimens, but among these were some of which this Museum did not possess examples, e. ¢., kukuinut crusher, double- handled kapa beater, two hula foot plates, two abdominal lomilomi sticks, a double-pointed dagger, and a gourd scoop for catching the fry of awa. Other interesting variants of types already in the Museum were four stirrup poi pounders, a stone dish, stone lamp, and phallic emblem. It added to the value of the collection that it was made some years ago by a resident born on the Islands, who had opportunities for gathering only good specimens. Our loan collection has increased; several old residents who have rare Hawaiian antiquities from which they are not ready to part finally have put these in charge of the Museum for safe keep- ing. This is also an advantage to us as an added opportunity for study: the more complete our series of Hawaiian specimens can be made the greater accuracy in the deductions from them, for it is now generally to the specimens we must look for an explanation of their manufacture and use. No exchanges of great importance have been made in this department. The Curator, Mr. Stokes, has continued his researches on fish weirs and fish ponds, and many interesting letters have been re- ceived from other groups in the Pacific, but as there is a prospect of obtaining still more information he has decided to withhold his notes from present publication. Some time has been spent in ex- amining the fish ponds of Kauai through the kindness ot Messrs. J. K. Farley and W. H. Rice Jr.; and also in examining and pho- tographing the fish ponds of Moanalua and Pearl Harbor. In his very interesting and valuable study of petroglyphs he has made two visits to Keoneloa beach on Kauai where at the southeast end of this beach, under the sand and in the wash of the waves, is a sandstone ledge about 250 feet long and 30 feet wide [31] 8 Director's Annual Report. closely covered with petroglyphs. Occasionally a heavy southerly storm washes the sand away and exposes for a short time portions of the ledge which are covered again as soon as the trades return. Mr. Farley of Koloa has arranged with the keeper of the light- house, who lives near, to report to him whenever the ledge is bared, and word is then sent to the Museum. Mr. Stokes’ visits were in response to these calls. In both cases the wind changed before he arrived at the beach, although leaving Honolulu at once. Botany. Iam sorry to differ from the report of the Curator of Botany addressed to me, when he conveys the impression that not so much work has been done in his department as might have been, owing to adverse weather. I know that he has worked hard all the year, and I shall quote his statements of the journeys he made: ‘‘Numerous short excursions were made into the forests of Oahu, the first extended trip being to the region about Palehua in the Waianae mountains. Four days were spent here and several rare plants obtained. I wish to thank Mr. H. M. von Holt for his kindness in extending to me the use of his mountain house at Palehua; and also Mr. Charles Lucas for kindly giving Dr. Cooke and myself permission to collect plants and shells in Niu valley. ‘““An excursion for the purpose of studying the vegetation of the island of Hawaii was made between June roth and September roth. A general base station was made at Mr. T. C. White’s residence near Kailua, from which place the expedition started out. ‘The Director considered that a guide was absolutely neces- sary for this trip, so a native Hawaiian, Charles Ka, was engaged. This man proved to know practically every inch of ground in Kona, and his aid in many things was a great help. ‘The first extended camping trip started in at Puuwaawaa and extended through the mountains of Kona at an average elevation of 4500 feet and ended at Kapua. Stops of from two to ten days were made at each of the following places and the surrounding regions [32] Director's Annual Report. 9 penetrated in all directions: Puuwaawaa, Hanehane, summit of Hualalai, Kaalapuuwale, Kanehaha, Pulehua, Camp X, summit of Mauna Loa, Papaloa, Papaloa Pupu Kikinini, Kukui o Pii, Honomalino and Kapua. From Kapua I returned to Kailua and left next day by steamer for Kau. My headquarters for this dis- trict was at the Kapapala ranch. ‘The whole district was fairly well covered in daily trips from the ranch, only two short camping trips being necessary. Mauna Loa was ascended to about the 8000 feet elevation, the Kau desert was crossed in several places, one trip extending to the seven craters in Puna. ‘‘Rrom Kau I returned to Kailua, and went on to Waimea. The ditch trails in the Kohala mountains back of Waimea were visited, and also the slopes of Mauna Kea in the vicinity of Waikii. Mauna Kea was ascended to the 11,000 feet elevation. It had been my intention to go over a much larger proportion of this mountain, but a guide and animals were not obtainable without considerable expense, and as the latter were essential for trans- porting the collecting outfit this part of the program had to be postponed. Almost continuous rain in the Kohala mountains which continued for a month after my departure, made further exploration under such conditions a waste of time and I returned to Honolulu. About 450 varieties of plants were collected, and I believe I obtained a more comprehensive knowledge of the Hawaiian vegetation than on any previous trip. ‘‘T wish to thank Mr. A. F. Judd, to whom I am indebted for many valuable suggestions and aid in arranging the trip; and also the following gentlemen of Hawaii, who aided me in every possi- ble way, not only in giving permission to collect on their lands, but also extending information and help which added both to the value and pleasure of the trip: Thos. C. White, Allen Wall, Frank Greenwell, John Paris, John McGuire, Robert Hind, Julian Mon- serrat, Alfred W. Carter, J. McAllister, J. J. Jorgensen, Mr. Sproat and David Forbes. 10 Director's Annual Report. ‘‘Our exchanges with the three institutions mentioned in the last report have continued with satisfaction on both sides. ‘The additions to the herbarium are shown in the list of accessions. ‘“The conveniences for arranging the herbarium have been greatly improved by the addition of new cases in the basement, formerly the Director’s room. ‘The arrangements for work or for showing specimens to visiting workers in botany are nearly perfect.”’ Pulmonata. I quote from the Curator’s report to me: ‘““The year rg11 has been the most satisfactory, in the amount of work accomplished on our Hawaiian land shells, of any since the Curator has been connected with the staff of the Museum. For the first time the collection is really accessible for study. Before the occupancy of the laboratory the collection was stored in four different parts of the Museum. The trays were piled in cases and on the floor of one of the alcoves of the third floor of Hawaiian Hall, and a good deal of the material had to be kept at the home of the Curator for study during the greater part of the time. Now, with proper cases, shelves, work tables and a sink, the Curator can get at and has handy whatever specimens or ap- paratus he may need. Probably half again or twice as much work has been accomplished this year, due for the most part to the time saved in getting at whatever has been needed. The moving of the collection from different parts of the Museum, and the partial arrangement of the same have taken up a great deal of the Cura- tor’s time during the year. ‘““At present the genera /%hilonesia, /ndodonta, Mesopupa, Lyropupa, Amastra, Carelia, Leptachatina, Auriculella, Torna- tellina, Succinea and several other genera with from one to four species, are arranged in the cases. Our collection of the genera of Auriculella, Carelia and -ndodonta is fully arranged and classi- fied according to species and distribution, and at present only the labels have to be written and placed in the trays. This will necessitate the writing of about 1000 to 1500 labels. [34] Director's Annual Report. II ‘‘A portion of the genera Leptachatina, Nesopupa, Lyropupa and Amastra are similarly worked out. About 10,000 lots remain to be worked up if we exclude the genus Achatinella, which con- tains from one-third to one-half the catalogue numbers of our col- lection. During the year the material of the Thwing collection, except Laminella and Achatinella, which probably contain nine- tenths of this valuable collection, has been catalogued and dis- tributed in proper order. ‘The catalogued material contains about 750 numbers and has something over 4000 specimens. Also the Gulick collection, presented to the Museum by the Curator, has been arranged according to genera, but has not been catalogued, owing to lack of time. To properly catalogue, arrange and label these two valuable collections will take probably a year, at least, of undivided time. During the year 1607 catalogue numbers, containing 18,682 shells, have been added to the collections; of these 12,649 specimens were collected in the field by the Curator. ‘Two notable finds were made during the year: the first, a small collection of land and marine shells, probably presented to the Hawaiian Government, was found in one of the cases. These shells were undoubtedly labeled by Dr. Newcomb, as experts in handwriting have compared the labels with letters written by Dr. Newcomb to Andrew Garrett, which letters are in the Museum. This collection contains a number of Dr. Newcomb’s species. The second find was in a large collection of more than 30,000 specimens of land and marine shells presented to the Museum by Mr. W. McInerny. ‘This collection was made by Mr. H. M. Whitney, and given to Mr. McInerny by Miss Kelley. In this col- lection was found a large series of the very rare Care/ia cochlea Pir., and another series of Leptachatina fossilis Cooke, besides several fossil specimens of two or three new species of Leptachatina and Helicina, and a large series of Achatinella from Manoa and Tan- talus, and specimens of several species of Cavelia. Of Carelia cochlea the Museum had but eight specimens, one from the Ancey [35] 12 Director's Annual Report. collection and seven from the Thwing collection. The new series showed several interesting variations in form, sculpture and color which have never been noted. Of Leptachatina fossilis the Museum did not possess a specimen. ‘This species was only known from the single type specimen in the Academy of Natural Science in Philadelphia. ‘‘During the year the Curator has started four series of card catalogues and has worked on them intermittently as time per- mitted. The first is a bibliographical catalogue arranged by authors, with lists of the new species described under each title. The second is a catalogue of the specific names of Hawaiian non- marine shells arranged alphabetically with a complete (if possible) list of references to each of the species. The third, arranged un- der each genus according to the catalogue numbers, is a series of notes on the specific characters of all the shells under each cata- logue number. ‘The fourth is a catalogue of the different localities with lists of the species reported from each, and list of the Museum catalogue numbers of shells found in each. ‘The first and second catalogues are complete (so far as the Curator knows) from 1789 to 1843. ‘During the year Mr. Andrew Garrett’s drawings, notes, lists and letters have been labeled, indexed and arranged as far as pos- sible. During the year Dr. Pilsbry has published two parts of his Manual of Conchology, dealing with our Amastrine. Types of several of his new species which were loaned to him by this Museum have been returned to our collection.”’ Casting and Modeling. Mr. J. W. Thompson has con- tinued his work on the grand collection of Hawaiian fish casts, but has, especially lately, turned his skill to making casts of rare speci- mens in the Museum for exchange with other museums for similar casts of their treasures which cannot otherwise be obtained. Mr. Thompson’s skill in painting these casts makes the result almost undistinguishable by sight from the original. JI have never seen [36] i \ z bs 7 Director's Annual Report. 13 in foreign museums such good work in this line. I used to think that the late M. Brucciani of the British Museum was facile princeps, but after seeing Mr. Thompson’s work I am compelled to revise my opinion. We have had rare specimens that the owners did not care to give to the Museum at present, loaned to us for this reproduction, of which an illustration is given in my note of a curved adz printed later in this report. It is hoped that the next report may announce the acquisition of a number of rare objects from other museums and private collections that will largely increase the value and interest of our collections for study and comparison. I place this line of Mr. Thompson’s work next in importance to that of his fish casts. He has also prepared various zoological specimens for the Museum in the absence of any taxidermist. The care and rearrangement of our large ichthyological collection in spirits also fell to his charge, as we have no marine zoologist. Administration. Certain changes in the administration hhave greatly conduced to an increased production in each depart- ment. When it was decided to open the Museum on five days ‘in the week (reserving Wednesday for such work as cannot well be done if interrupted by visitors), and end the very annoying system of special permits to steamer passengers, the office of Superintend- ent of Exhibition Halls was established, and Mrs. Helen M. Helvie appointed to the post from October rst. This appointment was a particularly happy one, and under Mrs. Helvie’s care the halls have been kept in perfect order, and visitors greatly assisted; she has also had full control of the three janitors, thus relieving the rest of the staff from much interruption and waste of time. As our Librarian, Miss E. B. Higgins has nearly settled the library in its new quarters; she has found time to take charge of the accounts, and of the exchanges and publications, matters hitherto making increasing claims on the time of our universal helper, the Curator of Polynesian Ethnology. ‘This arrangement will give [37] 14 Director's Annual Report. him much more time for original investigation for which he is well fitted, and his department (the largest in the Museum) will be greatly benefitted. Mr. Stokes has also arranged and labelled our excellent collection of Hawaiian corals, many of which he collected. Attendance of Visitors. As the change in open days came into effect October rst, the list of attendance is given in two parts of which the totals may easily be compared. For last year the number of whites was 5457; this year 6210. ‘The number of visitors of all nationalities for the two years was 11,012 and 11,202. TABLE OF ATTENDANCE. | | el L ‘ | Open on B | Average | 5 ; 2 &a |Attendance. aS e | é st aa oe Be a . va) | == ~ om 1911. ; orf 50 d eal lesen Bete . > le eae | ese he PSF San Ae seer = Eales = z= ot Niece Sich \eaao IepeShar fo 2S a a | 5 = a = |su|su|/2s|/su/85] 6 SS (s toeleeallee (an ‘Ss 5 Sm eae = By o | «a ant 5 )-——| eee poet ED | | | | January .. ... 460 80 | 50 37 COM 2am 9 3 EOL | Sa | aly 710 | | 4 ; February ...... 606 80. 27 114 118 1 9 2 ip WAU Ne 946 March \.Je xt, a. Journal Ssxciy sae American Philosophical Society. — Proceedings, 197-201.— Transactions, xxii, 1. University of Pennsylvania.—Babylonian expedition, series A, xxix, 1.—Sembower, Life and poetry of Charles Cotton. University of Pennsylvania Museum.—Anthropological pub- lications, i, 2.—Publications of the Babylonian section, 1, 1.— Journal of the museum, 1, 3; li, 1, 2.—Publications of the Egyp- tian section, i-v. Wagner Free Institute —Annual announcement, 1911-1912. Philadelphia Commercial Museums.—vTextile industries of Philadelphia, 1gro-1g11. PIETERMARITZBURG, SOUTH AFRICA. Natal Government Museum.—Annals, ii, 2. PITTSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA. : Carnegie Museum.— Annals, vii, 2.—Memoirs, iv, 6, 7.— | Founder’s day proceedings, 1899-1g01, 1903, 1905, 1911.—Re- port of director, 1898, 1911. PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND. Marine Biological Association.—Journal, ix, 2. FORTICK, Meaty. R. Scuola Superiore d’ Agricoltura.—Bollettino del labora- torio di zoologia, v. RIO DE JANEIRO. L Instituto de Maguinhos.—Memorias, 11, 2; iii, 1. RomE, ITALY. Reale Accademia dei Lincei.—Atti, xx, 1-12; xx (2 semestre), 1-7, 9.—Memorie, viii, 7-12.—Rendiconto, 11, pp. 502-579. ST. LoOuIS, MISSOURI. Missouri Botanical Garden.—Annual report, 1910. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. California Academy of Sciences.—Proceedings, fourth series, ep Psy .200s [56] List of Accessions. WwW oO STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA. Leland Stanford Junior University.—Contributions to biology, 4, 18, 28. — Register, 1908-1911. — Report of president, 1905, 1907-1910.— University series, 5, 6.—Matzke memorial volume. STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och Antiqvitets Akademien.—An- tikvarisk Tidskrift, Del. 19.—Fornvannen, 1910. SYDNEY, NEw SouTH WALES. Australian Museum. — Memoirs, iv, 13-16.— Records, ii, 2; Wild 2; ix, 2-—Special catalogue, No. 1, i1i,; 1-3; Department of Agriculture.—Science bulletin, 3, 4.—Agri- cultural gazette, xxii. Department of Mines.— Mineral resources of New South Wales, 13.—Annual report, 1910. Linnean Society of New South Wales.—Proceedings, xxxv, A XOOcy i 1 Royal Society of New South Wales.—Journal and proceed- ings, xlii, xliv. VIENNA, AUSTRIA. K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum, xxiii, 1, 2; xxiv, 1-4. >= WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Bureau of American Ethnology.—Annual report, 1905-1906.— Balletitiswt 4.76, 17,21. 30. (pt.,2)i, 31, 40,43, 50) 51: Carnegie Institution of Washington.—Publications, 27 (vol. iea7 4s (VOls: dl, <1v)5 SS, "120, “127,' 128, 130-134, 137-146, 154- 157.— Year-book, 1910.— Report of director of department of marine biology, 1910. — Classics of international law, by R. Zouche. Smithsonian Institution. — Report of secretary, 1876-1879, 1881-1888, 1890-1893, 1895-1904, 1906, 1908-1910.—Report of board of regents, part 1; 1882, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1890, 1891, 1895, 1906.— Contributions to knowledge, ii-xxii, xxvii (in- Complete) xxix, Xxxil, XxXxill, xxxiy (incomplete), xxxv OCCASIONAL PAPERS B. P. RB. M. VOL. V, No. 2.—3. [57] 34 Director's Annual Report. (incomplete ).—Miscellaneous collections, xiii, xvi-xxvii, xxxv (incomplete), xxxvi-xxxvill (iucomplete),) xxoxixe iy adie xlvy, xlvi (ancomplete), xlvii-xlix, 1 (incomplete); i-ly. iva (incomplete), Ivii (incomplete), lviii (incomplete ).—Contribu- tions to United States National Herbarium, iv; v, 2-6; vii, I, 2; Vill, 1-33 Xili, 7-11.— Harriman Alaska expedition, yols- i-v, vili-xiii. United States Geological Survey.—Annual report, 1910.— Bulletins, 381, 429-431, 433-465, 467, 468, 472-483, 486, 487-490, 495.—Water supply papers, 240, 242, 253-258, 260-270, 272-277. —Professional papers, 70, 72, 73, 75.—Monograph, 52.—Min- eral resources of the United States, 1909.—Geologic atlas of the United States.—Folios, 5, 167-176. United States National Museum.—Bulletins, 1-4, 6-15, 17-18, 20-22), 25-28, 20, 32,30, pis. AC, B-H,) P-S, 62,165.70), 7a Gotaaye 72-75, 70\( pt, 1). Proceedings, 38-40. Report, 1684, 1896) mone: WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND. Dominion Museum.—Bulletin, 3. New Zealand Institute.—Transactions and proceedings, xliii. MISCELLANEOUS. (PURCHASED UNLESS OTHERWISE DESIGNATED. ) Anderson, Tempest.—The Volcano of Matavanu in Savaii. Given by the author. American Anthropological Association.—Memotrs, 11, 5. American Anthropologist. —Current numbers. Also iii; iv, 2-4, given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham. | American Association of Museums.— Proceedings, iv, 1910. Given by the Association. American Association for the Advancement of Science—Proceed- ings, 1906. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham. American Geographical Society.—Bulletin, xliii, 2 Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham. Anatomy and Physiology, Journal of, xli, 2; xlv, 2-4; xlvi, 1. [55] List of Accessions. 5 o>) x Appleton, Kstelle.—A comparative study of the play activities of adult savages and civilized children. Chicago, 1910. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham. Aures.—Note sur une inscription antique du Musée de Nimes. Baker, J. G.—Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles. London, TO? 7 Bastian, A.—Inselgruppen in Oceanien. Berlin, 1883. Berger, Philippe.— Three papers on inscriptions. Paris, 1876, 1889. Borcherding, Fr.— Monographie der auf der Sandwich-Inseln Kauai lebenden Molluskengattung Carelia H. und A. Adams. Frankfurt a/M., rgrto. British Museum.—Handbook to the ethnographical collections.— National Antarctic expedition, v. London, r1gro. Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. — Mollusca, iii, 113-118. Brown, George.—Autobiography. JLondon, 1908. Brown, William.—New Zealand and its aborigines. london, 1845. Buk en al (Hymnbook ). Honolulu, 1868. Acquired by ex- change with Mr. H. Ballou. Burton, John Wear.—The Fiji of to-day. London, rgio. Caillot, A. C.—Les Polynésiens orientaux au contact de la civil- ization. Paris, 1909. Cambridge University, England.—Annual report of museum and lecture rooms syndicate, 1910. Given by the University. Candolle, Aug. Pyramo de.—Prodomus systematis naturalis regni wesetabilis. 17 vols. “Paris, 1824-1873. Chabouillet, M. A.—Inscriptions et antiquités. Paris, 1881. Chilton, Charles.—Subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Well- ington, 1909. Christ, H.—Die Geographie der Farne. Jena, 1910. Cincinnati Museum. — Annual report, 1910. Given by the Mu- seum. [59] 36 Director's Annual Report. Cleghorn, Hon. A. $.—Resolution of condolence by the Ahahui Hoola Lahui to the Hon. A. S. Cleghorn on the death of Princess Kaiulani. Given by Mr. Percy T. Cleghorn. Cotteau, Edmond.—En Océanie. Paris, 1888. Cowan, James.—Maoris of New Zealand. Christchurch, rg1o. Crozier, A. A.—Dictionary of botanical terms. New York, 1892. Crustacea. Three hundred separates. Purchased from the estate of the late G. W. Kirkaldy. Darwin, Charles.— Structure and distribution of coral reefs. London. David, Mrs. Edgeworth.—Funaftti. London, 1899. Delaporte, M. de.—Le Voyageur francois, iv. Paris, 1774. Deseret Museum, Salt Lake City.—Bulletin, 1, 2. Given by the Museum. Detroit Museum of Art.—Bulletin, v, 4. Given by the Museum. Dewulf, E.—Inscriptions trouvées en 1866. Dezeimeris, Reinhold.—Inscriptions antiques 4 Bordeaux. Bor- deaux, 1880. Dibble, Sheldon.—History of the Sandwich Islands. Honolulu, 1909. Dictionaire, toga-francais et francais-toga. Paris, 18go. Dictionary, Century. Supplement. 2 vols. New York, rg10. Dumont, Albert.—Inscriptions de la Thrace. D’Urville, Dumont.—Voyage pittoresque. 2vols. Paris, 1834-1835. —— Voyage de 1’ Astrolabe et la Zélée. 10 vols. Paris, 1846. Earle, Augustus. — Nine months residence in New Zealand. London, 1832. Ellis, J. B., and B. M. Everhart. ‘Three papers on fungi. and J. Dearness.—Canadian fungi. Hillis, John Himeo.—Life of William Ellis. London, 1873. Ellis, William.—History of Madagascar. 2vols. London, 1838. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 9th edn., 24 vols. New York, 1878- 1889. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham. Encyclopaedia Britannica. r1ith edn., 29 vols. Cambridge, 1911. [60] List of Accessions. a7 Ethnographie, Archiv fur, xviii; xix. Fernald, M. L.—Eleocharis ovata. Boston, 1899. Filippo, S.—I veri scopritori. Roma, 1892. Flora, xxxii; xxxili. Singer edition. Regensburg, 1874-1875. Forster, John Reinhold. — Observations made during a voyage round the world. London, 1778. Garruci, Raphael.—Graffiti de Pompei. Paris, 1856. Geddes, Patrick, and J. Arthur Thompson. — The evolution of sex. London. Geographen Kalendar. Gotha, 1911. Gerstacker, Friedrich.—Reisen. 5 vols. Stuttgart, 1853. Gilruth, J. A., and Georgina Sweet.—Onchocerca Gibsoni. Syd- ney, 1911. Given by the Commonwealth of Australia. Gould, F. G.—Concise history of religion. 3 vols. London, 1897. Grandidier, Alfred.—Histoire de la géographie de Madagascar. Paris, 1885. Guppy, H. B.—Observations of a naturalist in the Pacific. Plant dispersal, ii. Jondon, 1906. Haekel, Ernst.—Riddle of the universe. London, 1900. —The wonders of life. New York, 1905. Hamburg.—Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein. Abhandlungen, xix, 3-5.—Verhl. 1909, 1910. Given by the Verein. Hansen, H. J.—The Choniostomatidae. Copenhagen, 1897. Hauser, N.—Aus dem Wanderbuche eines Osterreichen Virtuosen. 2vols. Leipzig, 1860. Hawaii.— Board of Agriculture and Forestry. Report, 1910. Botanical bulletin, 1. Given by the Board. Report of Attorney-General to the Governor of Hawaii. rg11. Given by the Attorney-General. Report of Public School Fund Commission, 1911. Given by the Commission. Hawaii, College of.—Report, 1909-1911.—Given by the College. Hawaiian Evangelical Association. — Reports, 1899 and 1907. Given by A. F. Judd, Esq. [61] 38 Director's Annual Report. Hawaiian Legislature.—Message of the Governor, 1911.—Report of the Treasurer, rg11.—Journal of the Senate, 1911.—House journal in English and in Hawaiian, 1911.—Session laws, rgr1. —Organic act of the Territory of Hawaii, 1911. Given by the Governor. Heller, Camil.—Reise der Novara. Zoolog. Theil, ii, 3.— Crus- taceen. Wien, 1865. Herder, F. von.—Monopetalae. Hulme, F. Edward.—Symbolism in Christian art. London, 1910. Hunt, James.—Interpretation of inscriptions. Ibis. 9th series, ii, and supplement; iti-iv. Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee. Bulletin, iv, 2; Varian hokyo: Jenkins, J. S.—Recent exploring expeditions. London, 1853. Kerville, Gadeau de.—Faunes marine et maritime de la Norman- die. Paris; 190r. Kramer, Augustin.—Die Samoa-Inseln. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1903. Laborde, M. de.—Histoire de la Mer du Sud. Paris, 1791. Laplace, M.—Voyage autour du monde. 4 vols. Paris, 1833- 1835. Le Guillou, EKlie.—Voyage autour du monde de 1’ Astrolabe et la Zélée: - Paris, 1842. Lejay, Paul.—Inscription antiques. Paris, 1889. Le Rouzic, Zachérie.—Carnac et ses monuments. Morlaix, 1897. Lesson, M. de.—Voyage de la Coquille. Paris, 1839. Linnean Society of London.—Journal. Botany, xxxviii. Zoology, Xxx.—Proceedings, Nov., 1896-June, 1897; 1855-1865. Lukis, W. C.— Guide to chambered barrows in Brittany. Rippon, O75: Mallet, Auguste. — Contribution 4 l'étude des pétroglyphes. Le Mans, 1910. Man), 1) 0; Misv> Se, 12d n-O; urs Marriner, George.—The Kea: a New Zealand problem. Christ- church. 1908. Marshall Islands Primer. Exchange with Mr. H. Ballou. Martini and Chemnitz.—Conchylien Cabinet, Lieferungen, 547- 552. [62] List of Accesstons. 39 Massachusetts Horticultural Society. — Transactions, 1910, 2. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham. Matsumura, J., and B. Hayata.—Enumeratio Plantarum. Tokyo, 1906. Mayer, Alfred G.—Alexander Agassiz. 1910. Given by the author. Alpheus Hyatt. tro911. Given by the author. McAlpine, Neil.—Gaelic dictionary and grammar. Edinburg, 1898. Merriam, Hart C.— Dawn of the world. Cleveland, rg1o. Merrill, Elmer D.—Dictionary of the plant names of the Philip- pine Islands. Manila, 1903. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham. Meyer, A. B.—Studies of the museums and kindred institutions of New York, Albany, Buffalo and Chicago. Washington. Microscopical Science, Quarterly Journal, lvi; lvil, 1, 2. Miln, James.—Fouilles faites 4 Carnac. Rennes, 1881. Minerva.—Handbuch der gelehrten Welt. Strasburg, 1911. Moffitt, Robert. — Manuscript diary from 1853-1858 Kahuku, Oahu. Mueller, Ferd. von.—Descriptive notes on Papuan plants, iv-vi. Melbourne, 1877-1885. Musee Guimet.—Petit guide, 1g1o. Museu Nacional.—Archivos, xiii. Rio de Janeiro, 1905. Gift of the Museum. National Geographic Magazine, xvi, 10-12; Xvil, I-4, 6-12; KVili-xx; xxi, 1-3, 5-12. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham. Nature. Current numbers. Nautilus. Current numbers. New Zealand Institute. — Transactions and proceedings, xxvii- PRA CRATE X KVL, KX VIN Nova Guinea.—Résultants de l’éxpedition néerlandaise, ii, 1; v, 78a bee Mowitates Zoologicae,. xv, 2) 3) Xvi; xvil; xVitl, 1, 2. Oahu, Map of. Oakland Library and Museum.—Thirty-third annual report, tg10- 1911. ‘Given by the Library. Oolosist, The, xxviii, 12. Gift. Ornithologie, Journal fur. Current numbers. Palibin, J.—Conspectus florae Korae, i-il1. St. Petersburg, 1899- IQOl. [63] 40 Director's Annual Report. Paradise of the Pacific. Current numbers. Pelew Islands.—Shipwreck of the Antelope. London, 1788. Petermanns Mitteilungen. Current numbers. Philippine Botany, leaflets, 34, 36, 44-62. Philippine Islands.—Report of the Secretary of the Interior for tg10. Washington, rgir. Planters’ Record, iv. Given by Mr. S. M. Damon. ° Pohl; othar:—Os:penisider carnivoren. Jena, 1911, Records of the Past.. Current numbers. Ridgway, Robert.—Three papers on ornithology. Riviere, Emile.—Engravings of Grotto La Mouthe. Robinson, EH. L.—Flora of the Galapagos Islands. Boston, rgo2. Rossignol, J. P.—Trois dissertions. Paris, 1862. Royal Society of New South Wales. — Transactions, 1866-1874. —Transactions and proceedings, 1875.—Journal and proceed- ings, 1876-1886.—Journal, 1887-1897. Russell-Killaugh, Henri.—Seize mille lieus 4 travers 1 Asie et VOcéanie: <2 vols: -) Panis, 1864. Russell, M.—Polynesia: a history of the South Sea Islands, in- cluding New Zealand. London, 1849. Another edition, 1853. Sayce, A. H.—Inscriptions hittiques. Scherzer, Karl von.—Reise der Fregatte Novara. Wien, 1864. Schreber, Daniel Gottfried.—Schauplatz der Ktinste und Hand- werke: mais) etpzienen 773° Seligman, C. G.—Melanesians of British New Guinea. Cam- bridge, 1g1o. Senart, Emile.—Inscriptions nouvelles de 1’ Inde. Shaw, George.—Cancer stagnalis of Linneus. Shillibeer, J.—The Briton’s voyage to Pitcairn’s Island. London, GOUT. Sirelius; Ui 1;—Die Sperrtischerei, | Helsingfors, 1900: Smith, J. J.—Die Orchideen von Java, iv. Leiden, 1911. Smith, S. Percy.—Hawaiki. Christchurch, 1g1o. Maori wars of the nineteenth century. Christchurch, 1gro. ——Maoris of the west coast of the north island of New Zealand. New Plymouth, roto. Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences.—Annual report, 1909.—Two reprints from proceedings, ii. Given by the Asso- ciation. [64] List of Accessions. 41 Stephens, George.—Runic monuments London, 1866-1884. Tanaka, Shigeho.—Fishes of Japan, i. Tokyo, 1911. Given by the author. Tennessee, State Geological Survey.—Bulletins, 3-5.—Resources of Tennessee, i, 1-6. — Resources of Tennessee in a nutshell. Given by the Survey. Torrey, John.—Batis maritima. Washington, 1853. Darlingtonia Californica. Washington, 1853. Tryon and Pilsbry.— Manual of conchology, 82, 83. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington. — Year- book, 1910.—-Farmers’ bulletin, 456.—Forestry circular, 179.— Biological Survey: Bulletin, 37-39. Circular, 77-83. North American Fauna, 32-34. Report of the chief, 1910. Given by the Department. Year-book, 1910, given by Mr. 8S. M. Damon. United States Department of Commerce and Labor.—Bureau of Fisheries, Bulletin, xxiii, 3; xxiv.—Documents, 737, 748, 749, 751.—Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for 1910.— Bureau of Statistics: Statistical abstract of the United States, 1910.—The foreign commerce and navigation, 1910. Given by the Department. University of Colorado.—-Studies, viii, 1-4. Given by the Uni- versity. Varigny, C. de.—L’Océan Pacific. Paris, 1888. Walpers, Guilielmo.—Repertorium Botanicus Systematicae, i-vi. Leipzig, 1842-1847. Weber, Max.—Die Fische der Aru und Kei Inseln. Frank- furt a/M., 1911. Five pamphlets on marine zoology. Leiden, 1911. Fishes of the Indo-Australian archipelago, i (Index of the ichthyological papers of P. Bleeker). Given by the author. Warming, Eugene.—The Oecology of plants. Oxford, 1909. Webb, W. M., and Sillem, C.—The British woodlice. London, 1906. Wer ist’s: Zeitgenossen Lexikon. Leipzig, 1911. Zoological Society of London.—Proceedings, 1908-1910. [65] pe EEE OOOOOOe_ RE SR Gi i gn “AAOLVAOIVT MHN AML “8 “OI The New Laboratory. THE material selected was reinforced concrete. The contract was given to Lucas Brothers, and the architect was J. L. Young. The plans adopted were those of the Director, which were made several years before in connection with those of the Library and Papuan Hall. All of these had in view stone as a building material, with steel and concrete flooring, that, externally at least, they might conform to the buildings already finished. With the change of material the plans had to be altered with the changed conditions, and the alteration most to be regretted was the necessary change of floor level in the upper stories which do not conform to the levels of the galleries in Hawaiian Hall, to which the new structure is attached by concrete bridges at a distance of thirty feet. Those actively engaged in the construction of the building: W. von Wagner, foreman, whose untiring industry pushed forward as much as possible a work which was tedious in the extreme. For the architect, Mr. Albert J. Greene attended to the engineering matters of lining and leveling. ‘he Hawaiian Electric Company put in the interior telephones and the electric wiring. The plumb- ing was done by E. W. Quinn, and the painting by S. Stephen- son. The Honolulu Iron Works furnished the overhead trolley and hoists. The accompanying views and plans will, it is hoped, make the following general description intelligible. The building is 8066 feet: each floor has a hall ro feet wide extending its length. On the ground floor, which is at the level of that of Hawaiian Hall and consequently slightly below the surface of the rising ground at the back of the Museum site, on the left of the entrance [67] 43 5 Tock Room. Casting Room, PRINTERY 5 Com posing Room ea [a Carpenter's Shop ERENGE RY Press Room BiG Oe GROUND OOR: Liirector’s Annual Report. 45 is the Printery, 25.565 feet, lighted by fourteen windows, and divided into Composing room and Press room, occupying the whole length of the building as far as the stairway. On the opposite side of the hallway is first, the Paper Stock room, 25.5 13 feet, the two windows protected by shutters; next, the Casting room, 25.5 X 25.5 feet, where the casts of fish, fruit or other objects are made and painted; then the Machine shop, a fine, ight room with work benches, turning lathe and other work shop appliances; and at the end of the hall is a convenient shower bath and lavatory. Opposite this is the stairway to the next floor. Reversing our direction we have on the left the Anthropologi- cal room with scales and apparatus for anthropometry, cases for human skeletons and crania, and convenient work benches; this corner room is 25.5X12.5 feet. ‘The Entomological room follows, of the same size, and then the Ornithological room, 25.5 < 25.5 feet, where the great collection of Hawaiian bird skins is to be stored for preservation and study when suitable cases are provided. The remaining room on this floor is the Dire¢tor’s office, 25.5 X 26 feet, where are stored the letter files, card catalogues of specimens, illustrations used in publications, etc.; here also is the town tele- phone, and as each room in the Museum is furnished with internal telephonic communication connection can be made for all the workers in the various buildings. Opposite the Director’s room is the room for Taxidermy, 25.5 38.5 feet, extending into the upper floor, and at present occupied as the temporary Library; and be- yond this is the Publication room, 25.5 x 26 feet, where the printed matter from the press below is stored and from which it is mailed to exchanges and subscribers. The two floors of the Taxidermy room are connected by a spiral iron stairway. The third floor is appropriated as follows: over the Dire¢tor’s room is that occupied by the Curator of Ethnology, 25.5 X 26 feet, fitted with every convenience of cupboard, racks, trays and shelves. Here the specimens are examined, catalogued and assigned to [69] Director's Room. | Taxidermy. | [al aa Publi cations. Elevate Sha aig Birds. (el Insects = S Anthropology c sabe: a Rae = FIG. 10. SECOND FLOOR | Ethnology. | { Inst rumenfs, Shells. ( =e ‘Taxid ermy | Ubben evaler Sha ft Bi Marine Zoology. THIRD FLOOR, Elevafor p b clog ra bhy Room ' | | ! | ! | ee eee _T [ima si Balke [a FIG. I2. ROOF AND PHOTOGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT. Director's Annual Report. 49 their positions in exhibition cases or with the duplicates for ex- change or the reserve for study. Next comes the Lunch room, 25.5xX19 feet, a great convenience, as the members of the staff live miles away from the Museum. Next in order is the Instru- ment room, 25.5X12.5 feet, where are kept the phonograph and its records, testing machines, electro-photo-micrographic camera, X-ray apparatus, and many other appliances used in examinations or researches. ‘The corner room, 25.519 feet, is devoted to the Curator of Pulmonata, and here are the best known appliances for cleaning, cataloguing and storing our vast collections of Hawaiian land shells, and also for studying the builder of the shell as well. Other pages of this report will show what extensive use the Cura- tor makes of this. Across the hallway is the large room set aside for Marine Zoology, and from the middle of the hallway a flight of stairs leads up to the roof level, a third of which is occupied by the Photographic department, 24.555.5 feet. The most com- fortable Dark room that has been devised for a hot climate is pro- vided with earthen sinks, a tank for washing bromide prints, three windows with orange and ruby sashes, convenient apparatus for enlarging, electric printer, ventilators passing a sufficient air cur- rent through the room, and the other usual appliances of these work rooms. The Light room has a supply of cameras, back- grounds and stands and racks for the quick adjustment of objects to be photographed. ‘The lighting is all that could be desired, and the ventilation is provided by suitable openings in the top of the walls and by two doors opening onto the roof. As nearly all the staff are expert photographers and a great deal of photographic work is done both for record and for illustration of publications, this room and its equipment are very important adjuncts to the laboratory. White cedar cases with glass doors line all the hallways; a por- tion of the lower hall is occupied by the collection of Hawaiian and South-east Pacific fishes in alcohol, many types among them. OCCASIONAL PAPERS B. P. B. M., VOL. V, No. 2—4. 73] 50 Director's Annual Report. A hoist works from the ground floor to the Photographic depart- ment. A cistern on the upper roof supplies automatically the photographic sinks in case of temporary interruption of the main water supply. Work of construction commenced early in January, r1gro. The soil was removed to the suitable level and parallel lines of terracotta drain pipe laid through this area; the excavation for the wall and pillar foundations being carried down to the bedrock. In one place the soil proved to be decomposed lava that had later been permeated by sulphurous gases whose action on the calcare- ous portion of the earth had formed beautiful crystals of gypsum in abundance, of tolerably uniform size and frequently twinned. Otherwise the soil did not differ from that of the rest of the yard. Waterproof material was carefully spread over the leveled sur- face and the concrete floor poured on this. ‘The rotary mixer and the hoist were actuated by internal combustion engines. ‘The greatest care was taken to have the ground floor free from damp- ness by external as well as the internal subsoil drains mentioned, quite independent of the drainage system of the building. So far this has proved satisfactory. That the other floors might be solid work was continued through the night that the pouring might be continuous. The Kahn system of reinforcing was used, and a thicket of steel rods, wired together, rose from the box moulds as the build- ing progressed. Much of this may be seen in the illustrations showing the progress of the work. The floors and partitions were strengthened by expanded metal, and the concrete beams had suitable steel skeletons to take the stress. The stairways also were concrete, and indeed the whole building was monolithic. The plans of the floors and the views given with this brief account will make the structure intelligible. [74] ‘AMOLS LSUIT XOX SNAOA ONILLYAS “HLHIdWOD YOOTIA GNNOUD ‘“LSHMHDIYON WOUNA “CI ‘Ola a Ee cnn a eee & ‘"AUOLS GUIHL AOA SNUAOA dN ONIAOW ‘HLA IANWOD AYOLS GNOOHS “LTSHMALAON WOAH 2G x) Tot ‘ALATA NOD WOOW AHAVADOLOHd GNV AMOLS GaHIHL “ISHMHLAON WOAT “OI “DIT ‘TOON NO AGVAULSOIVA ONIDLAS “LSHMALTONOS NOU “21 “DIA ee aS “ISVHHLYON HHL WOMHX “GHLHIdNOD ONIGTINA “SI “OIA ae ee ee Series. teeeeens oe sce Rect 3 opp og. en ee AL, ee Another Curved Adze. By WILLIAM T. BRIGHAM. ON page 255 of the last volume of Occasional Papers I described with figures a fine specimen of the rarely found curved adze. Another has been brought to my notice which is in the collection of Hon. G. N. Wilcox of Lihue, Kauai. This has been kindly loaned for casting and study, and the result of the casting with Mr. Thompson’s skill is seen in the illustration; the replica is side by side with the original. The material isa greenish, banded, heavy stone of the general appearance of greenstone, or a lava partly metamorphosed into serpentine. In places fracture is dark gray, but not everywhere. It was found by Mr. Wilcox in 1874 at Waialua, Kauai, among the human bones common in the sand hills near the beach, so that it has been exposed more or less to the salt spray for the many years it has probably lain there by the mortal remains of its former owner. This adze is much smaller than the one formerly described, but was probably used for the same purpose—rounding the inner bottom of a canoe, and when we consider how extensive the use must have been in the prominent industry of canoe building, one of the early visitors to Hawaii reporting 4000 canoes in and near Kealakeakua Bay, it is remarkable that so few of the curved form appear in collections, while stone gouges are not uncommon, and these are but small unhandled adzes. The weight is 24.2 0z.; the length, 7 in.; breadth of cutting end, 3 in.; length of cutting CadGen 2.2 ie Big. TO, [Sr] si ———————— i Original. Cast, Reversed. FIG. 19. CURVED ADZE FROM KAUAI. , uv) Dak A 2 ies a) i F i ade Lae G.é Wai eee) wk NS M Hy 3 ae i Se) Wee Pe PUBLICATIONS OF THE Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. MEMOIRS. (Quarto.) Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1899-1903. Vol. II. Nos. 1-4. 1906-1909. Vol. 111. Ka Hana Kapa: The Making of Bark-Cloth in Hawaii. By William T. Brigham. 1911. Complete volume. OCCASIONAL PAPERS. (Octavo.) Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1898-1902. (No. 1 out of print.) Vol. II. Nos. 1-5. 1903-1907. Vol. III. Nos. 1-2. 1907-,---- (Volume incomplete.) Vol. IV. Nos. 1-5. 1906-1911. Vol: Vi— No. 1. New Hawaiian Plants, III. By Charles N. Forbes. — Preliminary Observations Concerning the Plant Invasion on Some Lava Flows of Mauna Loa, Hawaii. By Charles N. Forbes. 1912. No. 2. Director’s Report. for 1911.—The New Labo- tatory.__Another Curved Adze: By Wm. T. Brigham. 1912. A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. (Oblong octavo.) 1903. Index to Abraham Fornander’s ‘‘Polynesian Race.’’ (Octavo.). By John F. G. Stokes. 1909. A detailed list, with prices, will be mailed to any address on application to the Director. “OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY VoL. V.— No. 3. Notes on the Flora of Ka hbolawe and Molokini. An Enumeration of Nithau Plants. BY CHARLES N. FORBES. HONOLULU, H:T. BisHop MvuSEUM PRESS. IQI3. BOARD OF TRUSTEES ALBERT F. Jupp - mane - - - < President rE. Faxon BISHOP - - - - - Vice-President “ J. M. Dowsetr Sa RL ONES GES Iles RGN OIC oral a We ae re ALBRED/ Wi CARTER Be Chi eo, tay Uae eS oe etere tay Henry Hotmes, SAMUEL M. DAMON, WiLLiam O. SmrrH MUSEUM STAFF Wittiam T. BricHam, Sc.D. (Columbia) -» - Director WILLIAM H. Dati, PH.D. - Honorary Curator of Mollusca Joun F, G. Stoxes - - Curator of Polynesian Ethnology C. MONTAGUE Cooke, PH.D. (Yale) - Curator of Pulmonata ~Orro H. SwrezEeY -- - Honorary Curator of Entomology CHARLES N. FoRBES. - - - - Curator of Botany JOHN W. THOMPSON §- 9 =. - - Artist and Modeler Miss E...B.’ HIGGINS - - - - - Librarian JoHN J. GREENE - - - - - - Printer AUGUST PERRY S - E - Assistant Printer EXHIBITION STAFF Mrs. HELEN M. HELVIE, - >- |= -°. Superintendent JoHN LUNG CHUNG, THOMAS KEOLANUI,. 75 oe Se = Janitors JOHN PENCHULA, ) OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY WOES Vie —— NO: 73: Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe and Molokini. An Enumeration of Nithau Plants. BY CHARLES N. FORBES. HONOLULU, H. I. BisHop MuUSEUM PRESS. TOL Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe and Molokini. By CHARLES N. FORBES. APRIL, I913. DURING the time between February 25 and March 10, 1913, I had the pleasure of accompanying an expedition’ to Kahoolawe and Molokini, two of the smaller islands of the main Hawaiian group, and probably the least known botanically. Kahoolawe lies six miles southeast of Maui, the island of Molokini being about midway between. It is dome-shaped and has an area of forty-four square miles. There is a central hill 1472 feet high, and two small craters a distance of a mile or more on either side. ‘These craters during wet periods serve as natural reservoirs, the pool in the southern one often remaining for three months. ‘The eastern and southern slopes of the island are steep but gradual, and are cut by many ravines some of which are quite deep. These slopes for the most part are rough with lava boulders. The remaining coast line is a steep sea cliff, nearly vertical in places, and has an elevation of about goo feet in the highest place. On the top there is a large sloping plain of red earth swept smooth by the prevailing winds. Mound-like hillocks, protected by pili grass ( Heteropogon contortus), clearly indicate that at least eight feet of earth, and probably more, has been blown off the top of the island. Much of this material settles amongst the rocks on the lower slopes form- ing smill fertile areas, but a large quantity is blown out to sea. As a collecting ground for plants Kahoolawe has little to offer, but to any one interested in the many factors at work changing the character of an indigenous flora there is much of interest. To within recent times this island has been overstocked with various sorts of domestic animals and wild goats. The present lessee has done all that is possible to diminish the number of goats, and the *The members of the expedition consisted of Mr. J. F. G. Stokes, Dr. C. M. Cooke and C. N. Forbes, of the Museum staff; Dr. H. A. Pilsbry of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, Mr. Ebenezer P. Low, lessee of the island, and Rey. Henry P. Judd of Kahului, Maui. [85] 3 4 Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe. small flock of sheep (now reduced to about 300) is to be rapidly disposed of. During a recent long period of unusually dry years these comparatively small flocks have been able to prevent any new vegetation from gaining a hold, and have also greatly retarded the growth of the few trees that there are. Goats cause con- siderable harm by girdling the keawe ( Prosopis juliflora), a tree introduced here about fifteen years ago and spread by horses and mules. The prevailing shrub on the island is tree tobacco ( Vicotiana glauca), a naturalized plant, not now very common on the other islands. It grows quite plentifully on the rocky slopes and on the sides of the craters, in fact nearly everywhere except on the barren, wind-swept regions, and owes its existence to the fact that it is very rarely if ever touched by animals. ‘The southern and east- ern slopes are fairly well covered with (at this season) dried up pili grass ( Heleropogon contortus). In the mouths of the gulches are to be found small groves of keawe (Prosopis juliflora ) which are slowly extending upward. A few wiliwili trees (A7ythrina monosperma) occurring here and there, mainly on the sides of gulches, are the sole survivals of what native forest might have existed on the island in former times. Old visitors to the island inform me that within the last twenty-five years at least they have seen the following shrubs on the island: puu keawe ( Cyathodes Tametametae), aalii ( Dodonaea viscosa), akoko (Euphorbia multiformis var.*), ohe (Reynoldsia sandwicensts), and naio (JZyoporum sandwicense). ‘The native names were given, the names in parentheses being my own substi- tution. From this I should judge that Santalum ellipticum, sev- eral varieties of W7kstroemia, Pandanus odoratissimus, perhaps scrub varieties of Jetrosideros polymorpha and other dry land plants occurring at low elevations, must have been plentiful at one time. NVeraudia kahoolawensis, recorded by Hillebrand3 as the only specialty from the island, was not observed by any member of the party. In former times dry land taro, sweet potatoes and bananas were cultivated on the island, according to an old native. During a second visit Mr. Stokes has since collected two small speci- mens of /. multiformis at Kaunapou Bay. 3Hillebrand, W. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. pp. 416. [86] Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe. 5 On account of the unusually long period of drought the num- ber of plants observed was very small, and the specimens collected of poor quality. Mr. Low, the lessee of the island, informs me that after heavy rains many annual grasses and weeds spring up, so perhaps the complete number of plants of the island should be three or more times what is given below. However, any one familiar with Hawaiian vegetation should gain a fairly good idea of the flora from the following list of plants actually observed. As far as possible I have tried to use the latest accepted name for the plants in the enumeration, but have sometimes failed for lack of proper references. Where different I have given the name used in Hillebrand’s Flora in italic. FILICES. Doryopteris decipiens (Hk.) J. Sm. Pteris decipiens Hook. Rather rare, growing under ledges and in the shade of rocks. GRAMINEAE, Cenchrus echinatus L. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Heteropogon contortus Roem & Sch. The most abundant plant on the island. AMARYLLIDACEAE. Agave americana L. About seven plants observed, which were probably planted at some time. CHENOPODIACEAE. Chenopodium sp. Seedlings, material not sufficient for determination. NYCTAGINACEAE. Boerhavia diffusa L. Not uncommon in various parts of the island, its somewhat enlarged roots probably aiding it to withstand the drought. [87] 6 Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe. PORTULACACEAE. Portulaca lutea Sol. Portulaca sclerocarpa Gray. This plant is mentioned by Hillebrand as being collected by Lydgate on the island. PAPAVERACEAE. Argemone mexicana L. Three plants were observed on the eastern pali. CAPP ARI DAC HAE: Capparis sandwichiana DC. Occurs in a few places on low cliffs of the west side. LEGUMINOSAE. Acacia Farnesiana Willd. Not common. Erythrina monosperma Gaud. The sole remaining indigenous tree. Meiobomia triflora (1l.) Ktz. Desmodium triflorum DC. Mimosa pudica L. Prosopis juliflora DC. Small groves at the mouths of gullies. Introduced about fifteen years ago, and spread by horses and mules. ‘The pods are one of the most important live stock foods on these islands. Another unidentified leguminous plant was also collected. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Tribulus cistoides L. EKUPHORBIACEAE. Euphorbia pilulifera L. Euphorbia thymifolia L. STERCULIACEAE. Waltheria americana L. [88] Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe. a MALVACEAE. Abutilon incanum G. Don. Gossypium tomentosum Nutt. There is a small area of this plant on the southwest side near the shore. CACTANCH Ee Opuntia tuna Mill. Perhaps a dozen plants seen on the island. CONVOLVULACEARK,. Ipomoea palmata Forsk. Ipomoea pentaphylla Roem & Sch., var. trichosperma. This plant, which has large tuberous roots, is said to be quite conspicuous after the rains. Ipomoea pentaphylla Jack. Ipomoea pes-caprae (l.) Sw. A few seedlings of this species were observed ona sandy beach. VERBENACEAE. Lantana camara L. A few plants were observed by Mr. Stokes. SOLANACEAE. Lycium sandwicense Gray. A few specimens amongst rocks near the shore. Nicotiana glauca R. Grah. The prevailing shrub on the island. COMPOSITAE. Acanthospermum brasilum Schrank. Sonchus oleraceus L. On hillocks of the wind-swept plain there is another composite not yet identified. This species also occurs on Maui. There is a striking lack of shore plants; these salty individuals which usually escape goats and sheep on the other islands are completely consumed here, at least during the recent long drought. [89] 8 Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe. Much drift material is washed on the shores of bays on the north and east coasts, presumably from Maui, although one box bore a label from Kailua, Hawaii. ‘The following seeds and fruits were picked up on the beach: Acacia Farnesiana Willd. Pods containing seeds capable of germination. Aleurites moluccana Willd. Many nuts seen, none found capable of germination. Calophyllum inophyllum L. Ipomoea. Three species, all capable of germination. Mangifera indica L. Various sized fruits, incapable of germination. Nicotiana glauca R. Grah. Capsule containing seeds, perhaps washed or blown down from the cliffs above. Mucuna gigantea DC. Seeds capable of germination. Pandanus odoratissimus L. Keys rather numerous. Terminalia catappa L. Capable of germination. Xanthium strumarium lL, var. echinatum. Several much worn capsules, none containing seeds. Three undetermined seeds, perhaps capable of germination, and a fresh stem of Plumeria. [Ipomoea pes-caprae was the only plant seen growing on the beach which could be said to be derived from any of these stranded seeds. Most new arrivals are brought to the islands by other means. Many birds, as larks, minas, pigeons, plover, and various sea birds were observed at various times in different localities over [90] Notes on the Flora of Molokini. the island. Mr. Maiki, the caretaker, tells me that with his son he has shot many pigeons which had corn in their crops, and hence, probably had flown across the channel from Kula, Maui. Under a more favorable period of weather conditions Wcotiana glauca and Prosopis juliflora are probably the only two woody plants whose spread could be noticed. The former will eventually spread over a much greater area than at present, especially on the rocky slopes. Prosopis juliflora will spread up the gulches, provided there are horses or mules to carry the seed during the fruiting season. MOLOKINI is a small crescent-shaped island lying midway in the channel between Maui and Kahoolawe. It is the eroded remnant of an old tufa cone, somewhat comparable to Koko crater on Oahu. The greatest elevation is 160 feet, the length along the ridge being about r1ooo feet. The inner slopes of the crescent have an angle of 32.25 degrees, the outer edge being a nearly vertical cliff of 73.30 degrees. The only flat area consists of a small space about twelve feet wide and fifteen feet long. Since 1911 an intermittent flashlight has been established on the island. There is no place where floating seeds could by any means become established, and all plants must be carried to the island by other means. Land birds occasionally visit the island, one member of the expedition observing a lark. The following plants were observed. All are what one might expect to find in such a locality. They form a fairly good vegetable covering over the island. PILICHS: Doryopteris decipiens (Hk.) J. Sm. Pteris decipiens Hook. GRAMINEAE. Heteropogon contortus Roem & Sch. CYPERACEKAKE. Cyperus, sp. NYCTAGINACEAE. Boerhavia diffusa L. [91] IO Notes on the Flora of Molokinz. PORTULACACEAE. Portulaca lutea Sol. Portulaca oleracea L,. Portulaca sclerocarpa Gray. LEGUMINOSAE. Meibomia uncinata (Jacq. ) Ktz. Desmodium uncinatum DC. ZVGOPHYULACHK AE. Tribulus cistoides L. MALVACEAE. Sida fallax Walp. i STERCULIACEAE: Waltheria americana L. CONVOLVULACEAE. Jacquemontia sandwicensis Gray. VERBENACEKAHE. Lantana camara JL. SOLANACEAE. Lycium sandwicense Gray. COMPOSITAE. Lipochaeta lavarum (Gaud.) DC. [92] “PULIST IY} WO WAYL} SaJOU PTIY YIM WIOFUOD OF pasuvyd Udaq sey, SUT][JNO FITS oy} pure ‘suorztsod ayeutrxoidde tay} Ul poppe a1v S19ze1O OIL, +d YWOTVH AVG S NOdYNV¥ = 4d INNA Y \\ T] q Av) { s "Wy, tv & @ FMV 700 HY = WNT os i ni My" ! Fe % Go i qd “AIAINS JUSULUIAAOL) ULOIZ popIduros aMvlooyey jo dey IS \\\ D « Wo Vv fansne yssay uiremey « hyd PuSodoy 4) 000% fanunc wie Ion # Qui} prOH al “VI TVX 2. Inside slopes of north crater showing growth of tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca). 3. Unique example of erosion on the barren wind-swept plains of the up- lands. The ring of stones is the bottom of a former imu or underground baking oven of the old natives. 4. Lower slopes, showing growth of pili grass (Heteropogon contortus ) and keawe (Prosopis Julifiora) in the mouth of a gully. . Landing at Kahoolawe, showing pili grass on the lower slopes and a > ’ D> > few plants of keawe and Opuntia tuna. 6. Beach at Kanapou Bay where much wreckage and many plant seeds are washed ashore. View also shows the high cliffs which are characteristic of this portion of the island, and which are practically barren of vegetation. HIM p[e rmpreq Aq AdArns urory ruTyxoroyy jo dv L TOTS] W AVG WN \\\ i) yn Wilf su tas \\ 1 VS ‘on “Y KM Y/Y ZA yal 7 ZA \ e ii qT, py a : Ss = AU = \S “Ot —= \\ ae An Enumeration of Niihau Plants. By CHARLES N. FORBES. APRIL, 1913. So LITTLE is known about the flora of the island of Niihau that it was thought that an enumeration of the plants known to occur there might be of some interest. As far as known Lay and Collie sometime between 1826 and 1827, Jules Remy between 1851 and 1855, and Dr. Wm. T. Brigham in 1865, are the only botanists who have visited this island. ‘The only record of these collections is the mention of a few peculiar indigenous species in Mann’s Enumeration, and in Hillebrand’s Flora;' and it is doubtful if many of the commoner introduced species were collected. During the month of January, to12, Mr. J. F. G. Stokes of this Museum had the rare privilege of visiting the island, and most of the plants in the following enumeration are based on his collec- tion. A few weeks later Mr. Stokes’ native guide, Mr. Kalua Keale, made a collection from the only small area which they had not previously visited, so the list is probably fairly complete for the island. Plants not observed by Mr. Stokes have probably become extinct, or at least very rare. Niihau is an irregularly shaped island lying 15 miles west of Kauai, and has an area of 73 square miles, with an elevation of 1304 feet for its highest point. About one-third consists of vol- canic table land, this being surrounded on all but the eastern side by a low rolling plain composed of both volcanic and coral rock. The northern end is a low plain of volcanic material, fringed in the proximity of the sea with dunes of coralsand. Where these two soils meet the herbage has a brighter hue, which Mr. Stokes considers as due to an improved condition of the lava soil from the addition of lime. Along the eastern coast, to the south of Kii, dunes ™H. Mann, Enumeration of Hawaiian Plants, Proc. American Acad., July, 1867. W. Hillebrand, Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, 1888. I have not had access to a copy of Hooker and Arnott Botany of Capt. Beechey’s Voyage of the Blossom, in which Lay and Collie’s collection is described. 77 have not had the opportunity to investigate this, but would consider that it was probably due to there being more available moisture in the soil at this particular locality. [99] 7 OCCASIONAL PAPERS B. P. B. M., VOL. V, No. 3—2. 18 An Enumeration of Nithau Plants. have in places dammed up the surface drainage. Onthe same coast, north of Poleho, the sand has blown inland for about half a mile. The plateau is also of volcanic material. ‘The highest points are on the northern and northeastern boundaries, where the vertical cliffs reach 1304 feet at Paniau. From here the ground slopes down- ward to the south and west on a somewhat even grade, interrupted by several deep gorges, and by the high and prominent cone of Kaeo. The cliffs on the south are about 20 feet high. Kaali, the north cliff of the plateau, is rather moist, and there is a small spring at about the 800 foot elevation which is utilized as a water supply for the lowlands. It was here that Mr. Stokes collected most of his plants. The cliffs onthe east were very dry and barren, there being a sparse growth of shrubbery on the talus slope, however. Between the west coast and the plateau there is a low cliff of lime sandstone. The plain south of the plateau is composed of coral sand and sandstone, with an undulating volcanic belt near and parallel to the west coast. It has a low elevation and is fre- quently under water. Sand dunes and coral sandstone follow around the east and west coasts of this part. The southern point of the island consists of an eroded volcanic cone, reaching a height of 600 feet, which viewed from the southern end of the plateau over the low plain has the appearance of another island. There are periods of very little rainfall, and the conditions affecting the flora are somewhat analogous to those of Kahoolawe described in another paper. Most of the available land is now used as pasturage for sheep and horses, as it has been for a great many years. ‘The island was formerly overrun with goats, but these have been completely exterminated within recent years. Mr. Stokes reported that most of the island, especially on the top, was covered with Manienie (Cyzodon dactylon Pers.). Near the southern end there are swamp-like areas where various species of cyperus occur, including C. /aevigatus, from which the old natives made their famous mats. Most of Mr. Stokes’ specimens were collected at Kaali on the western cliffs of the tableland, a few on the valley sides, and an interesting Awphorbia of the Alultiformis group near the beach. ‘This latter plant differs so strikingly from other members of the group that I have proposed it as a new species. The flora of Niihau, like that of all the islands, has under- gone great changes since the first botanist visited the group, [ 100 } An Enumeration of Nithau Plants. 19 changes which are the direct result of man’s industry and civiliza- tion. When Dr. Brigham first visited the island there was a fair covering of native scrub plants over the greater part of the top of the island. Old inhabitants report a considerable area of bastard sandalwood (‘Zyoporum sandwicense (A. DC.) A. Gray), the trees being perhaps twenty feet high. Now only a few sticks of dead wood and roots remain to prove the truth of these statements. At that time a small patch of Manienie (Cynodon dactylon Pers.) was being tended with considerable care in the yard of the Sinclairs. Now this grass forms the main pasturage for the valuable flock of sheep. ‘The areas of Cyperus laevigatus which used to be tended with some care are being crowded out by another species, as well as by sheep, except where Mr. Robinson has protected it by fenc- ing as of historical interest. A great many of the plants which could have been collected by Lay and Collie probably do not occur on the island at the present time, while the number of naturalized plants has probably increased in as great or greater proportion. Of the plants in the following list, 25 are peculiar to the Hawaiian group; 39 are indigenous to the group but also occur elsewhere; 10 may be considered of aboriginal introduction to the group; 37 were introduced and naturalized prior to 1886, and 4 have become naturalized since 1886. Schiedea amplexicaulis and Luphorbia Stokestt are probably peculiar to Nithau, but may be expected to occur on Kauai. Of the naturalized plants many have probably arrived on Niihau within comparatively recent years, as, for instance, Batis maritima, which prior to 1886 was only known from a small area near Hono- lulu, has now spread all over the group. As I have not had the privilege of visiting Niihau, I wish to thank Dr. Brigham and Mr. Stokes for information concerning the physical features and floral aspects of the island, and for help in correcting the proof. FILICALES. Adiantum capillus veneris L. Ceropteris calomelanus (L.) Und. Dryopteris, sp. Sterile fronds only; probably DY. ¢vuncata (Poir.) O. Ktz. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) oe IOI | 20 An Enumeration of Nithau Plants. LYVCOPODIAL HS: Psilotum nudum (1L.) Griesb. Psilotum trigetrum Sw. PANDANACEAE. Pandanus tectorius Sol. Pandanus odoratissimus Vy. One tree observed by Mr. Stokes. GRAMINEAE. Capriola dactylon (\.) Ktz. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beuy. Chaetochloa verticillata (1.) Scribn. Panicum Beecheyi Hk. & Arn. Said to have been collected by Lay and Collie. Not in the Bishop Museum herbarium. Panicum nephelophilum Gaud., var. vevophylum ? Panicum pruriens Trin. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. Saccharum officinarum L. Dr. Brigham remembers seeing the native sugar cane growing in coral caves on the lowlands. It was not observed by Mr. Stokes. CY PE RACH Ain: Cyperus caricifolius Hk. & Arn. Cyperus cymosa R. Br. These two species were collected by Lay and Collie. ‘There are no authentic specimens in the Museum herbarium. Cyperus laevigatus L. Cyperus pennatus Lam. Cyperus, sp. Only leaves collected. Cyperus trachysanthus Hk. & Arn. Cyperus polystachys Rottb. Scirpus lacustris L. [102] An Enumeration of Nithau Plants. PALMACEAKE. Cocos nucifera L. Observed by Mr. Stokes, but not collected. DIOSCOREACEAE. Dioscorea sativa L. PIPERACEAE. Peperomia, sp. BATIDACEAE. Batis maritima L. MORACEAE. Artocarpus incisa Forst. Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. CHENOPODIACEAE. Chenopodium album L,. Chenopodium sandwicheum Mog. AMARANTACEAE. Nototrichium sandwicense (A. Gray) Hillebr. NYCTAGINACEAE. Boerhavia diffusa 1. Boerhavia tetrandra Forst. FICOIDEAE. Sesuvium portulacastrum L. CAROPHYLLACEAE. Schiedea amplexicaulis Mann. Collected by Remy; not in the Museum herbarium. MENISPERMACEAE. Cocculus Ferrandianus Gaud. [103 ] 21 22 An Enumeration of Niithau Plants. LAURACEAE. Cassytha filiformis L. PAPAVERACEAE. Atgemone mexicana JL. CRUCIFERAE. Coronopus didymus (\.) J. E. Smith. CAP PARTD AGE aun. Capparis sandwichiana DC. Cleome sandwicensis Gray. Recorded in Mann’s Flora ;3 not-observed by Mr. Stokes. LEGUMINOSAE. Abrus precatorius L. Acacia Farnesiana Willd. Observed but not collected by Mr. Stokes. Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Flem. Canavalia galeata Gaud., var. pubescens Hk. & Arn. Cassia occidentalis L. Erythrina monosperma Gaud. Indigofera anil L. Meibomia triflora (1.) Ktz. Desmodium triflorum DC. Meibomia uncinata (Jacq. ) Ktz. Desmodium uncinatum DC. Prosopis juliflora DC. Sophora tomentosa Hk. & Arn. Not in collection. Sesbania grandiflora (1. ) Pers. Cracea purpurea L. Tephrosia piscatoria Pers. OXALIDACHAE. Oxalis corniculata L. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Tribulus cistoides L. 3Horace Mann. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Communications Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. 1871. [104 ] An Enumeration of Nithau Plants. ae MELIACEAE. Melia azedarach L,. EUPHORBIACEAE. Euphorbia celastroides Bois. Euphorbia geniculata Ortega. Euphorbia peplus L. Euphorbia pilulifera L. Euphorbia Stokesii, sp. nov. (See page 27.) SAPINDACEAE. Cardiospermum microcarpum H. B. K. Cardiospermum halicacabum Yj. Dodonaea viscosa lL. MALVACEAE. Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby. Although one of the most common naturalized plants all over the group it has not been recorded before. A. z¢udicum is also naturalized on the group. Abutilon incanum G. Don. Gossypium tomentosum Nutt. Malvastrum tricuspidatum A. Gray. Paritium tiliaceum St. Hil. Sida fallax Walp. Sida rhombifolia L. Thespesia tilifolia St. Hil. STERCULIACEAE. Waltheria americana L. CACTACHARE. Opuntia tuna Mill. ARALIACEAE. Reynoldsia sandwicensis A. Gray. UMBELLIFERAE. Hydrocotyle verticillata Thnb. PRIMULACEAE. Lysimachia spathulata B. & H. Collected by Remy; not seen by Stokes. [105] 24 An Enumeration of Nithau Plants. PLUMBAGINACEAE. Plumbago zeylanica L. SAPOTACEAE. Chrysophyllum polynesicum Hillebr. ASCLEPIADACEAE. ‘Asclepias curassavica L. CONVOLVULACEAE. Ipomoea batatus (L.) Lam. Ipomoea insularis Steud. Ipomoea pentaphylla Jack. Ipomoea pes-caprae Sw. Ipomoea tuberculata Roem & Sch., var. ¢richosperma. Jacquemontia sandwicensis A. Gray. HYDROPHYLLACEAR. Nama sandwicensis A. Gray. BORAGINACEAE. Heliotropium anomalum Hk. & Arn. Heliotropium curassavicum L. Vitex trifolia L. VERBENACEAHE. Verbena bonariensis L. Priva aspera H. B. & K. PABA A, Plectranthus australis R. Br. Plectranthus parviflorus Willd. Another plant belonging to this family not yet sufficiently identified. SOLANACEAE. Lycium sandwicense A. Gray. Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Nicotiana tabacum L. Solanum nigrum L. [ 106 | An Enumeration of Nithau Plants. 25 MYOPORACEAE. Myoporum sandwicense (A. DC.) A. Gray. RUBIACEAE. Morinda citrifolia L. LOBELIOIDEAE. Brighamia insignis A. Gray. Mr. Stokes observed on inaccessible cliffs. The plant is known from Kauai, Molokaiand Lanai, but notas yet from the other islands. Delissea undulata Gaud. Brigham in herbarium of Bishop Museum; not seen by Mr. Stokes. Dr. Brigham says that this is the only /ode/ia that he saw on the island, and that it was more plentiful over the area where it occurred than perhaps any other lobeliaceous plant occurring in an equal area on the group. Lobelia neriifolia Gray, var. Field experience is showing this to be a variable species; the present specimen collected by Mr. Stokes may prove to be a dis- tinct variety. GOODENIACEAE. Scaevola Koenigii Vahl. Scaevola coriacea Nutt. Collected by Remy; not seen by Stokes. COMPOSITAE. Ageratum conyzoides L. Artemisia australis Less. Bidens pilosa L. Campylotheca micrantha (Gaud.) Cassin. Erigeron albidum A. Gray. Lipochaeta lobata DC. Lipochaeta succulenta DC. Vernonia cinerea (1,.) Less. Sonchus oleraceus L,. [107] 26 An Enumeration of Nithau Plants. Euphorbia Stokesii, sp. nov. Frutex 6 dm. altus; foliis oppositis, obovatis, turbinatis vel emarginatis, carnosis, glabris, 4.2-4 cm. longis, 2.6 cm. latis, cum petiolis 5 mm. longis; stipulis membraceis. Axillares, solitari cum pedicellis 1.3-1.5 cm. longis; involucro campanulato, glabro, 2 mm. longo, cum 5 glandulis latioris quam altioris; lobis triangularis, tridenticulatis; staminodibus exsertis, bracteolis divisis et fimbris. Capsula glabra, 3 mm. longa; seminibus ovoidis, tetra- gonis, scorbiculatis, cinereis. Type locality, near the beach at Kii, Niithau, H.I. J. F.G. Stokes. January, 1912. A low prostrate shrub 6 dm. high; with thick nodose branches, sub-herbaceous at the ends. Leaves opposite, obovate, often emarginate or turbinate, rather fleshy, glabrous, bluish green above, paler beneath, 4.2-4 cm. long, 2.6 cm. wide; with petioles 5 mm. long. Stipules low rounded, membraneous. Flowers axil- lary, single, on pedicels 1.3-1.5 cm. long. Involucre campanulate, 2mm. long, glabrate; throat pubescent; glands 5, broader than high; lobes triangular with three minute teeth. Staminiphores exserted; bractlets about one-half the length of the staminiphore, split and fimbriate. Stylesshort. Capsule glabrous, 3 mm. long, on a short stalk. Seeds ovoid, tetragonous, scrobiculate, ash- colored. This plant can be readily distinguished from all other species of the mzltiformts group of these islands by the character of its very different leaves. ‘They are relatively much wider and more fleshy than those of other members of the group. [ 108 } 1. Euphorbia Stokesii Forbes. 2. Close view of the cliffs near Kaali at the water hole where many of the cliff plants were collected. 3. Distant view of the table land looking from Kii toward Kaali. ‘PULIST 94} JO IOUAO ay} UOSUIqOY “1 Aq SoY0IG “TIAL PostuAn;F stom SAITITBIOT JO SAUTVU aT{}] PUR ‘saJOM SAYOS “IJ WOIF poppe os” SOALT Of} ‘suiay ‘WW °S Aq Aaains utory papidmoo neyn jo dew “V woot a] NuOYyAUL Ney oueuey Kaunucpov « .S a 2 e = ° x x aS ““ : & ° > g a ¢ > f 2 i WN a = 4 alll all N/ fpr sc = ’ FS wy di Mi Mh i with gp} Nanna = “a ‘ monastery zy 3 \ g da war a Rei \ a \ eo. Kalani a vi \\ \\ et PAN ay RS +s 4 a r vat ‘i \, vi “= \ ’ 2 i vey a Me g Sa ) = Pe? = o2 2 Se MW $ \ i= vw 2 8 . S {: Mil wT “ re) sit “ = s a Bi n Mill % \ if “yy o ee C7 “ Taree a “Sat! Sa mil ; Thy Ng. rae it % Y III \ 7 \ 4 1 % ; yh % i ae ne | z iiyft Ut t! Gy sa 7 were furnished Mr. Stokes by Mr. Robinson the owner of the island. 4. Map of Niihau compiled from survey by S. M. Kerns; the lakes are added from Mr. Stokes’ notes, and the names of localities Ae = ‘= 3 ‘ao ° =~ ‘a - = ; s 3S Ky Ne Xe Safe ) 4 vn se : eh, faa) = Say? a © = vag z _ ” = cy) 2 py ca 7 I= Pa z =e] a 0 a = ¢ eR % > oe os fo 2) gKalaeloa | Won ¢ 2 ao € WOse nee WES ie | x o a7 Sars ee Ls 55 A Zz : en > = = . 3 3 = 2 = 4 £ s 2 . E a = PUBLICATIONS OF THE Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. MEMOIRS. (Quarto.) Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1899-1903. Vol. II. Nos. 1-4. 1906-1900. Vol. III. Ka Hana Kapa: The Making of Bark-Cloth in Hawaii. By William T. Brigham. 1911. Complete volume. OCCASIONAL PAPERS. (Octavo.) Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1898-1902. (No. x out of print.) Vol. II. Nos. 1-5. 1903-1907. Vol. III. Nos. 1-2. 1907- ---- (Volume incomplete.) Vol. IV. Nos. 1-5. 31906-1rog1rI. Vol, V.= No. 1. New Hawaiian Plants, III. By. Charles N. Forbes. — Preliminary Observations Concerning the Plant Invasion on Some Lava Flows of Mauna Loa, Hawaii. By Charles N. Forbes. 1912. No. 2. Director’s Report for r1911.—The New Labe! tatory.—Another Curved Adze: By Wm. T. Brigham. IgQr2. No. 3. Notes on the Flora of Rahioolwwe and Molo- kini. By Charles N. Forbes.—An Enumeration of Niihau Plants. By Charles N. Forbes. 1913. A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. (Oblong octavo.) 1903. Index to Abraham Fornander’s ‘‘Polynesian Race.’’ (Octavo.) By John F. G. Stokes. i909. A detailed list, with prices, will be mailed to any address on application:to the Director. j j ‘5 J a , ie Ba ih Pile Fury hee Ee RE Fe ae eas Ay ‘ } is whet . ¥ 4 y ee y fers ‘ A be oer ¢ . ADA) Voie Pv y y 7 j r oa py "e MI JISEU Pingu , een a neem . j ban nb? yas a Rah) pa we / NI. 5 f $ é } ae ff ve ves the ‘ ‘ Ay > cA 2 t BY j } ¢ x - ’ > Pa ¥ } rate aera ; vl sentir ye te ve y ve Oh , HE | atl i i 7 { é D Veg ‘ for I912. aah -* 7 Ca ue Dat Xe C253 fF we oh eae : ee ie aes BOARD OF TRUSTEES ALBERT F. Jupp - - - - - - President BG BAXON EBISHOR.G 1) Gi Og TS oe Nees Peat ent J. M. DowsEtTr - - - - - - ‘Treasurer ALFRED W. CARTER. - 5 - . - - - Secretary HENRY Hotmes, SamuEL M. DAMON, WILLIAM O. SMITH MUSEUM STAFF WiLLiAM T. BricgHam, Sc.D. (Columbia) - ©- © Director WitiiaAM H. Dari, PH.D. - Honorary Curator of Mollusca’ Joun F.G. Stokes - - Curator of Polynesian Ethnology C. MONTAGUE COOKE, Pir.D. (Yale) - Curator of Pulmonata Orro H. Swezey - - Honorary Curator of Entomology CHaRTES:N. FoRBES +) 4") =.=.) ‘Curator of Botany Joun W. THomMPSON -.-). .- - Artist and Modeler Miss°Bo Be HiGGiney o.0'¢ cu et aS - Librarian JoHN J. GREENE - - - - - - \ Printer AUGUST PERRY S é -. Assistant Printer EXHIBITION STAFF Mrs. HELEN M. HELVIE - °- -. - Superintendent Joun LuNG CHUNG, ) THOMAS KEOLANUI, Pe esi mirc dey ety et Odes PATOL JOHN PENCHULA, ) OCEASIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY VoL. V.— No. 4. Director's Report for Ig12. HONOLULU, H. I. BisHoep MusEumM PRESS. IQI3. To the Trustees of the Bernice Poe Bishop Museum. Sirs:—In accordance with the rules adopted by the Trustees on December 15, 1910, I submit my Annual Report on the pres- ent condition of this Museum and the work done in the various departments during the year 1912. WILLIAM T. BRIGHAM, Director of the Museum. Honolulu, March 7, 1913. Ordered printed April 18, 1913. Rob OR i. T HAS been well said by a wise man of the East that we know not our place until we look at it from afar. During most of the year 1912 the Director of this Museum has been perhaps as far from the scene of his daily labor as is possible on this planet, and perhaps the perspective had more in it than the microscopic view. Be it as it may, he returns with a broader view of the Bishop Museum than he had before, and with thanks to the Trustees who enabled him to enjoy that view. As he bor- rowed the eyes of many others engaged in work similar to his own in other parts of the earth, while in their pleasant company on the flat plains of Chicago, in the frosty atmosphere of Boston, in the rush and hurry of New York, in the budding Spring of Washing- ton, in the conservatism of London, the academic groves of Oxford and Cambridge, the quaint stillness of Holland that seems almost like a dream, the granite rocks and primeval forest of Stockholm, the new pastures of St. Petersburg and Moskow and Budapest, the great wisdom of Vienna, the beautiful Art of Dresden, the bookish atmosphere of Leipzig and Frankfurt am Main, the growing mas- tership of Berlin, the most modern of museums under shadow of the spires of Cologne cathedral, the oceanic spoils of Monaco, the long familiar haunts of Rome and Naples, the revivified Cairo, Columbo, the Straits Settlement that has become Singapore, the mysterious Java with its great Garden of Buitenzorg and its long buried Budd- histic ruins, the new Port Darwin with memories of the Master, Thursday Island and the Barrier Reef with memories of Cook, the young and yet well-grown museunis of the Colonies, the Alps of the southern hemispere around Mt. Cook, on to the once cannibal islands of Fiji—now a prosperous colony of our own race—in these places [115] 3 4 Director's Annual Report and many others the Bishop Museum was already known, and in all a kindly feeling was shown for the little museum in Honolulu; and there were those who showed its publications as valued posses- sions, and helped the Director to prize more highly the little work- shop in the midst of the Great Ocean where he had at times been aweary and feeling, if not asking, guz bono ? And now as the reports of the Curators of the Museum of the work that has been going on there all the while come to him for examination and comment, he cannot but feel that the munificent and wise foundation of Charles Reed Bishop has not been in vain, it has not produced a merely temporary show. ‘The work goes on: it is not merely a personal one but one that fits in and is wanted in the company of those who are doing their best in the museums of the world. ‘The Bishop Museum has its place among these many institutions and seems to be welcomed as a useful brother. Our printery has at last received its new furniture and is in most satisfactory order. This report will be the first issue from the renovated office. The Annual Report for rg11 was issued during this year but before the arrival of the new apparatus. Beyond that the work has been internal—notices, letterheads, labels, address ecards and the many small but very important needs of a working museum; for this reason the assistant, Mr. A. Perry, has been tem- porarily transferred to the library where he has been very useful. For the library our busy Librarian Miss E. B. Higgins reports a long and excellent list of accessions, which will be found later in the report, but an abstract of their number may be given here: Bomidboolesrs ccaeae seca euas wie ie a oh Sale Meena 202 Books in paper COvers ------ ---- +--+ eee se eoees 2026 Totalll te Ce vie Glectersre: cyetelevesore kere srcyers ieistavetisie cin erciatens 2228 Exchanges received bound--.-.........-..-.---- 9 Exchanges received in paper covers ---...-..--- 903-912 By purchase and gift, bound..-................ 193 By purchase and gift, unbound .............-.-. 1123 1316 AO balk “ovate cusreversxereieloieye tops isveucne ole eto onss sYeyereeteyereneteneserie 2228 Plates, illustrations, photographs.......-.-...+-+.+-+-- 260 [116] Director's Annual Report. 5 Our binding is so expensive that it may prove good economy to do our own binding. During the year we had bound 72 vol- umes of many sizes, but mostly bound in durable buckram; 213 volumes are ready for binding but are awaiting information as to cost at the large libraries and museums. ‘The large libraries gen- erally and the museums frequently have their own binderies, but our information is not complete enough to make a report at present. As will be seen our exchanges come in parts, and to be preserved and used must be bound. During his absence the Director, under authorization of the Trustees, made arrangements not only for some additional ex- changes, but also for completing our sets of desirable publications. Many of the old societies recognize the importance of a reference library for the use of scientists and explorers passing through our port, and are endeavoring to complete our sets as old and rare parts may be found. I have often been asked how our own publications can best be bound for use, and I have advised libraries to bind each of the quarto memoirs separately for con- venience in handling—a course followed by many museums that exchange with us, and we shall endeavor to make this course more practicable by turnishing an index to each complete part (as we have already done in several cases), as well as to the entire volume. The modeler, Mr. J. W. Thompson, has made many casts of fish during the year and also many casts of rare specimens bcr- rowed for the purpose. I found no work during my journey so artistic as his. In almost every case where casting is used it was quite unnecessary to put ‘‘cast’’ on the label. During the Director’s absence Mr. J. F. G. Stokes was Acting Director; as Curator of Polynesian Ethnology he reports that while there were no large collections added to the Museum either by gift or purchase, there were still considerable accessions, among the [117] Te FIG. FIG. 2. ANCIENT HAWAIIAN FIGURE. ee HIG. 3. Director's Annual Report. 9 more noteworthy collections from Mr. George P. Cooke of Molo- kai, and Dr. W. M. Kerr, U.S. N. Of individual specimens, a wooden image found in Hilo (Figs. 1-3) and given by Mrs. S. W. Wilcox of Kauai; a kapa from Niué (Fig. 4) given by Mr. S. Percy Smith of New Zealand; three New Guinea feather head ornaments by Mr. F. Muir of Honolulu; a Fijian club (Fig. 5) given to the Director by Sir Everard im Thurn, formerly governor of Fiji; and a Melanesian adze (Fig. 6), also given to the Director by Mr. J. Edge-Partington, both of these latter specimens turned over to the Museum by rule of the Trustees. Of the purchases, the cast of Taaroa (Tanaloa) by Brucciani; this curiously carved figure was formerly in the cabinet of the London Missionary Society and now by purchase the property of the British Museum; it is the most elaborate of the images that have come to us of Polynesian origin; I may add that I have, by the courtesy of Sir C. H. Read of the British Museum, photographs of all the interesting idols of the Polynesian people in that museum. Of the field work Mr. Stokes reports: ‘‘In January I went to Niihau, through the kindness of Mr. Aubrey Robinson, with the intention of examining the heiau, investigating the report of the existence of petroglyphs at the boat landing at Kili, and collecting plants and shells for the other departments. One heiau was meas- ured and photographed and the sites of two other heiau (?) noted. The results in the case of the petroglyphs were negative. Of plants, 125 sheets were collected, including a new species and a new variety, aud arrangements were made with the Hawaiian Mr. Robinson loaned me to get others from the southern side of the island result- ing in an additional 35 sheets. ‘The fossil beds at Kiekie were carefully gone over and photographs made of the deposits: the shells colle¢ted are mentioned in the report of that department. ‘After leaving Niihau I went to the top of Mount Kahili in Kauai, and made notes on the remains of the ancient fort there, mentioned by Jarves. For aid in this matter thanks are due to [121 } MIDS oS Py Sy PDSD99 41 \S- x) Hf || = lj | \ OU IIS See ee MaAee wy Bad Oo ee WQLAY (i ie el § Aus : jie "e Vi WN aS Dy WA) a NANA FIG. 4. KAPA FROM NIUE. Director's Annual Report. II Mr. J. K. Farley of Koloa who provided me with a conveyance and accompanied me to the beginning of the steeper ascent. In Koloa I visited the sand dunes at Makahuena Point to look for fossil shells, with the result reported by that department. “While on Kauai the collections of the following residents were examined and interesting specimens photographed or bor- rowed: Mrs. V. Knudsen, Mr. E. Knudsen, Mr. Albert Wilcox and the Misses Wilcox, the latter the owners of the Kahlbaum collection. The cast of the large stone covered with petroglyphs FIG. 5. FIJIAN CLUB GIVEN BY SIR EVERARD IM THURN. at Miss M. Damon’s country place at Moanalua Valley was com- pleted and placed in Hawaiian Hall.’’ ‘The renewal of consider- able flooring in the Picture Gallery and elsewhere was rendered necessary by the ravages of termites. Mr. Charles N. Forbes, Curator of Botany, reports: ‘‘ All ma- terial received prior to May, 1912, has been classified, mounted and incorporated into the Herbarium; while most material received since that date has been classified. A large amount of time has been spent in attempting to exterminate the various insect pests which attack the specimens. During the year the whole Herba- rium has been fumigated, once with carbon disulphide and twice with hydrocyanic acid gas, the last being necessary to check an invasion of cigar beetles which did a large amount of damage during my absence on Molokai. In the last few months work was started in poisoning all the specimens with corrosive sublimate. [123] FIG. 6. ADZE GIVEN BY J. EDGE-PARTINGTON. Director's Annual Report. 13 ‘‘Besides the usual short trips on this island, two extended excursions were made to study the flora inthe field. The first was to Mokuleia Valley on the Kaala range of this island, where three weeks were spent. This mountain is of great interest botanically for the reason that its flora is as distinct from the main range of Oahu as is the flora of any separate island of the group. For cour- tesies extended we are especially indebted to Mr. P. M. Pond, whose ranch was my headquarters, and also to Mr. C. C. Pittam my host who made my stay enjoyable in many ways. I also wish to thank Mr. C. J. Austin for permission to explore certain adjacent lands belonging to the Dillinghams of which he had charge. This gentle- man has previously done many kindnesses for my department. ‘The time between June rr and October 3 was occupied in investigating the flora of Molokai. I consider this the easiest, and in many ways one of the most satisfactory islands to cover; although as a whole its flora is not so rich as that of some of the otherislands. Favored with four months of unusually dry weather I encountered none of the hardships or dangers described by some collectors who have visited this island. ‘‘My first base station was at the Molokai Ranch, where Mr. G. P. Cooke aided me in so many ways that it will be impossible to ever show our just appreciation of his kindness. ‘The first trip from here was to the sheep station at Mahana, and from this place the whole western end of the island was covered. The next trips were to mountain houses on the main range above Kalae. I am indebted to Mr. Henry Meyer for permission to collect on the lands of Kalae. After this trips were made over the country adjacent to the ranch, and to the bottom of the settlement trail. We are indebted to the Board of Health through Mr. J. D. McVeigh, the superintendent, for permission to take this last trip. I also wish to thank the Board of Health for their kind offer of a cottage at the settlement. I did not take advantage of this privilege as I presumed that nearly all the representative flora could be obtained [125] 14 Director's Annual Report. in the surrounding region without running the apparently un- necessary risk. While at the ranch Messrs. James Munro and Scott Pratt also helped me in many ways. ‘““The next trip was arranged through the kindness of Mr. James Dunn, and was to Mr. Frank Forster’s mountain house above Kamalo. ‘This was the most satisfactory collecting ground on the island. From here one is able to penetrate into the mountains aboye and below Puu Kolekole in every direction. The Pelekunu trail was followed to the bottom of the valley, while the pali was followed on the right to the highest point, Kamakou, and on the left for quite a distance on the edge of the so-called swamp country. ‘‘After returning for a few days to the ranch, my base station was shifted to Pukoo where Mr. Rexford Hitchcock generously gave me the use of a cottage which made a very comfortable botanical laboratory for the remainder of the trip. The greater number of the ridges and gulches between Kamalo and Halawa were visited from this station in day trips. Judge C. C. Conradt gave me much information about the trails in this vicinity and otherwise added to the pleasure of my stay. Two extended trips were made from this base, the first to Mr. J. F. Brown’s ranch at Halawa, whence the surrounding mountains including Halawa Valley and the ridges on either side were visited. I wish to thank Mr. Brown for his kindness in allowing me to camp on and explore this territory. ‘“The second trip was over the regular trail across the moun- tain into Wailau valley. I employed James Naki as packer and guide in this region. During a short stay we went along the shore pali, up the makai pali of Olokui to the 2500 feet elevation, and up various sub-ridges of the main valley. We then took canoe to Pelekunu where I discharged the guide. Here I tied up with the trip previously taken to the bottom from Kamalo and visited numerous side ridges as well as the small valley to the right of Pelekunu. ‘The return was made by steamer to Kamalo, thence [126] Director's Annual Report. 15 back to Pukoo. Another week was spent here in order to try to get certain plants not in flower earlier in the season, before return- ing to Honolulu by way of Kaunakakai. ‘‘No new exchanges have been arranged owing to the fact that Pacific island material is scarce and difficult to obtain. The additions to the Herbarium are as follows: Wilt, (Ce Vo “NWI GIG, IBER hilo ocoea oSce5c ge5can csauaucDGa. 5 Dr. W. T. Brigham, Papandajan, Java; Mt. Cook, N. Z. 4 Mr. Alfred Butt, Drosera from New Zealand ......... I GL Jee fisislcls Weehg NSiah, hb eapeuodDodee Se eeurboDoceTOrn is Rey. J. M. Wydgate, Kauai .----..........--.....---- 44 Mr. J. F. G. Stokes-.-... 2-22 2 eee eee eects eee cee 125 WG, Tele aKeniles INGhiloe hil Sp oeoen Cooooomanoo mm ae ooeeoae 35 Wire, (G5 I WWyallkelese, Wein zpavol(OyAlaytl oocaen oooouo bondaGoD 4 Mr. J. F. Rock, exchange Hawaiian plants ---.....-.. 3 Philippine plants purchased ---.-........-.--...--...- 953 Specimens COMECEE eer ene rl teme ares eke ie ek Maree eee 4000 qtvereail | ave bélhakensiGota. ce Cgc clo Oxe.6 OCIS GICR RN Tee ner ea Ie 5189 ‘‘Also 63 specimens of Hawaiian woods from the Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry. ‘The Abbe Faurie has made a collection of Hawaiian plants of which some 80 or more so-called species have been described as new, but for the most part the descriptions are so meagre that one cannot come to any decision regarding them without the actual specimens in hand.’’ In the department of Pulmonata Dr. Cooke, the Curator, re- ports the work accomplished as greater than in any previous year. During the year 52,837 shells were catalogued, or an average of over 1000 per week. ‘These are distributed over 4445 catalogue numbers. Of those catalogued 38,662 are fresh and 14,175 fossil material. Of the Thwing collection 12,156 specimens were cata- logued. Of this collection the arboreal shells from the Koolau range remain to be catalogued, and there are probably in the neighborhood of 15,000 to 20,000 specimens. [127] 16 Director's Annual Report. ‘‘Forty-one days were spent in the field by the Curator, during which 35,533 specimens were collected. Of these over 14,000 were fossil. The most important trip was to the island of Molokai, dur- ing which over 14,000 recent shells were collected, and four new deposits of fossil shells were discovered. The next trip of impor- tance was to Kaipapau, Oahu, where besides collecting a number of recent specimens several very remarkable fossil deposits were discovered, in one of which the shells averaged over 700 to the cubic inch of soil.”’ Shells have been received and catalogued as follows: dN s(R Ob gs hioh een emcee Oran co tomo ck aAcoid cance. 2535538 IM(Esoal ofercs One lal IN MSSiblion Seensr coco oana5d 0000 0000 ana 1,860 T. Spalding. ++... -. cece ee cece ee cece ee eee eee eee eee 449 J. S. Emerson ---.-. eee eee eee cece ee eee ce ee cee eee 1,476 Aware Judd ONSITE ICCC IOS Ch nis RCC ICO OS OID Ld 93 Whitney collection, given by Mr. McInerny-.......-. 561 IMiiwahores COC OWINs 65000 odoo De oeooDO Dedcon GDDDOHaGoC 12,156 (Qilavevcsvioouctacosadpoadon aod GbopKo Ubodncod.00 oD God. 709 Adourillies cecioco coo kool alotcMoocOaduooe so otoouno ode 52,837 In the geological department we have received from Chevalier F. A. Perret a lava bomb from Hawaii; Mr. F. B. Dodge, a bomb from Kilauea; from the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, lava cast of banana stump, Hawaii. In other departments: Father Rougier, Fanning Island, plas- tron of tortoise, Christmas Island. Andrew C. Westervelt, Hono- lulu, tail of male lyre-bird; and 5 madreporarian corals, Fiji. Mrs. H. P. Baldwin, Maui, skeletal part of a gymnoblastic hydroid, Hawaiian Islands. By purchase: 10 bird nests, 2 bird skins. Hawaii. In giving below the table of attendance for the past year I have thought it interesting to compare it with that of the two previous years. The number of white visitors constantly *In this lot were contributions from Misses Alice, Martha and Carolene Cooke, Messrs. R. Scudder, R. and W. Hitchcock, W. Mutch, D. Pratt Pod- more, W. P. Alexander, Weedon, R. von Holt, O. P. Emerson, and Charles Me Cooke Guan): [128 ] Director's Annual Report. increases. wa In comparing the Chinese figures with the Japanese it should be remembered that while the number of Japanese on these islands, or for the matter of that in Honolulu and the neighborhood, greatly exceeds that of the Chinese, the proportion of the latter visiting the Museum is proportionately greater. I suppose also that notice should be taken of the constantly decreasing number of Chinese in our population owing to the exclusion and the return to China. The increase in white visi- tors is largely due to the increased tourist travel. Whites. Hawaiian. Portuguese. Chinese. Japanese. Others. NOMOw |= alee 5457 1402 555 1388 2115 185 IGE cocnee 6210 1745 758 1046 1631 202 WGA oosoec 7318 1185 744 1278 1881 175 TABLE OF ATTENDANCE. eee |e : salle 1912. a) | tha x g g zi 5 i Totals. 2 | & re 2 a S Fa = a | S I = = a > ® Sy eee ewelcastee |) osha. | = | — —— |__| —— —— |__| ___|____ Wamuany ess. - 894 98) 115 63 115 14 23 56.5 1,299 February ...... 970 136 56 211 | 2038 5 29 70.2 1,581 Mamchuecectecict 762 153 Tan ie maa eat 23 22 62 1,363 Apulia ace e12| 136 50 90| 141 28 22) 49 1,057 Mayerson conass ss 629 | 102 78 144 127 7 21 52 1,087 AWS ebooossceser 490 | 66 33 | 123 156 20 20| 45 | 888 dinike onoseooo: ane 521 | 76 »| 33 72 | 145 17 210) pate 864 August .......--- | 603 87 57 | 161 133 16 23) db. | 1,057 September ...... | 424 | 113 69 | 69 | 286 12 21 47 973 WCtobermrer =n | 408 83 | 66 69 | 102 s 22 34 | 736 November ....-. [ae | 73 47| 105| 173 10 21| 40 | 822 December ...... 591 62) 45] 52 89 15 21| 40.6 | S54 Totals ........ 7,318 | 1,185 ma | L278 Wines! 11 | 359 48.7 12,581 [129] OCCASIONAL PAPERS B.P.R.M. VOL. V, No. 4.—2. List of Accessions. ETHNOLOGICAL. By Gift. Harry G. Beasley, England. (11,027) Cast of sacred jade hook. New Zealand. Dr. W. T. Brigham, Honolulu. (11,025) Tapa. Samoa. Mrs. W. R. Castle, Honolulu. (11,018-11,023, 11,081) 4 adzes, poi pounder, kapa. Hawaiian Ids. Adze. South Pacific. Dr. C. Montague Cooke, Honolulu. (11,040, I1,067—11,072) Noa stone, bowling stone partly made, 3 adzes, 2 chipping stones. Hawaiian Ids. G. P. Cooke, Molokai. (11,028-11,039) 2 sinkers, 2 bowling stones, 1 hammer, 4 adzes, part of stone mirror, stone drill bit, specimen of coral sandstone. Hawaiian Ids. J. Edge-Partington, England. (11,080) Adze. New Guinea. (Fig. 6.) C. N. Forbes, Honolulu. (11,065-11,066) 2adzes. Hawaiian Ids. Digs AWVGa0 INOS I eraes US) ING (11,059-11064) Arrow. New Guinea. 2 spears. Admiralty Ids. Model of house, rat-trap, flint, steel and tinder-box. Guam. A. M. McBryde, Honolulu. (11,016) Ancient oo. Hawatian Ids. F. Muir, Honolulu. (11,056-11,058) 3 feather head-dresses. New Guinea. M. lL. H. Reynolds, Honolulu. (11,055) Bowling stone. Hawaiian Ids. 18 [130] List of Accessions. 19 S. Percy Smith, New Zealand. (11,024) Papas Nine. (CRis:/4-) Sir Everard im Thurn, England. (125079) ANCIENt cluba. Fiji, (Fig: 5) Andrew C. Westervelt, Honolulu. (11,082-11,083) Flax dress, jade adze. New Zealand. Mrs. S. W. Wilcox, Kauai. (11,0r7)) Wooden idol. Hawaiian Ids. (Figs. 1-3.) By Purchase. Cast of idol Taaroa. Rurutu. (11,026) 4 adzes, 2 poi pounders, 3 grindstones, 2 polishing stones, 2 bowl- ing stones, slingstone, mirror. Oahu. (11,041--50, 11,074-78) Stone throwing club. Hawaii. (CEOS) By Loan. A. Bloxam, New Zealand. (597) Wooden idol. Hawaiian Ids. Bruce Cartwright, Jr., Honolulu. (1594-596) Poi pounder, 2 bed tapas. Hawaiian Ids. G. P. Cooke, Molokai. (1592-593) Corrugated wooden bowl, fishing stone. Molokai. D. Thaanum, Hilo. (1551-555, 571-574) 3 stirrup poi pounders. Kauai. Pestle, bird stone, 3 conical poi pounders. Hawaii. William Wagener, Hawaii. (1576-591) 3 sling stones, bowling stone, 2 stone sinkers. lanai. Stone fish god, 2 stone anchors, 2 lamps, poi pounder, stone ball, tobacco pipe. Hawaii. 2 stone adzes. South Pacific. S. W. Wilcox, Kauai. (L556) Calcite hook for lei palaoa. Kauai. The Misses Wilcox. Kauai. (1557-570) 2 stirrup poi pounders, 1 ring poi pounder, pestle, 2 stone cups, stone sinker, 3 stone drill points, stone gouge, ivory comb, shell and small ivory hooks for lei palaoa. Hawaiian Ids. [131] Director's Annual Report. GEOLOGICAL. By Gift. Hawaiian Volcano Research Association. (17,052) Lava cast, banana stump. Hawaii. F. B. Dodge, Hawaii. (1,053) Lava bomb. Hawaii. baa berret. Naples: (11,054) Lava bomb. Hawaii. OTHER DEPARTMENTS. Father Rougier, Fanning Id. Gift. (ur 073) Ventral shell of tortoise. Christmas Id. Andrew C. Westervelt, Honolulu. Gift. (04734) Lyre-bird’s tail. Australia. Purchase: (04722-4731) 10 birds’ nests, 2 bird-skins. Hawaii. Mrs. H. P. Baldwin, Maui. Gift. Skeletal part of a gymnoblastic hydroid. Hawaiian Ids. Andrew C. Westervelt, Honolulu. Gift. 5 madreporarian corals. Fiji. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. By Exchange. ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Royal Society of South Australia. — Transactions and pro- Ceedings, sxx, TOmIp South Australian Museum.—Report, 1910-1911. AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND. Universiteit van Amsterdam.—Catalogus van der Handschrif- ten, lv, A-M, 1911.-—Catalogus van de Algemeene Pharmaceu- tische Bibliotheek, rortr. BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. Johns Hopkins University.— Memoirs, ii (text and plates), iii, v.— University Circular 3, 6, new series 2. [132] List of Accesstons. 21 BARCELONA, SPAIN. Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona.—Boletin, iii, 3.—Memorias, x, 3-I2. xX BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA. University of California. — Publications: American arche- Olosy andecthnology,. x) 4° xi, 1.— Botany, iv, 12-145. y, 1-2.— Chronicle, xiii, title and index; xiv, 1-4.—Pathology, ii, 4-10.— Physiology, iv, 8-17.—Zoology, vii, 10, index and title; 1x, 1-8; x, 1-8; xi, 1-2.—Memoirs, i, 2 (part ii).—Hearst Laboratory of Pathology, 5 pamphlets.—Commencement address from Chronicle, 3 BERLIN, GERMANY. Anthropologische Gesellschaft. — Zeitschrift, xliv. Register, xxi-xxxiv. General BERNE, SWITZERLAND. Berne Historisches Museum.—Jahresbericht, rgi1. Boston, MASSACHUSETTS. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. — Proceedings, Mivie25; xvi, 1O-22; xlvill, 1513: Boston Museum of Fine Arts.—Annual Report, 1911.—Bulle- tins, 54-60.—Catalogue of special exhibition ot Japanese screens. Boston Public Library. HOLL, COLI=19 12. Boston Society of Natural History.—Memoirs, vii.—Proceed- ings, xxxiv, 13, title and contents. Bulletin, iv, 4; v, 1-3.—Annual re- BRISBANE, QUEENSLAND. Queensland Museum.—Annals, 1-4, 7-10.—Memoirs, 1. Royal Society of Queensland.—Proceediugs, xxili, 2. BROOKLYN, NEw YORK. Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.— Annual report, 1910-1911.—Year book, 1902-1910. BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. Société Royale Malacologique de Belgique.—Aunales, xlvi. BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Museo Nacional.—Anales, xv. BUITENZORG, JAVA. Jardin Botanique.—Bulletin, v-viii. [133 22 Director's Annual Report. CArcurray INDIA Indian Museum. — Catalogues: Mammalia, 1, ii; Mantodea, 1-2; Moths, i-vii and index.—Records, iv, 8-9; vi, 4-5.—Ilustrations of the zoology of the ‘‘ Investigator’’.—Malacostraca, plates 1-lxxix; Entomostraca, plates i-v; Fishes, plates i-xliii; Mollusca, plates i-xx; Echinoderma, plates, 1-v. Asiatic Society of Bengal.—Journal, Ixxiv, title; Journal and proceedings, v, title and index; vi, 7-11; vil, I-3. CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS. Harvard University Library.—Report, 1911. Museum of Comparative Zoology.—Bulletin, lit /6-1O Inve EI-15; lvi, 1.—Memoirs, xxvil, 4; Xxxiv, 4, and title; xxxv, 3-4; memy lids 25) scl 4-5) oxi 0h Peabody Museum.—Annual report, 1910-1911. CAPETOWN, SOUTH AFRICA. South African Museum.—Annals, vii, 5; ix, 2; x, 2-3. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. Field Museum.—Publications, 88, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 130, 131, 137, 138, 153-160.—Report series, i-iii, title and index. COPENHAGEN, DENMARK. Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord.—Mémoires, 1g1t- 1OL2: DRESDEN, GERMANY. Konigl. Zoologisches und Anthropologisch-Ethnographisches Museum.—Abhandlungen und Berichte, xili, 5-6; xiv, 1-2. DUBLIN, IRELAND. Royal Irish Academy.—Proceedings, section B, xxix, 7-9 and title; section C, xxix, 9 and title; xxxi (Claire Island survey), 2, 6, 10-13, 16-20, 23-24, 26-31, 35-37, 40-41, 43-44, 46, 53, 56-60, 93.—Index to publications, 1786-1906. EDINBURG, SCOTLAND. Royal Society of Edinburg.—Proceedings, xxxi, 5; xxxii, I-4. FLORENCE, ITALY. Societa Italiana di Antropologia.—Archivio per |’antropolo- gia e la etnologia, xli, 3-4. FRANKFURT ON MAIN, GERMANY. Stadt. Volker-Museum.—Veroffentlichungen, iv. [134] List of Accessions. 23 HONOLULU, HAWAII. Hawaiian Historical Society.—Annual report, 1912. Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association.—Division ofagriculture and chemistry, Bulletins, 38-40.—Division of entomology, Bulle- tins, 10-11.—Division of pathology and physiology, Bulletin, rr. Oahu College.—Catalogue, 1911-1912. United States Agricultural Experiment Station.—Annual re- port, 1911.—Bulletins, 25-28.—Press bulletins, 33-34, 37-38. LAWRENCE, KANSAS. University of Kansas.—Science bulletin, v, 12-21; vi, 1. LEIDEN, HOLLAND. Rijks Ethnographisch Museum.—Verslag van den directeur, IQIO-IQI1. LEIPZIG, GERMANY. Museum fur Volkerkunde.—Jahrbuch, iv.—Veroffentlichun- Fen witelt 4. LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (Johnstone Tropical Laboratory ).—Annals, v, 3-4; vi, 1 (A and B); vi, 2; vi, 3 (A and B). LONDON, ENGLAND. Royal Anthropological Institute.—Journal, xlii. MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Bureau of Science.—Report, 1911.—Journal of science: A, vi, Foie tf. 5. Vly 5-05 vil, I-3. (C) vil6: vid, 1-5, D); vip-5-6; vil, 1-4.—Memorial number. MELBOURNE, VICTORIA. Royal Society of Victoria.—Proceedings, xxiv, 2; XxXvV, I. MEXICO. Instituto Geologico de Mexico.—Parergones, iii, 9-10. MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. University of Minnesota.—Botanical series of geological and natural history survey, 1-ii, iv-vii. MUNICH, GERMANY. Ethnographisches Museum.—Berichte, i-iv. [135] 24 Director's Annual Report. NEw HAVEN, CONNECTICUT. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.—Transactions, XVli, pp. I-211. NEw PrLymoutTH, NEw ZEALAND. Polynesian Society.—Journal, xx, 4, title and index; xxi, 1-3. NEw YorkK, NEw YORK. American Museum of Natural History. — Annual report, 1911.—Anthropological papers, vii, 2; title and index; vill; ix, I; Xl, 1.—Bulletins, xxx.—Guide leaflets, 35.—Journal, xi, 8, title and index; xii.—Memojirs, new series, 1, 1-3.—Handbook series, 1. Columbia University. — Contributions from department of Botany, i-iii (incomplete), 1v, v (incomplete), vi-vill, ix-x (1n- complete). (215 pamphlets. ) New York Botanical Garden.— Bulletins, 27, 28. OBERLIN, OHIO. Oberlin College.— Wilson Bulletin, xxiil, 3-4; xxiv, I-2. PARA, BRAZIL. Museu Goeldi.—Boletin, i, 1; iv, 2-4.—Memorias, iv.—Album de Aves Amazonicas, i1i.—Arboretum Amazonicum, 111; Iv. PARIS, FRANCE. Ecole d’Anthropologie.— Revue anthropologique, 221eme année. Société d’ Anthropologie. — Bulletins et Mémoires, vi série, 1, 4-5; 11. PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.—Proceedings, xi, 2-3; xiv, 1-2.—)Journal, xiv, 4; xv-—Annual report. 19m. American Philosophical Society. — Proceedings, 202-206.— General index to vols. i-l, 1838—1911.— Transactions, xxli, 2.—List of members. Philadelphia Museums.— History and development of the Commercial Museum, Philadelphia. tg91r0.—Commerce of the world in rg10.—Industrial Philadelphia, 1912. University of Penusylvania.—Influence of Ben Johnson on Euglish comedy, by Minnie Kerr. University of Pennsylvania Museum.—Anthropological pub- lications, iv, 1.—Publications of the Babylonian section, ii, 1-2 [136] List of Accessions. 25 and title.—Publications of the Egyptian section, vi-viii.—Journal of the museum, ii, 3-4, index and title; iii, 1-2. Wagner Free Institute.—Annual announcement, 1912-1913. PIETERMARITZBURG, SOUTH AFRICA. Natal Government Museum.—Annals, ii, 3. PITTSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA. Carnegie Museum. — Annals, vii, 3-4, title and index; viii, 1-2.—Memoirs, v.— Founder’s day proceedings, 1912. — Report, TO12. PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND. Marine Biological Association.—Journal, ix, 2. PORTICE, ITALY. R. Scuola Superiore d’ Agricoltura.—Bollettino del labora- torio di zoologia, vi. RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL. L Instituto de Manguinhos.—Memorias, ili, 2. RomME, ITALY. Reale Accademia dei Lincei. — Atti (2 semestre) xx, 10-12; xxi, 2-12; xxi (2 semestre), 1-9.—Memorie, vili, 13-24; 1x, -I-3.— Rendiconto, 11, pp. 583-634. ST. Louis, MISSOURI. Missouri Botanical Garden.—Annual report, 1911. SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS. Peabody Academy of Science.—Pocket list of birds of eastern Massachusetts, by Albert Morse. Salem, 1912. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. California Academy of Sciences.—Proceedings, fourth series, 1, pp. 289-430; 111, pp. 73-186. SAo PAULO, BRAZIL. Museu Paulista. — Notas Preliminaires, i, 2.—Catalogos da fauna Brazileira, i1i.—Revista, viii. STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA. Leland Stanford Junior University.—Register, 1911-Ig12.— Report of president, 1911.— University series, 9-10. — Trustees series, 22. 26 Director's Annual Report. STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och Antiqvitets Akademien.— Fornvannen, 1911.—Guide to the National Historical Museum, by Oscar Montelius. SYDNEY, NEw SouTH WALES. Australian Museum.—Records, ii, 1; viii, 3; ix, 1-2.—Report, I9g11.—Special catalogue, iii, 4-5. Department of Agriculture.—Agricultural Gazette, xxli, 12, title and index; xxiii. Department of Fisheries.—Three papers by David G. Stead. Department of Mines.— Mineral resources of New South Wales, 14-16.—Coal resources of New South Wales, by Edward F. Pittman.—Annual report, 1911. Linnean Society of New South Wales.—Proceedings, xxxvi, DAN XOXSXEN AA ee Royal Society of New South Wales.—Journal and proceed- ings, xly, 3-4. Technological Museum.—Annual report, 1910.— Technical education series, 16-17. TuFtTs COLLEGE, MASSACHUSETTS. Tufts College.—Studies, ili, 2. VIENNA, AUSTRIA. Anthropologische Gesellschaft.—Mittheilungen, xlii, 1-4. K. K. Naturhistorisches Museum.—Annalen, xxv; xxvl, I-2. WANGANUI, NEW ZEALAND. Wanganui Public Museum.—Annuual report, 1911-1912. WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Bureau of American Ethnology.—Bulletins, 47, 52. Carnegie Institution of Washington.—Publications, 74 (vol. Vv); 99 (pt. 11), goA (vol. tandi atlas), 146, 150, 152-153) 856.(pbaor 158, 160, 162, 164, 170, 174.—Year-book, 1911.—Report of director of department of marine biology, 1911.—Bibliography of depart- ment of economics and sociology. Smithsonian Institution.—Report of board of regents, rg10.— Miscellaneous collections, lvi, 23-37, title and index; lvii, 6-10; Vili, 2; lix, 1-18, 20; Ix, 1-14.— Publications, 2052, 2060.— Con- ributions to United States National Herbarium, xiii, 12, title and ndex, xiv, 3, tithe and index; x=vi, 8; vil, 1-25 xili; 12> ‘xiv, 2-12: RVeweO oo) xvi 1-45-60, S12: XV, 1-11; Kvill, 1-0, 11-12% xix: met, 5-7, 9-11. Given by Rev: W. D. Westervelt: Park Museum.—Bulletin, iii, 4-5. Parkinson, R.—Dreissig Jahre in der Sudsee. Stuttgart, 1907. Petermanns Mitteilungen. Current numbers. Philippine Botany, leaflets, 63-76; vol. iv, index and title. Philippine Islands.—Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1911. Manila, 1912. Given by the Department. Photographs of native life in Collingwood Bay, Papua. (100.) By Percy T. Money. Phillips, Marion.—A colonial autocracy. London, 1909. Powell, Wilfrid.—Wanderings in a wild country. London, 1883. Pratt, A. E.—Two years among New Guinea cannibals. London, 1g06. Preston, Erasmus Darwin.—Language of Hawaii. Washington, Igoo. Paintings (2) of the lava flow of 1881 by C. Furneaux. Given by bequest of the late Mrs. C. B. Allen. Read’s voyage around the world in the East India Squadron by an officer of the U. S. Navy. 2 vols. Boston, 1840. R. Ufficio Centrale di meteorologia e geodinamica al Collegio Romano. — Notizie sti terremoti osservati in Italia. Roma, 1895-1901. Rechinger, Karl.—Botanische und Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise nach den Samoa-Inseln, iv. Wien, rg11. Records of the Past. Current numbers. OCCASIONAL PAPERS B. P. B. M., VOL. V, NO. 4—3. [145] 34 Director's Annual Report. Reddall, Henry Frederic.—From the Golden Gate to the Golden Horn. New York, 1885. Royer, Clemence.—Les Rites funéraires. Paris, 1876. Salway, C. M.—Japanese monographs, x1-xil. Sailor’s Magazine, xxi-xxii. New York, 1849-1850. San Diego Society of Natural History.—Transactions, i, 3. Sapper, Karl.—In den Vulcangebieten Mittelamerikas. Stutt- gart, 1905. Die catalonischen Vulcanen. Berlin, 1904. ——Three papers on vulcanology ex Centralblatt fiir Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie. Stuttgart, 1903. Savage, John.—Some account of New Zealand. london, 1907. Schmeltz, J. D. E. und Krause, R.—Die ethnographisch-anthro- pologisch Abteilung des Museum Godeffroy. Hamburg, 1881. Schumann, Karl und Lauterbach, Karl.—Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Sudsee. Leipzig, rgor. Schneider, Karl.—Zur Geschichte und Theorie des Vulcanismus. Prag. 1908. Die Vulcanischen Erscheinungen der Erde. Berlin, igrt. OCIeENCe, XIV-KV; XXiI-Xxil; xxiii (incomplete); xxiv-xxvi; xxvii (incomplete); xxvili-xxxvi (incomplete). Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham. Science, xxiii, no. 589. Sieberg, August.— Handbuch der Erdbebenkunde. Braunschweig, 1904. Skeat, W.—Fables and folktales from an eastern forest. Cam- bridge, r1gor. Smith, Geoffrey.—A naturalist in Tasmania. Oxford, 1909. Smith, J. J.—Die Orchideen von Java, v. Leiden, 1912. Sollas, W. J.—Ancient hunters. London, torr. Spencer, Baldwin and Gillen, F. J.—Across Australia. London, TOM: Starr, Frederick.—Japanese proverbs and pictures. Chicago, 1910.. Given by Rev. Joseph Dutton. Tahiti. Tedmau a’ oiraa rii . ~.) < Tahiti, 1856. Given by the Bicknell Estate. Tahitian Bible. London, 1878. . Given by the Bicknell Estate. Dictionary. , Tahiti; 1851- Given by the Bicknellse state: —Testament. London, 1853. Given. by the Bicknell Estate. [146] List of Accessions. 3 On Technology Station, Kilauea. Reports, June—December. Given by the Station. Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science. Hobart, 1842-1849. Tennessee State Geological Survey.—Bulletin, xiv. Given by the Survey. Thoroddsen, Th.—Island. Gotha, 1905. 2 vols. —Geological map of Iceland. Copenhagen, rgor. Thrum’s Hawaiian Annual. Honolulu, 1gr2. Topinard, Paul.—Science and faith. Chicago, 1899. Tryon and Pilsbry.—Manual of conchology, 84, 85. Turner, George.—Nineteen years in Polynesia. London, 186r. Type, Specimens of. Riverside Press. Cambridge, 1887. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington.—Year- bock, 1911.—Farmers’ Bulletin, 484, 493, 496, 497, 506, 510. —Biological Survey: Bulletin, 40, 41, 44. Circular, 85, 87-89. Sieport of the chief, 19611. Wear-book separates, 557, 564, 511. Given by the Department. United States Department of Commerce and Labor.—Bureau of Fisheries: Documents, 754-756, 760-764. Report of the Com- missioner of Fisheries for 1910, and special papers. Report of the Commisioner of Fisheries for 1911.—-Bureau of Statistics: Statistical abstract of the United States, ror1. The foreign commerce and navigation, rg11. Given by the Department. United States Weather Bureau: Hawaiian Section. — Reports, 1905 (incomplete), 1906-1907, 1908 (incomplete), 1909-1910, 191i (incomplete), 1912 (current numbers). Given by the De- partment. Van Gennep, Arnold.—Tabou et totemisme a Madagascar. Paris, 1904. Vulcanology, 34 miscellaneous papers on. Wallace, A. R.—My life. 2 vols. London, 1905. Travels on the Amazon. London, tort. Wallaston, A. F. R.—Pygmies and Papuans. London, 1912. Walpers, Gulielmo, Gerado. — Annales botanices systematicae, i-vil. Ljipsiae, 1848-1869. Webber, James.— Views in the South Seas. London, 1808. Webster, Noah.—American dictionary. Springfield, 1856. Given by Kamehameha Preparatory School. [147] 36 Director's Annual Report. Who’s Who, International. tr912. Williamson, Robert W.—Mafalu mountain people of British New Guinea. London, 1912. W ood-Jones, F.—Coral and atolls. London, r1gro. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1906, no. 10. Zoological Society of London.—Proceediags, rg11. 2 vols. Zuckerkandl, E.—Reise der Novara, 1857-1859. — Anthropolo- gischer Theil. Wien, 1875. . Bound books received by exchange ....-........2. 9 Paper-covered books and pamphlets........+-+-... 903 Motal by ExCW Angie isle ere tery ake ope iota lehet ete eetete oneiere gi2 Bound books received by purchase and gift ........ 193 Paper-covered and pamphlets by purchase and gift-. 1123 Total by purchase and gift ..--........sseeeeeee 1316 Bound books received if 19g12----.--s+eeeeeeeeeees 202 Paper-covered and pamphlets..++.+++sseeeeeeeeeee 2026 AUS Gtr eae. et eis Var so.5 Sita aw wide Stecee Wer alg Mowe Con tuione euemetotere) clot ee niseens 2228 Illustrations, photos, paintings, maps..-..-+...+++. 262 Of above pamphlets 578 represent 129 complete but unbound volumes. Total number of volumes received in 1912---....-.. 331 Pamphlets and parts of volumes. +++ sees eee seen eee 1448 ARoyeeaices Ooecronc ce ooo o-col.coUmomoO0o OObo mood oo Kk 1779 The Fornander collection of Hawaiian manuscripts purchased by Mr. Bishop and presented to the Museum finally reached the Museum during the present year. [148] PUBLICATIONS OF THE Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. MEMOIRS. (Quarto.) Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1899-1903. Vol. II. Nos. 1-4. 1906-1909. Vol. Ill. Ka Hana Kapa: The Making of Bark-Cloth in Hawaii. By William T. Brigham. 1911. Complete volume. OCCASIONAL PAPERS. (Octavo.) Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1898-1902. (No. 1 out of print.) Vol. II. Nos. 1-5. 1903-1907. Vol. III. Nos. 1-2. 1907- -.--- (Volume incomplete. ) Vol. IV. Nos. 1-5. 1906-191. Voi. V.— No. 1. New Hawaiian Plants, III. By Charles N. | Forbes. — Preliminary Observations Concerning the Plant Invasion on Some Lava Flows of Mauna Loa, Hawaii. By Charles N. Forbes. 1912. No. 2. Director’s Report for 1911.—The New Labora- tory.—Another Curved Adze: By Wm. T. Brigham. 1912. No. 3. Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe and Molo- kini. By Charles N. Forbes.—An Enumeration of Niihau Plants. By Charles N. Forbes. 1913. No. 4. Director’s Report for 1912. 1913. A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. (Oblong octavo.) 1903. Index to Abraham Fornander’s ‘‘Polynesian Race.’’ (Octavo.) By John F. G. Stokes. 1909. A detailed list, with prices, will be mailed to any address on application to the Director. Pete Tistien sche oom epee cs OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE __ BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY VoL. V.—No. 5. REPORT OF A JOURNEY AROUND THE WORLD TO STUDY MATTERS RELATING TO MUSEUMS : 1912 BY WM. T. BRIGHAM, Sc.D. WITH INDEX TO VOLUME V. A8 — ayant Tag i oak 1% By /a) e Crags user: HONOLULU, H.I, ~BrisHoP MusEUM PRESS. LOT 3; BOARD OF TRUSTEES ALBERT F. Jupp - - - - - - President E. Faxon BISHOP - : - - - Vice-President J. M. DowsETrT - - - - - - Treasurer ALFRED W. CARTER - -—° - - - - Secretary HENRY Ho_mMeEs, SAMUEL M. DAMON, WILLIAM O. SmiItTH MUSEUM STAFF WILLIAM T. BrRIGHAM, Sc.D. (Columbia) - - Director WILLIAM H. DAL, PH.D. - Honorary Curator of Mollusca Joun F.G. Stokes - - Curator of Polynesian Ethnology C. MONTAGUE COOKE, PH.D. (Yale) - Curator of Pulmonata Orto H. Swezey - - Honorary Curator of Entomology CHARLES. FORBES - - - -. Curator of Botany Joun W. THOMPSON -. - - - Artist and Modeler Miss E. B. HiGGIns - - : - - Librarian Joun J. GREENE - - - - - : Printer AUGUST PERRY - - - - - Assistant Printer EXHIBITION STAFF Mrs. HELEN M. HELVIE - - - ~- Superintendent JoHN LuNG CHUNG, THOMAS Krocanct, Clete rr met ROMEO Ga See ee © sti) « JOHN PENCHULA, , FE ee Ae ere Pie en fe SS Oe + eee TTR ee Oe oes Co Teme) Se toh a ee he frees tly Pen Ata ee et Oe OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY VoL. V.—No. d. Report of a Journey Around the World to Study Matters Relating to Museums. Be WOT) BRIGHAM, SciD., DIRECTOR OF THIS MUSEUM. life Member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Honorary Member of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Cor- responding Member of the Berliner Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte: Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Anth pologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, Hamburg: Sencken bergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main: Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences: Societd Italiana di Antropologia, Etnologia e Psico- logia comparata, Florence: Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Fellow of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences: Phi Beta Kappa: The Na- tional Geographic So- ciety, Washington. HONOLULU, H.I. BISHOP MUSEUM PRESS. IQI 3. The journey began April 10, 1912, and ended De- cember 3 of the same year. Of this a report was made to the Trus- tees, and by them ordered printed August 5, 1913. Ran ROR 1. HEN it was decided that the Director of the Bishop \ \ Museum should for a second time make a visit of inspec- tion, or rather of inquiry, to the principal ethnological collections both in America and Europe it was so late in the season that it was necessary to pass rapidly through the United States and finish the very important work in Europe before the heat of summer made the more southern museums unbearable. It was also recognized that some museums connected with educational institutions would probably be closed during the summer vacation. There was little time for preparation before sailing from Honolulu on April roth, 1912, and although it was decided to continue the journey to Australia and New Zealand, where very important museums dealing largely with the Pacific region (which limits the scope of the Bishop Museum) had made important changes since the last official visit in 1896, the plans were not elaborated fully until reaching Boston ten days after sailing from Honolulu. The general itinerary had been sketched and the time that could be allotted to each station determined in the beginning by the knowledge gained in former journeys, but even after elimi- nating certain collections of minor importance that could not pos- sibly be brought within the date fixed in the Director’s mind for the return to Honolulu, it appeared that the work remaining could not be properly done single-handed, and with the urgent advice of family and friends the Director decided to take with him, on his own responsibility, a secretary to take notes and relieve him of the many business arrangements of such an extensive and hurried trip. The alternative suggested itself of visiting only the new museums, and those not fully examined on his first visit in 1896, but the remem- brance of the grand work being done in almost all of the museums . ° seen then, and the promise this gave of still farther improvement, led the Director to abandon this plan, whch might do for a less important mission. [151] 3 4 Report of a Journey Around the World. The fortunate selection of Mr. Clarence M. Wilson of Boston for this post proved the wisdom of the advice followed, and the fulness of this report as well as the work done in the apparently neglected American museums later, together with many sugges- tions of practical value, must be credited to this very efficient secretary and fellow-traveler. In San Francisco the museum of the California Academy of Science had disappeared in the terrible fire, and many good specimens of Marquesan and other Polynesian origin were un- fortunately lost. In the Oakland public museum are some good specimens I have examined when in possession of their collector. At Chicago the schedule of the trains allowed a few hours which were devoted to a visit to the Field Museum (Fig. 1), where I found my friend Dr. C. F. Millspaugh had just returned from a long journey, and by his courtesy I was enabled to see many improvements, especially in the Botanical Department where Dr. Millspaugh has had most beautiful glass enlargements of flowers and their fertilization, fruits and fungi prepared by a most efficient corps of assistants. Notes were also made on the good mounting of corals. Dr. F. J. V. Skiff, the well-known Director, I also met for a few moments as he was starting for Europe that day by an- other route, and we met again in Moskau.! In Washington I visited the new National Museum (Fig. 2) and was entertained by Dr. W. H. Dall and Mr. H. W. Henshaw, head of the Biological Department of the Agricultural Bureau. Many skulls, a portion of the game collected in Africa by ex-President Roosevelt, were seen, but the arrangement of the new building was not complete enough, nor the time at my disposal sufficient to make a thorough inspection; when in order the collections will be worth a special visit. The Carnegie Administration Building (Fig. 3) was also visited, and although I was not fortunate enough to find Dr. Woodward, the obliging Secretary showed me over the building and explained its uses. pits = ’ a" ‘ * gn i Ne a 2 Ota o feng - T teay ig oe 4 nt a “te we Thee) bat sees” 14059% foam” Fs Avavese ae ie) an en ues : a) ey A nap Waa ar sag 7 he aed | : WANs ae as SB age a nae ene th LD Saeee ves + ; iy PRS Stee ey ! i SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01299 1709