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THE LIBRARIES

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY

Gift of

Alumni Association College of Pharmacy

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in 2010 with funding from

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http://www.archive.org/details/annualreport1920colu

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ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

PRESIDENT AND TREASURER

TO THE

TRUSTEES

WITH ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDING

JUNE 30, I92O

NEW YORK I92 I

mo

CONTENTS

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF COL UMBIA UNIVERSITY TO THE TRUSTEES

Introduction I

Academic Salaries and Academic Fees 2

Present Needs 4

The Housing Problem 5

University Commons 7

University Medical Officer 9

Student Attendance 10

Making Liberal Men and Women 14

Public Criticism of Present-Day Education 16

The New Paganism 23

The University, Politics and Religion 27

Columbia College 29

Organization of Research 31

Crocker Fund 34

School of Law 34

School of Medicine 35

Schools of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry 38

School of Architecture 39

School of Journalism 39

School of Business 41

School of Dentistry 41

Extension Teaching 42

Summer Session 43

IV CONTENTS

Barnard College 44

Teachers College 44

College of Pharmacy 45

University Library 45.

Gifts . . . 46

Deaths of University Officers 47

The Site . . '. 49

Teaching Staff 50

Student Enrollment . 51

Degrees Conferred 52

REPORTS TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY

A. Educational Administration :

The Dean of Columbia College 53

The Dean of the Faculty of Law 66

The Dean of the Faculty of Medicine 80

The Director of the George Crocker Special Research

Fund 100

The Dean of the Faculty of Applied Science . ... . 109

The Dean of the Faculties of Political Science, Philoso- phy, and Pure Science 124

The Director of the School of Architecture 133

The Director of the School of Journalism 141

The Dean of Barnard College 146

The Dean of Teachers College 159

The Director of the School of Education 161

The Director of the School of Practical Arts .... 168

The Dean of the College of Pharmacy 175

CONTENTS V

The Director of the Summer Session 178

The Director of Extension Teaching 183

The Director of the School of Business 192

The Director of University Admissions 199

The University Medical Officer 208

The Secretary 213

Appendices :

1. Statistics Regarding the Teaching and Adminis- trative Staff 219

2. Report of the Appointments Office 232

3. Report of the Chairman of the Board of Student Representatives 238

The Registrar 246

B. Library

The Acting Librarian 304

REPORT OF THE TREASURER TO THE

TRUSTEES 319

Financial Report, Barnard College 439

Financial Report, Teachers College 449

Financial Report, College of Pharmacy 455

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

PRESIDENT OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

To the Trustees:

The Annual Report prescribed by the Statutes of the University is herewith submitted, together with the re- ports of the chief administrative officers. These present a complete survey of the work of the University for the year ending June 30, 1920, and call attention to those problems and needs which are at the moment most im- portant and most pressing.

It may reasonably be said that, at the close of the year under review, Columbia University was in a more satis- factory condition than ever before in its history. Teachers and organizers of research are accomplished and devoted. The administrative staff is efficient and untiring. The salaries of teachers and administrative officers, together with those of the clerical staff, engineers, janitors and other helpers, have been notably increased. The immense student-body, thoroughly representative of the whole country, is earnest and of high quality, notwithstanding its huge size. Some of the chief educational problems of the present day have either been solved or are so clearly understood as to be half way toward solution. No vexa- tious questions of discipline have presented themselves. The corporation, for the first time in many years, is with- out floating debt. A reserve fund is being accumulated at the rate of $100,000 annually in order to liquidate at maturity the bonded indebtedness incurred in the pur- chase and development of the site on Morningside

2 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

Heights. The several corporations included in the University's educational system hold and administer property that may be conservatively valued at $72,000,- 000, of which $35,000,000 have been added by gift or bequest during the past twenty years. The annual budget appropriations now amount to approximately $6,500,000, a sum greater than that raised and spent annually by any one of twenty States.

Though a giant, Columbia University, as stated in an earlier Annual Report, is a giant in bonds. It is now doing everything which its present resources make possible. To provide needed buildings for classrooms, for labora- tories and for residence, to make possible the putting into effect of the wise and careful plans for the Medical School, to care properly for the buildings and grounds, and to undertake those well-matured projects which have been described in previous years, an additional capital sum of not less than $30,000,000 is required.

The most significant event of the year was the quick

acceptance by the Trustees of the recommendations as to

academic salaries and academic fees

Academic Salaries and contained ;n the Annual R t f

Academic Fees ■ r

1919 [pp. 1-4, 9-16J. The scale and classification of salaries then recommended was adopted and put into effect from January 1, 1920, thus offering as prompt relief as possible to the great number of aca- demic teachers who were having increasing difficulty to meet the steadily rising cost of living. This scale and classification of salaries, while not final or the best possi- ble, is probably as long an advance as has yet been made toward the suitable compensation of officers of instruction and research in a university.

The effect of this action by the Trustees was instant and most exhilarating. The teaching staff had not thought

PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPORT 3

that action so prompt and so generous was possible, and their expressions of satisfaction and appreciation were many and sincere. The estimated annual cost of putting this new scale of salaries into effect throughout the University was approximately $500,000, a sum equal to the annual income at 5% on $10,000,000. In addition, every new appointment or promotion will be made at the new rate of compensation and therefore at increased cost. This most admirable and heartening action would not have been possible unless the Trustees had at the same time accepted the recommendation to increase the tuition fees throughout the University. These fees were increased from $6 to $8 per point, which is defined as one hour a week of attendance for a Winter or Spring Session or the equivalent thereof. This was an increase of 33/4%, and it amounts, in the case of the undergraduate following a normal program, to $84 a year, in the case of a student of law to $67, in the case of a student of medicine or of engineering to $117. This increase in fees, while not great, by reason of the large attendance throughout the University produces additional revenue quite sufficient to meet the cost of the new scale of academic salaries. As has been pointed out in earlier Annual Reports, an increased tuition fee is met by the student or his guardian for but a few years and is at most insignificant in amount, while the university teacher on an insufficient stipend is sentenced to lifelong hardship and privation. It is of interest to record the fact that students and their guardians, when advised of the reason for the immediate increase in tuition fee, almost without exception accepted it cheerfully and with full understanding of its purpose. At the same time, greatly increased provision was made for aid to students, so that no student of high character and sound scholarship should find himself debarred from attendance at Columbia because of inability to meet the increased fees for tuition.

4 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

The result of these policies is to place the University upon a sounder and healthier foundation than for many years past. For a generation growth and expansion have been so constant and so rapid that it has not seemed possible to face the problem of academic salaries and to deal with it satisfactorily. This has now been done, and the increased cost has been met, not by begging the public to provide new funds with which to continue to offer higher and professional education at a small fraction of its cost, but by assessing an additional portion of that cost directly upon those who receive and who benefit by it.

It is significant, too, that in the same year in which all this was accomplished, the admirable management of the corporate property and funds by the Finance Committee and the Treasurer has enabled the University to discharge its floating debt and to get through an entire fiscal year without borrowing from the banks in anticipation of in- come in order to meet current expenses.

The foregoing statements indicate clearly the position

at which the University has now arrived. Its educational

„ . program is well organized and on a satis- Present Needs

factory basis. Its teachers are better paid

than ever before and are working with wholehearted loyalty and devotion. The University is no longer incur- ring indebtedness because of repeated annual deficits through the cost of ordinary operation. All this empha- sizes the need for new endowment or capital with which to go ahead and better to care for work now organized and in progress. The building program set out in detail in the Annual Report for 1919 [pp. 31-36] still awaits action. The projected building for the School of Business, which will bring great relief, cannot be begun until the Faculty Club is cared for, and that, in turn, awaits the securing of funds needed to erect a suitable and commodious building

PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPORT 5

adjoining the President's House at Morningside Drive and 117th Street. The Department of Chemistry is sorely pressed for space, and no way seems open to provide it save by building a wing running north along Broadway from the westerly end of Havemeyer Hall. The other buildings mentioned and described in the last Annual Report would follow in turn. The completion of Univer- sity Hall, with a suitable and dignified place for general assemblies of the University, is a greatly desired but very costly undertaking. No more notable memorial to a friend or alumnus of the University could be built. The plan for a Stadium in the North River between 116th and 120th Streets, which has lain dormant for years, should be vigorously revived and an attempt made to carry it to completion. This Stadium, in addition to serving the needs of the students and alumni of Columbia, would be a great addition to the open-air resources of the city of New York and would speedily become the center for public gatherings, games and displays of various kinds. South Field would then be left, as should be the case, to serve as a playground for the great army of students who wish to engage in sport or to take open-air exercise with- out becoming members of a particular and highly trained team.

Building costs remain excessive and are not likely to decline suddenly, or indeed greatly, for some time to come. The practical problem becomes, therefore, almost insolva- ble. It is highly injudicious to erect non-commercial buildings at present high costs, and yet the University's urgent needs must somehow be met. An irresistible force seems to have met an immovable body, despite the logicians.

During the year the housing problem took an acute form in the city of New York, and the University felt it

6 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

very directly. After a study of various possible courses of action, and having in mind the present excessive cost of construction, the Trustees purchased four ProblemUSmg apartment houses on the west side of Claremont Avenue overlooking Milbank Quadrangle, to be occupied by officers and students. These buildings were Nos. 21, 29, 35 and 39 Claremont Avenue, ten and eleven stories high, and of modern construction and equipment. They were purchased at a cost of approximately $1,340,000 and contained 128 apartments, 825 rooms in all. Owing to the terms of existing leases, it will be October 1, 1922 at the earliest, before the University can come into possession of all these apartments in order to assign them to the use of officers and students. The northernmost building, No. 39, was found admirably suited to officers and their families. No. 29 was assigned to the use of students in Barnard College, where for two years past there has been strong pressure for additional residence accommodation. The Comptroller and the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds have dealt with the many and vexatious ques- tions arising through the purchase and occupancy of these buildings with rare skill and tact, and there is every reason to believe that they will be a marked addition to the resources of the University.

In order that the academic character of these buildings might be emphasized and their occupants brought into contact with the Columbia tradition, they were named respectively, John Jay Hall, in memory of John Jay of the Class of 1764; Gouverneur Morris Hall, in memory of Gouverneur Morris of the Class of 1768 ; De Witt Clinton Hall, in memory of De Witt Clinton of the Class of 1786; and Tompkins Hall, in memory of Daniel D. Tompkins of the Class of 1795. Three of these men were Governors of the State of New York and one was also Vice-President of

PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPORT 7

the United States, while another, after a very distinguished career, became the first Chief Justice of the United States. While these distinguished names have been given to the newly acquired residence halls, they would be highly appropriate as the names of those permanent residence halls which it is to be hoped will one day be added to those already in use on South Field. In that event, other names associated with the history of the University can readily be found for the residence halls on Claremont Avenue.

It is fixed policy at Columbia that the University must not only provide for the instruction of its students, but that it must also bear its share of responsibility for their health, their housing, and their food. Commons One of the most difficult problems which a University has to meet is that of supplying the students with nourishing and well-cooked food at a price which will not be beyond the means of students and yet will not occasion serious financial loss to the University. Columbia has been face to face with this problem for a number of years and has tried various experiments, none of them very successful. Conditions as they exist at Columbia make a difficult problem still more difficult by reason of the absence of so many students on Sundays and holidays, which reduces the income without lightening the overhead charges, and by the greatly increased attendance at the mid-day meal.

In the early part of 1919, the President appointed a Special Committee to take responsibility for the conduct of the Commons. This Committee consisted of Director Egbert, Dean Hawkes, Dean Gildersleeve, Dr. McCast- line, Director Coss, Professor Katherine Reiley, Comp- troller McFarlane of Teachers College, the Assistant Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds, Mr. Updike,

8 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

and Miss Emma R. Baker. The Committee studied the problem of the Commons in all its aspects, particularly in the light of the experience of the University in supplying food for the Student Army Training Corps during the last year of the war. As a result, Dr. McFarlane and Miss Baker were asked to take direction of the University Commons under the supervision of this Committee. The room was skillfully redecorated under the supervision of Director Boring of the School of Architecture, and the walls of the room, hitherto most unattractive, were adorned with interesting cartoons copied from Greek vases. The entire room was so transformed as to call forth hearty commendation on the part both of officers and students. The Committee decided also that the cafeteria system would be the most satisfactory plan of carrying on a University Commons under conditions as they existed at Columbia.

It was the policy of the Committee to conduct the Commons on the theory that the University should furnish its students with nourishing and well-cooked food at a moderate cost, even if by so doing it incurred financial loss. In other words, it was held that the University should, if necessary, make an appropriation for this pur- pose, just as it has made appropriations for the welfare of students in the residence halls and in the laboratories. The Committee felt from the first that if the problem was approached in this spirit the deficit, if any, would be small and that increased appreciation on the part of the students would in time produce a slight profit rather than a deficit. The results of the past year have fully justified the Com- mittee in their assumptions and methods. Satisfactory food has been provided at a reasonable rate, in a com- fortable and attractive room. The Commons has been so fully appreciated by the students that, notwithstanding the fact that the rates charged were lower than those

PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPORT 9

asked in restaurants near the University, the operations of the year have been carried on without loss.

This is a most encouraging experience, and the Univer- sity owes a debt of gratitude to those who are directly responsible for the success of the Commons. A sound principle has been vindicated and a satisfactory method of administration has been devised. It now remains to extend and develop this principle and this method as circumstances may require and justify.

It is hoped that the report of the University Medical Officer [p. 208] will receive careful reading. Perhaps in no other respect has the University, during the past few years, made greater progress than in "m^1^ making provision for the oversight of the ' officer

health of both officers and students. Columbia has gotten far away from the notion that its only responsi- bility toward its students is to provide them with scholarly instruction. The conception of education which here prevails includes instruction to be sure, but it relegates instruction to its proper place in any sound scheme of truly educational endeavor. Mental and physical health, comfortable housing and good food come before either text-books or laboratories as educational instrumentalities. The University Medical Officer and his assistants stand guard over the health of the University, not for the purpose of doing the ordinary work of a physician in treating and curing disease, but for the purpose of keeping officers and students in good health, and of preventing the onset of those ailments and illnesses that may by care be so easily prevented. The practical results are extra- ordinary and can be testified to by hundreds of officers and students. This service is provided by the University without charge and in fulfilment of what it conceives to be a part of its duty toward its members.

IO COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

The general public, following the lead given by the news- papers, takes great interest in the size of the student-body at Columbia University. The University student itself, however, takes much more interest in

Attendance ...

the quality of its students than in their number, and in the service which their number permits it to render to the nation and to the relations between our own and other nations. It is true that the student attendance has grown rapidly during recent years, but the movement has had two aspects that are quite distinct. The large increases of attendance have been chiefly in the Summer Session and in Extension Teaching. While these groups have been steadily increasing in size, the attendance during the Winter and Spring Sessions upon courses leading to a degree has been going through a sifting process. While through the Summer Session and Extension Teaching the University has been giving new opportunities for work of collegiate and university grades to mature students who are able to work on part time only or under peculiar conditions, the standards of admission and of achievement in the College, in the non-professional Graduate Faculties and the professional schools, have been steadily raised. Moreover, an increase of fees has more than once checked the growth of attendance, or actually decreased it, in several of the schools of the University. In most of the non-professional graduate and professional graduate schools the effect of this sifting process has been to decrease the size of the student-body.

In Columbia College, on the other hand, the registration has steadily grown in spite of the raising of educational standards, of more effective administration of the require- ments for admission and of an increase in fees. In 1902- 1903 the attendance in Columbia College amounted to about 12% of the entire resident student-body. In 1 91 9-1 920, however, the proportion had so changed that

president's annual REPORT II

the attendance in Columbia College then represented about 20% of the resident student-body. The size of the College has grown from 495 in 1902-1903 to 1,901 in 1 91 9-1920. Similarly, Barnard College has grown from 358 in 1902-1903 to 755 in 1919-1920.

The present proportion of Columbia College students who go forward to graduate or professional study is unusually large. Taking into account those who pursue these studies at other universities, it would appear that each year no fewer than 75% of the members of the graduating class of Columbia College go forward to advanced university study either here or elsewhere. This fact signifies that the College is a truly educational institution, and that the University can count upon it to provide a substantially uniform standard and type of preparation for advanced work. A figure such as this not only marks the high character and serious purpose of the work of the College, but emphasizes the contribution which the College makes to the University.

In 1 902-1 903 the non-professional Graduate Faculties had a registration of 623 and in 1919-1920 of 1,249. During the interval, however, the registration in those schools had risen to a maximum of 1,875 m I9I4_I9I5- Since that year the registration under these Faculties has fluctuated sharply, partly because of conditions due to the war. The lowest point was reached in 1918-1919 when there were but 774 students enrolled. Recent legislation by these Faculties has led to the grouping of their students in certain definite classes. Any one who can show promise, by reason of his previous education, of being able to study with profit, may register for graduate courses of instruc- tion; but it is only after he has established a definite claim to consideration as an advanced and competent scholar that one so registered is accepted as a candidate for either the Master's or the Doctor's degree.

12 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

The Schools of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry had a registration of 638 in 1902-1903, which fell in 1919-1920 to 136. The registration of 1 902-1 903 remained nearly constant until 1 905-1 906, when an increase in fees affected it somewhat. The lost ground was quickly recovered, however, and by 1910-1911 the high water mark was reached with a registration of 724. In 1914-1915 the new program of studies was put into effect, and in consequence the work of the entire first year was omitted from the program of these Schools. The gradual working out of the students who had entered under the old system, and the inauguration of the new and advanced courses, carried the registration down to a low point of 81 in 1917-1918. Undoubtedly, too, the entry of the United States into the war helped to bring the registration to this low point. Since 1917-1918 the registration has increased steadily, despite the new and severe conditions of admission and the increased fees, and it will not be long before the group of advanced students in Engineering will number not fewer than 300.

The Faculty of Law had 461 students in 1902-1903, and as that year offered the last opportunity to enter the School without collegiate preparation, the entering class was unusually large. During the following years the registration in the School of Law declined steadily until the low figure of 249 was reached in 1 907-1 908. It then increased until 1915-1916, when it was 485. In 1917-1918, the year of our entry into the war, the registration dropped to 219, but in 1919-1920, the first year following the war, it rose sharply to 451.

The School of Medicine has been going through pretty much the same process as the School of Law. In 1902- 1903 it had a registration of 795. Increasing stringency in the administration of the entrance requirements and a subsequent raising of these requirements, together with

PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPORT 13

stricter rules governing advancement from class to class, reduced the registration to 314 in 1907-1908. From that time there was a steady increase until high water mark was reached in the first year of the war, 1917-1918, when the registration was 554. A determined effort on the part of the Faculty to limit the number of medical students in order that all might be properly provided with laboratory and clinical facilities, reduced the registration to 446 in 1919-1920.

The School of Architecture had in 1 902-1 903 a regis- tration of 84. In 1910-1911 this had grown to 158. Changes in the entrance requirements that were made at that time reduced the number of students. Still later all students who were not candidates for the degree of Architecture were removed from the School of Archi- tecture and placed under the jurisdiction of Extension Teaching. While this action increased the unity and solidarity of the student-body, and was of marked educational advantage, it reduced very materially the registration of the School. In 191 9-1 920 the registration was 63.

The establishment of new Schools, such as the School of Business and the School of Dentistry, has added several hundred students to the total registration, but it remains true that the large figures, which interest the public and which the public likes to dwell upon, are due chiefly to the increase in the size of the Summer Session from 643 in 1902-1903 to 9,539 in 1919-1920, and to the increase of students in Extension Teaching from 1,196 in 1902-1903 to 10,330 in 1919-1920.

The registration in Teachers College has grown greatly. In 1902-1903 there were 633 students, and in 1919-1920 there were 3,118. The larger part of the increase is the result of the establishment in 1912-1913 of the School of Practical Arts, which now has a registration of 1,551.

14 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

At Columbia steady resistance is offered to the tend- ency to refer to the work of the Summer Session and that of Extension Teaching as distinct from what is called the regular work of the University. The work of the Summer Session and Extension Teaching is just as regular, just as closely organized and just as earnestly pursued as the work of any other part of the University. In years to come it will probably be found that Columbia has led the way in organizing its work as it has done, and that thereby it has made another distinct contribution to the advance- ment of higher education in the United States. If the gross registration in Columbia University at the present time be taken at say 30,000, it will be found to fall into three substantially equal groups, one- third being in attendance at the Winter and Spring Sessions, one-third being in attendance at the Summer Session, and one-third being in attendance in Extension Teaching.

Few things are more noticeable in much current writing

and discussion than the twisting of well-known terms from

their accustomed meanings. This twist- Making Liberal r , , , , t Men and Women inS 1S <lUlte °ften d°ne Consciously and for

purposes of propaganda. Perhaps no word in the English language has suffered more from this ill-treatment than the fine word liberal. The historic and familiar significance of this term is that which is worthy of a free man, of one who is open-minded and candid, of one who is open to the reception of new ideas. In this sense the thought which lies behind the word liberal has domi- nated every really progressive theory of education from the time of Plato to the present day. Just now, however, the word liberal is widely used as though it were syn- onymous ^with queer, odd, unconventional, otherwise- minded, in perpetual opposition. There was a time when in the neighborhood of Boston the test of liberalism was

PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPORT 15

the rejection of the Andover Creed, and possibly the rejection of the Apostles' Creed itself. Many would include among liberals those who favor all sorts of social, industrial and governmental tyranny, which are by their very nature incompatible with liberty. An enemy of the family and an experimenter with what is called trial marriage, is now called a liberal. The person who would destroy government and substitute for the political state of free men a close-working combination of industrial autocracies, is called a liberal. One who sneers at the religious faith or the political convictions of others, and takes care that his attitude is publicly advertised, is called a liberal. Under such circumstances it is plainly necessary to look to one's definitions. The aim of the school, the college and the university has often been described as that of making liberal-minded men and women ; but surely this need not be interpreted to include freaks, oddities, revolu- tionaries and those whose conduct carries them close to the border line which, if crossed, would require them to be put in confinement in the interest of social welfare and social safety.

The truly liberal man or woman will be self-disciplined, and will aim to make knowledge the foundation of wisdom, to base conduct upon fixed character, and to maintain an even temper at difficult times. Considering the condi- tions of the time in which they lived, the ancient Stoics give us some admirable examples of what is truly meant by a liberal. We cannot afford to let this word be lost or to have it stolen before our eyes. Its application should be denied to those individuals and those traits for which it is wrongly claimed, and its true definition and use should be insisted upon everywhere and at all times. Otherwise, we shall have to find some other definition of the aim of education than that of making liberal men and women.

16 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

It would be idle to ignore the fact that there is wide- spread public dissatisfaction with the results of present- day education. Horace Greeley's

Public Criticism of r < .c ,. r n j

Present-Day Education famOUS classification of college grad- uates with horned cattle is too often quoted with approving sarcasm. The mounting cost of education, both tax-supported and other, and its diverse competing forms, are increasingly attracting unfavorable public attention and increasingly arousing sharp public criti- cism. The qualifications of those who teach are not always spoken of with approbation. In the past it has been usual to assume that whatever is done in the name of education, like that which is done in the name of philanthropy or religion, is of necessity well and deservingly done and is to be supported without murmur. There are, however, too many signs that education does not satisfactorily educate to justify or even to ensure a longer continuance of this uncritical acquiescence. What is the trouble?

Perhaps a hint of where to look for an answer may be found in the remark of an undergraduate who had been in attendance upon a lecture by one of the foremost living authorities in his field. "A very scholarly lecture," the undergraduate was heard to say as the audience passed out, but his tone was one of distinct protest that he had spent his time in listening to scholarship. Scholarship, it must be confessed, is not popular in America, and what is blithely referred to as the revolt against intellectualism is, in last analysis, nothing more or less than the revolt against the influence of those who know. It is the pas- sionate cry of ignorance for power. A casual impression gained from the reading of some hopelessly befogged magazine or from some haphazard newspaper headline, or a response to some emotional "urge" — the newest name for appetite — is greatly preferred to real knowledge. The ruling passion just now is not to know and to under-

PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPORT 17

stand, but to get ahead, to overturn something, to apply in ways that bring material advantage some bit of informa- tion or some acquired skill. Both school and college have in large part taken their minds off the true business of education, which is to prepare youth to live, and have fixed them upon something which is very subordinate, namely, how to prepare youth to make a living. This is all part and parcel of the prevailing tendency to measure everything in terms of self-interest. Economic explana- tions of the conduct of individuals, of groups and of nations — that is, explanations based upon desire for gain or love of power — are sought rather than explanations based upon intellectual or ethical foundations. But a civilization based upon self-interest rather than upon intellectual and moral principle would swiftly lapse into the barbarism out of which it has come. An educational system based upon self-interest is not worthy the support and the sacrifice of a civilized people.

We are doubtless passing through a period of reaction in education which will spend itself as periods of reaction have so often spent themselves before. The sure mark of a real reactionary is his contempt for all that man has learned and done, and his demand that the history of human achievement be thrown away and the task begun all over again on the basis of present-day dissatisfaction and distress. The sure mark of the true progressive is his acceptance of human experience, his desire to understand and to interpret it, and his determination that it shall be made the foundation for something better, something happier and something more just than anything which has gone before.

The underlying condition essential to human happiness is progress in the power to produce. Unless that power to produce is the outgrowth of understanding, of mastery of principles, of knowledge of past achievement and of

18 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

insight into high and lasting purpose, it will not accom- plish anything desirable or permanent. For a quarter century past American educational practice has been steadily losing its hold upon guiding principle and has, therefore, increasingly come to float and drift about upon the tide of mere opinion, without standards, without purpose and without insight. The little red school house of the generation that followed the Civil War, with its wretchedly poor equipment but with an earnest and devoted teacher who laid stress upon character-building and upon the fundamentals of intellectual training, did more for the American people than does many a costly and well-equipped educational palace such as may be seen in any part of the United States today. It is as discouraging as it is startling to find Henry James, so lately as 1913, describing the college town which he knew best as "utterly arid and vacuous."

This decline in educational power is primarily the result of a widely influential and wholly false philosophy of education which has operated to destroy the excellence of the American school and college, as these existed a generation ago, without putting anything in its place. It has been dinned into our ears that all subjects are of equal educational value, and that it matters not what one studies, but only how he studies it. This doctrine has destroyed the standard of value in education, and in practical application is making us a widely instructed but an uncultivated and undisciplined people. We are now solemnly adjured that children, however young, must not be guided or disciplined by their elders, but that they must be permitted to give full and free expression to their own individuality, which can of course only mean their own utter emptiness. In education as in physics, nature abhors a vacuum. Were such a theory as that to

PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPORT 19

become dominant for any length of time, the whole world would thereby be sentenced to remain forever in the incompetence and immaturity of childhood . No generation would be helped or permitted to stand on the shoulders of its predecessors, or to add something to what they had already gained. Life would then be merely an everlasting beginning, devoid of accomplishment and without other aim than the multiplication of nervous reactions to a variety of accidental and rapidly succeeding stimuli. The much despised to reXos is essential to any movement that is progress; anything else is mere intellectual, social and political wriggling.

With the decline of genuine educational guidance and helpful discipline there has gone an increasingly vigorous warfare on excellence and distinction of every kind, which is truly pathetic in its destructiveness. Youth are told that they must exert themselves and excel, but if they chance to take this advice and succeed they are then pointed to as the evil products of a harmful and ill- organized social system. So long ago as October 31, 1888, Professor Gold win Smith, an inveterate liberal and a keen observer of his kind, wrote to Mrs. Humphrey Ward : "Over the intellectual dead-level of this democracy opinion courses like the tide running in over a flat." Under such conditions the mob spirit becomes increas- ingly powerful. The demagogue, the persistent and plausible self-seeker, and those who possess or can com- mand the large sums of money needed to advertise themselves throughout the land, occupy the largest place in the public eye and actually come to think of themselves and be thought of as representative Americans. It is not surprising that at least three-fourths of the best ability and best character in the United States remains in hiding, so far as public knowledge and public service are concerned.

20 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

It is significant, too, that in this period of vigorous and able-bodied reaction the world should be without a poet, without a philosopher, and without a notable religious leader. The great voices of the spirit are all stilled just now, while the mad passion for gain and for power endeavors to gratify itself through the odd device of destroying what has already been gained or accomplished.

To get back upon the path of constructive progress will be a long and difficult task. A first step will be to bring back the elementary school to its own proper business. The elementary school being universal, well-organized and easily accessible, has been seized upon by faddists and enthusiasts of every type as an instrumentality not for better education, but for accomplishing their own particu- lar ends. The simple business of training young children in good habits of diet and exercise and conduct; of teaching them the elementary facts of the nature which surrounds them and of the society of which they form a part ; and of giving them ability to read understanding^, to write legibly and to perform quickly and with accuracy the fundamental operations with numbers, has been pushed into the background by all sorts of enterprises that have their origin in emotionalism, in ignorance, or in mere vanity. Through lack of knowledge of educational values, and their fear of an uninformed public opinion, the secondary schools and the colleges have very largely abdicated their place as leaders in modern life and have become the plaything of whatever temporary and passing influences may operate upon them. In the hope of becoming popular they have thrown overboard principle. Throughout elementary school, high school and college, teachers are too often not teachers at all, but preachers or propagandists for some doctrine of their own liking. One would think that the business of teaching was sufficiently simple and sufficiently important to be kept unconfused

PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPORT 21

with other forms of influence; but such has not been the case. Very many teachers are preachers or propagandists first and teachers afterwards.

It is in conditions like these that one must look for an explanation of the costly ineffectiveness which is so sharply charged against present-day education in the United States. We are told that boys and girls, young men and young women, spend years apparently in study and then leave school or college without a trained intel- ligence, without any standards of appreciation in art or in morals, with wretched manners, with slovenly speech, and without capacity to approach a new problem dis- passionately or to reason about it clearly. It is asserted that we devote untold skill and labor to the teaching of French, of Spanish and of German, and yet the high school or college graduate who can speak or write any one of these languages correctly and freely, or read them save with difficulty, is rare indeed; that for fifty years we have poured out money without stint for the teaching of the natural and experimental sciences, and have provided costly laboratories and collections to make that teaching practical, yet the result, so far as giving a general com- mand of scientific method or general knowledge of scientific facts is concerned, is quite negligible; that school and college students spend years upon the study of history and yet few really know any history; that these students are uniformly taught to read and are guided toward read- ing that which is worth while, yet it is clear that the greater part of their reading is of that which is unworthy to be read. More criticism than was ever leveled against the study of Latin, Greek and mathematics based upon the meager practical results obtained, can be repeated with equal force against those newer subjects of school and college study which have so largely displaced Latin, Greek and mathematics.

22 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

In Columbia College a definite and well-considered attempt is making to overcome these unfortunate condi- tions of modern education, and to build a wise, judicious and truly educational program of study upon a sound foundation. This foundation is provided by the course entitled Introduction to Contemporary Civilization, prescribed for all members of the Freshman Class, and given five times weekly throughout Freshman Year. The purpose of this course is to give the student early in his college residence a body of objective material upon which to base his own later and more advanced studies and his own judgments concerning the world in which he lives. A result of prescribing this course for all Freshmen is to make sure that every student in Columbia College has a common starting point and a single point of vantage from which to study, to understand and to appreciate the world of nature and of man. It is significant, too, that in this course the student is brought at once face to face with real interests and with genuine problems as they exist today. These interests and these problems are then placed in their historic setting, the story of their development is traced, and they are analyzed into their simplest parts. The large measure of success that has attended the introduction of this course, and the great interest taken in it by the undergraduates themselves, indicate that the Faculty of Columbia College is on the right track, and that it seems likely to do its full part in rescuing American college education from the reproach that is so often heaped upon it, sometimes perhaps unjustly, but too frequently with a measure of justice that we cannot refuse to recognize.

The College Faculty has gone farther and in establishing a special course of reading, to be followed through two years by candidates for general honors, has recorded its conviction that the college graduate may properly be held to some knowledge of the masterpieces in litera-

PRESIDENTS ANNUAL REPORT 23

ture, in poetry, in history, in philosophy and in science. The reading list at present given to candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts with general honors, includes: Homer, Herodotus, Thucydides, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Plato, Aristotle, Lucretius, Horace, Plutarch, Marcus Aurelius, St. Augustine, The Nibelungenlied, The Song of Roland, St. Thomas Aquinas, Dante, Petrarch, Montaigne, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Francis Bacon, Milton, Moliere, David Hume, Montes- quieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Adam Smith, Lessing, Kant, Schiller, Goethe, Macaulay, Victor Hugo, Hegel, Darwin, Lyell, Tolstoi, Nietzsche.

This provides a rich feast of reason, and if it is wanting in any respect it is in not sufficiently representing the fine arts, other than poetry, which have in every age been the finest flower of a people's aspiration.

Every conceivable explanation of unrest, dissatisfaction and disorder that prevail throughout the world has been proposed except the one which is probably the deepest and most important. For between two pagan;sm hundred and three hundred years the modern world has been in a state of intellectual upheaval, although there are those who think that this condition began with the world war or was caused by it. This upheaval has grown constantly more widespread and more severe. The forces that lie behind it have profoundly affected the religious life and the religious faith of great masses of men, have shaken their confidence in age-old principles of private morals and of public policy, and have left them blindly groping for guiding principles to take the place of those that have lost their hold. A generation ago John Fiske, in one of his luminous essays, pointed out that a necessary effect of the Copernican theory of the universe was to make the earth and its inhabitants seem so small

24 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

and insignificant as to be quite unimportant in the scheme of things and to transfer the center of gravity of man's interest to suns and worlds far more vast and far more important than ours. While the Copernican theory may logically seem to have required this result, what has happened is quite different. Man's attention and interest have been increasingly turned to himself, his immediate surroundings, and his instant occupation. Having come to feel himself quite superior to all that has gone before, and being without faith in anything that lies beyond, he has tended to become an extreme egotist. The natural result has been to measure the universe in terms of himself and his present satisfactions. His own emotions and his own appetites, being present and immediate, take prece- dence in the shaping of conduct and of policy over any body of principles built up by the experience of others. The wisdom, the justice, the morality of an act or policy are then tested solely by its immediate results, and these results are increasingly measured in terms of the material and emotional satisfactions of the moment.

In a world so constituted and so motived unrest, dis- satisfaction and disorder are a necessity. Set free a million or a thousand million wills to work each for the accomplishment of its own immediate material satisfac- tions, and nothing but unrest, dissatisfaction and disorder is possible.

What appears to have happened is that in setting free the individual human being from those external restraints and compulsions which constitute tyranny, he has also been set free from those internal restraints and compul- sions which distinguish liberty from license. The pendu- lum has swung too far. The time has come, the time is indeed already past, when the pendulum should begin its swing backward toward the middle point of wisdom, of sanity, of self-control and of steady progress.

president's annual report 25

There is no man, there is no people, without a God. That God may be a visible idol, carved of wood or stone, to which sacrifice is offered in the forest, in the temple, or in the market-place; or it may be an invisible idol, fashioned in a man's own image and worshipped ardently at his own personal shrine. Somewhere in the universe there is that in which each individual has firm faith, and on which he places steady reliance. The fool who says in his heart "There is no God" really means there is no God but himself. His supreme egotism, his colossal vanity, have placed him at the center of the universe which is thereafter to be measured and dealt with in terms of his personal satisfactions. So it has come to pass that after nearly two thousand years much of the world resembles the Athens of St. Paul's time, in that it is wholly given to idolatry; but in the modern case there are as many idols as idol worshippers, and every such idol worshipper finds his idol in the looking- glass. The time has come once again to repeat and to expound in thunderous tones the noble sermon of St. Paul on Mars Hill, and to declare to these modern idolaters "Whom, therefore, ye ignorantly worship, Him declare I unto you."

There can be no cure for the world's ills and no abate- ment of the world's discontents until faith and the rule of everlasting principle are again restored and made supreme in the life of men and of nations. These millions of man- made gods, these myriads of personal idols, must be broken up and destroyed, and the heart and mind of man brought back to a comprehension of the real meaning of faith and its place in life. This cannot be done by exhortation or by preaching alone. It must be done also by teaching; careful, systematic, rational teaching, that will show in a simple language which the uninstructed can understand what are the essentials of a permanent

26 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

and lofty morality, of a stable and just social order, and of a secure and sublime religious faith.

Here we come upon the whole great problem of national education, its successes and its disappointments, its achievements and its problems yet unsolved. Education is not merely instruction — far from it. It is the leading of the youth out into a comprehension of his environment, that, comprehending, he may so act and so conduct himself as to leave the world better and happier for his having lived in it. This environment is not by any means a mate- rial thing alone. It is material of course, but, in addition, it is intellectual, it is spiritual. The youth who is led to an understanding of nature and of economics and left blind and deaf to the appeals of literature, of art, of morals and of religion, has been shown but a part of that great environment which is his inheritance as a human being. The school and the college do much, but the school and the college cannot do all. Since Protestantism broke up the solidarity of the ecclesiastical organization in the western world, and since democracy made intermingling of state and church impossible, it has been necessary, if religion is to be saved for men, that the family and the church do their vital cooperative part in a national organi- zation of educational effort. The school, the family and the church are three cooperating educational agencies, each of which has its weight of responsibility to bear. If the family be weakened in respect of its moral and spiritual basis, or if the church be neglectful of its obligation to offer systematic, continuous and convincing religious instruc- tion to the young who are within its sphere of influence, there can be no hope for a Christian education or for the powerful perpetuation of the Christian faith in the minds and lives of the next generation and those immediately to follow. We are trustees of a great inheritance. If we abuse or neglect that trust we are responsible before

PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPORT 27

Almighty God for the infinite damage that will be done in the life of individuals and of nations.

The contacts and associations of civilized men are many and various. The two contacts and associations that have been most lasting and most influ- ential are those which constitute the State The University, and the Church. The State is the expression Religion

of man's ability to cooperate with his fellows in establishing law, in preserving order, and, as the genera- tions pass, in protecting the opportunity of each individual to achieve and to enjoy liberty. The Church is the expres- sion of man's desire to cooperate in worship of the object of his faith. Both State and Church have a long and familiar history, and there is no need to recount any part of it here. Of the other contacts and associations of men, none is likely to be considered more important than that which has for its purpose the conservation, the advance- ment, and the dissemination of knowledge, together with the pursuit of truth, upon which activity all knowledge depends for its vital power. When men are sufficiently convinced that the pursuit of truth is an object worthy of their lifelong endeavor, the university as we now know it comes into existence as both the voice and the symbol of this form of human activity. When men associate to- gether in pursuit of truth, their ruling thought is not agreement, but truth as each finds and interprets it. For this reason there will be in the university nothing which approaches agreement or unity as to matters of politics or religion beyond the fact that honest and sincere men are protected in their right to hold such political and reli- gious views as they may choose, provided only that these are consistent with the pursuit of truth itself and with the welfare and usefulness of the particular society of scholars to which they belong. With all the good will in the world

28 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

toward an individual who might dissent from the multi- plication table or insist that he had solved the problem of perpetual motion, the teachers of mathematics and of physics would not be able to find a place for him in their teaching ranks. Somewhere in the fields of religion and politics a similar line is to be drawn, but it is difficult to find, and still more difficult to apply if found.

There is no recognized doctrine of human liberty which extends to the individual the unchallenged right to take his own life. If he attempts it he is forcibly prevented, and if he attempts it and fails, he is punished. What is true of an individual is true likewise of men's associations in the State and in the Church. There comes a time when dissent takes on the form of suicide or assault with intent to kill, and when, therefore, it is prevented and punished. The philosophical basis for this is clear enough. There can be no serious discussion of truth and no sincere attempt to answer the question of jesting Pilate, unless it be assumed that there is such a thing as truth to be pursued, and if possible, found. When found and demonstrated, truth is to be recognized and acted upon. It will not do for some- one else to say that he has a wholly contrary conception of truth, or that truth for him means something quite other than truth for anyone else. Some forms of this genially inconsequent doctrine are just now enjoying a certain short-lived popularity based upon a false psychology and a grievous travesty on philosophy, but their irrationality and the immorality of conduct based upon them are so obvious that their life is certain to be short.

Underlying the organization of the university, then, there is a certain general, very general, agreement on a series of fundamental assumptions as to the State and the Church; Columbia University, for instance, is both American and Christian. Unless a university entirely abandons its own peculiar aim and becomes merely an

president's annual report 29

instrument of propaganda for some specific doctrine, it cannot in its institutional capacity properly go beyond this and be drawn into either political or religious controversy. Its individual members, be they few or many, will follow the guidance of their several heads and hearts in seeking or accepting political and religious associations and in advancing specific political or religious doctrines; but they will not, indeed they cannot, thereby commit the university to their own convictions or beliefs.

It must be borne in mind, then, that any member of a university who does his duty as he sees it in citizenship and in the religious life is doing it solely as an individual, and that his university relationship or activity is in no wise affected thereby. This is a hard lesson for some observers of contemporary life to learn. They do not seem able to understand how it is that one individual may have a variety of human associations and yet not commit them all to his own course in relation to any one of them. Clear thinking will distinguish between men's different associations, and it will be able to render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and to render unto God the things which are God's.

The striking advances that have been and are being made in the organization and work of the College are set out in detail in the report of the Dean. The results thus far obtained from the new plan of °co™eee admission are of exceptional interest and would appear to indicate that the principles of this plan are susceptible of application much more widely and beyond the limits of a university. Of particular interest are the careful studies being made to discover how students admitted in each one of the several ways now permitted perform their college work after admission. The useful possibilities of such tests as these are very great.

30 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

The undergraduates are now drawn from all parts of the United States and are representative of almost every type and group of American citizen. A chief task of the College is to give to this undergraduate body a unity, a self-consciousness and a conviction of purpose that will dominate the College life and College interests of its members. This is being accomplished by. the prescribed course entitled Introduction to Contemporary Civiliza- tion, of which mention has already been made in this report [p. 22], by the institution of a general assembly hour, and by the personal labors of the Dean and his assistants. The extra-curricular activities of the under- graduates all make to the same end, and these have never been on a sounder basis than at the present time. The outdoor sports and the athletic contests are being carried on in admirable fashion and under the devoted and skillful supervision of a loyal body of alumni.

The College will be still farther strengthened and its unity still better protected by the practical operation of the plan for the care of university undergraduates unani- mously adopted by the University Council in April last. The term university undergraduate is used to define a student who, while not enrolled in Columbia College, comes to Columbia University for professional, graduate or special work after having spent a number of years in another college or perhaps having been graduated from such college, but who, for one reason or another, is not qualified for full acceptance as a student in one of the professional or graduate schools. This class of student, now numbering several hundred each year, illustrates the nation-wide influence and invitation of Columbia University, and the response made to that invitation by ambitious students in all parts of the land. To reject these university under- graduates would be to refuse to correlate the work of Columbia University to colleges other than Columbia

PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPORT 31

College and Barnard College, and would destroy at one stroke the pretensions of the University to be a national institution. On the other hand, to force these students into Columbia College or Barnard College would be to restrict their opportunities, to require them to take certain academic work for which they have no desire, and to weaken the unity of the undergraduate body in Columbia College and in Barnard College. These are some of the reasons why the University Council has proposed to group these university undergraduates by themselves and to keep supervision of them in the hands of the University Council. Their interests will be cared for by a Committee of the Council and they will, on the completion of a proper amount of work, be recommended for the degree of Bachelor of Science in general studies by the Council. The proper and legitimate work of Columbia College and of Barnard College will in no wise be interfered with, and the students in those colleges and they alone will continue to go forward to the degree of Bachelor of Arts.

The plan is an ingenious and highly practical one. It is the outcome of the experience of the past twenty years and a result of the intimate relations in which Columbia University stands to several hundred colleges and scien- tific schools throughout the country.

The Dean of the Graduate Faculties indicates in his report a chief difficulty in the way of the better and more extensive organization of research. He points out that the colleges and tech- ^"Research nical schools from which the graduates come do not, as a rule, give a kind of education which makes for scholarship of high character. The result is that college and technical school graduates too often come with a desire to enter upon graduate studies without having first mastered the preliminary and readily accessi-

32 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

ble data of the subject of their choice. For this reason the Graduate Faculties are frequently unable to organize their work as they would most like to do or to get the best results from the courses that are conducted. The Gradu- ate Faculties have been steadily sifting the students who come to them, and now require very distinct evidence of competence to proceed to a higher degree before admit- ting a student to register as a candidate for such degree. They still need to sharpen the distinction between under- graduate and graduate work, between undergraduate and graduate methods, for it is as wasteful and harmful to instruct a Freshman or a Sophomore by those methods that are suitable to graduate and professional students as it would be to attempt to guide the latter by methods which produce good results with Freshmen and Sopho- mores.

These Faculties should also be aided and encouraged to develop special institutes for research, such as the Psycho- logical Institute and the Oriental Institute that are described in the report of the Dean. The organization and equipment of these institutes are a natural and almost necessary step in the development of the University's instrumentalities for research. Cooperation in research between the University and other organized bodies should be encouraged; and in particular the University should make sure that it neglects no opportunity to serve the public by directing its researches toward the solution of pressing problems in agriculture, in economic and indus- trial life, and in the conduct of public undertakings.

An important decision was made by the Trustees on January 3, 19 10, to make possible a scholarly undertaking which, it was believed, would add to the renown of the University and be a distinct contribution to the literature of the English language as well. At the time of the cele- bration in 1909 of the three hundredth anniversary of the

PRESIDENTS ANNUAL REPORT 33

birth of John Milton, public attention was called to the fact that despite Milton's preeminence, there is no single definitive and complete collection of his writings, both prose and poetry, in existence. It was then decided that the editing and publication of such a complete and defini- tive edition of Milton's works should be undertaken by the University. Various unforeseen contingencies, and the conditions arising out of the War, made it impractica- ble to proceed at once with the undertaking as planned. On May 3, 1920, the Committee on Education again brought this matter to the attention of the Trustees, and the President was authorized to arrange for the prepara- tion and publication through the Columbia University Press of a definitive edition of the complete works of John Milton, under the editorship of members of the Depart- ment of English and Comparative Literature. Steps have already been taken to carry out this plan, and the works of John Milton in eight volumes under the general editor- ship of Professor Trent, assisted by Professors Erskine, Ayres, Haller, Nelson G. McCrea, Krapp, and others, will, it is expected, begin to appear from the press in 1922. It is the confident hope that the Columbia Univer- sity Edition of Milton will be accepted as a standard work throughout the English-speaking world.

Another undertaking of importance and general public interest is the examination and editing of the papers of De Witt Clinton of the Class of 1786, which has been assigned to Assistant Professor Dixon Ryan Fox of the Department of History. De Witt Clinton's long public career as member of Assembly and as Senator of the State of New York, as United States Senator, as Mayor, as Lieutenant-Governor, and as Governor, and the impor- tant public policies and improvements that are associated with his name, combine to make the publication of his papers of more than usual significance.

34 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

In the report of the Director of the George Crocker Special Research Fund will be found a record of the

experimental work carried on during the year Fund anc^ °^ t^ie results> both positive and negative,

that have been obtained. The establishment of this fund by bequest of the late George Crocker was a model act of its kind. It enabled the University to keep at work in an important and difficult field, year in and year out, a sufficient body of highly trained investi- gators to promise ultimate success in the solution of one of the most vexed and anxious problems that confront the human race. It must be that sooner or later the dread disease which is under unremitting observation in the Crocker Laboratories, will yield the secrets of its cause and cure to the devoted body of scientific workers who are engaged upon its study.

The School of Law has quickly recovered from the effects of the war and is facing its own peculiar problems _ , , , T with vigor and courage. Perhaps the most

School of Law . ° f . .

important matter to be dealt with is ade- quate provision for legal research and for building upon the foundations afforded by the School of Law a group of advanced students working in the history and philosophy of law, in the field of comparative jurisprudence, and in the interesting and important relations between law and modern economic and industrial development.

The Columbia Law Review needs more adequate sup- port. The increased cost of printing this Review can only be met by a larger and more generous measure of support from members of the Bar, and particularly from those who have been graduated from the School of Law itself. The Review is not only a creditable publication in its own field, but it is an integral part of the scheme of instruction in the School of Law. The training and

PRESIDENTS ANNUAL REPORT 35

discipline afforded by work upon the Law Review board are highly esteemed and are duly weighed by the Faculty in recommending students for graduation. If every alumnus of the School of Law were to make it a point to become a subscriber to the Columbia Law Review, its continuance and prosperity would be fully assured.

The newly appointed Dean and Associate Dean, to- gether with the Committee of the Faculty on Administra- tion with its new authority, have worked hard to become familiar with existing Medicine

problems and to seek their solution. The details of the business of the year are set out in the report of the Dean.

Until the University is put in financial position to make new and thoroughly modern provision for the Medical School and to place it in the immediate neighborhood of the Presbyterian Hospital, nothing more will be practi- cable than to make the best of present limited and hampering conditions and to continue to train physicians and surgeons of the highest type despite the difficulties by which that task is surrounded. It has excited comment that while millions of dollars are easily found to build or to rebuild and to equip medical schools in distant parts of the earth and in small towns, no real response has been re- ceived to the University's earnest and oft-repeated appeals for the funds with which to deal adequately with the problem of medical teaching and research in the city of New York, where the opportunities for service are so great as almost to defy exaggeration. It is not easy to add anything to what has been said on this point in earlier Annual Reports. The income from the DeLamar Fund, when wholly available, will do no more than meet the present annual deficiency in the cost of maintaining the Medical School when the new work called for by the terms

36 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

of the bequest has been organized and put under way. The large sums heretofore described as necessary for the purchase of land, for the erection of new buildings, and for the proper endowment of the work of teaching and research in medicine, are even more needed today than when appeal for them was first made. There is here an unexampled opportunity for public service and for per- sonal distinction on the part of an individual or group of individuals who will make possible the speedy execution of the wise and thoroughly studied plans that have been made in cooperation with the Presbyterian Hospital for the reconstruction and expansion of the School of Medi- cine.

It may be worth while to recall the fact that on January 5, 1903, the Committee on Education, in their report making recommendations for consideration in connection with the budget for 1 903-1 904, submitted a carefully studied program for the development of the Medical School. It would not be easy even now to improve upon the statement contained in that report made nearly eigh- teen years ago. It was pointed out that to bring the Medical School to a true university basis involved getting completely away from the traditions of the proprietary school period. The following nine points were then stated as constituting the program of progress which the Univer- sity desired to follow :

1. Raising the standard of admission to a point where the medical student will have had not less than two years of college training, such training to include an elementary knowledge of physics, chemistry and general biology.

2. Reconstructing the medical school curriculum so as (a) to provide for adequate laboratory instruction and section teaching for all students to an extent that will make outside classes or "quizzes" wholly unnecessary, and (b) to make a just allotment of time to the laboratory subjects — i. e.t anat-

PRESIDENTS ANNUAL REPORT 37

omy, physiology, pathology, physiological chemistry and pharmacology — to medicine and surgery, and to the special clinical departments. This can only be accomplished by concerted faculty action taken in pursuance of certain definite principles, as a substitute for the policy whereby each depart- ment in effect fixes the amount and disposition of the time at its disposal.

3. Completing the equipment of the laboratories of anat- omy, physiology, pathology and physiological chemistry, and installing laboratories of pharmacology and toxicology, and adding instruction in public health and sanitation, the history of medicine and allied topics.

4. Providing for a university hospital, or a hospital under university control, where the clinical teaching may be carried on under the most favorable conditions.

5. Recognizing the fact that a distinction should be drawn between the salaries paid to those professors who devote their entire time to the work of the University and those who com- bine private practice with clinical teaching or didactic lectur- ing. In an ideal system it might well be that all professors in the medical school would give their entire time to university duties, to hospital work, and to research.

6. Increasing the salaries of junior officers so that a larger number of them may be asked to devote their entire time to the university work of teaching and research.

7. Constituting the faculty as all other university faculties are constituted, with no special privileges assigned to the incumbents of the seven traditional chairs.

8. Inculcating the spirit of research in every department and developing methods of comparative study.

9. Offering facilities for graduate courses one or two years in length and for larger opportunities to become thoroughly competent in special branches of medicine and surgery.

The Committee on Education then said that, building upon the great and deserved reputation of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the effective carrying out of this program offered to the Trustees opportunity to make the

38 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

Medical School as efficient as any center of medical teach- ing and research in the world.

In the intervening years every one of the aims and ideals mentioned in the report of January 5, 1903, has been ac- complished wholly or in greater part. This program was formulated and made public long before the present movement for improvement in medical education had begun.. In this respect, as in so many others, the policies of Columbia University were in advance of the time. Perhaps for that very reason the funds needed to carry them out effectively have not been obtained, even after eighteen years of constant and most urgent appeal.

Provision was first made in 191 7 for the admission of women to the Medical School. Since that time forty- eight women have been admitted, and their record as students has been admirable. It is reasonable to believe that the University will, year by year, contribute a steadily increasing number of highly trained women physicians, surgeons and public health officers for the service of the public.

The Annual Report of 1919 discussed at some length

the problems and standards of engineering education, and

in particular, the principles and policies

Schools of Mines, fl whjch restg the new and advanced

Engineering and r . .

Chemistry course of instruction and research in

applied science. Because of these principles and policies the student attendance in the Schools of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry is at present small. On the other hand, a satisfactory number of undergraduates in Columbia College have indicated their intention to enter some one of the Schools of Applied Science later on, and there is reason to believe that as the scope and character of the new and advanced courses become better understood by engineers and by teachers in

president's annual report 39

other colleges and scientific schools, they will attract an increasing number of students of the highest type from all parts of the United States. The sharp decline of interest in mining and metallurgy and the increased interest in chemical engineering, have been reflected in the student enrollment at Columbia. It is the aim of the Faculty of Applied Science to train men who will be genuine leaders among American engineers, and to leave no stone unturned to make the training of such leaders sound, thorough and practical.

This school has been undergoing reorganization for

some years past and is now well established upon its new

and more satisfactory basis. The balance _ . , .

• i,i . , School of

between historical and theoretical study Architecture

and practical instruction is well main- tained, and the students of architecture are given oppor- tunity to meet, to hear, and sometimes to work with leading architects in practice in the City of New York. The aim of the School of Architecture, as in each one of the University's professional and technical schools, is to keep the work of instruction in close touch with the practical problems of the moment. The old and traditional barrier between the academic and the practical has largely been broken down at Columbia, for here the aca- demic is merely the practical carefully studied, minutely examined, and interpreted through more complete under- standing and reflection.

The report of the Acting Director of the School of Journalism for the year ending June 30, 1920, records the retirement of the Director from active service, and tells in some detail of the progress and . Crn°°j8m changes made during the year. It is not too late to direct attention to the last report of Director Talcott

40 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

Williams himself, which covered the year ending June 30, 1 9 19, and was of exceptional interest. That report not only traced the effects of the war upon the School itself and upon the calling of the journalist, but it set forth in truly philosophical and most suggestive fashion those changes in journalism itself which must guide the School in its policies and development. The measure of indif- ference or of cynicism with which the establishment of the School was received has now passed away. Experience has shown that there was solid substance behind Mr. Pulitzer's vision, and what the Director happily called the annual probate and administration of his Will has fully justified his hopes and his generous benefaction. The School of Journalism is still in its infancy. It has been placed upon a solid foundation of scholarship and of pro- fessional knowledge and insight. Its organization is so flexible that it can readily be adapted to such changes as time may bring. All this, except Mr. Pulitzer's own vision, we owe to the first Director of the School, who at the close of the academic year 1918-1919 laid down his active work and retired from University service to become Emeritus Professor of Journalism.

Dr. Talcott Williams brought to the School of Journal- ism a unique equipment of learning, of understanding of the American people, and of long and varied professional experience in the making of great newspapers. Perhaps no other man in America had his qualifications for the task that was laid upon him eight years ago. How splendidly he discharged that task, and how completely he rose to the height of his responsibilities and oppor- tunities the record relates and his colleagues gladly testify. In these eight years he built a monument more lasting than bronze, and one which the changes of time will not be able to destroy. The School of Journalism is not to be deprived of the inspiration, of the presence

president's annual report 41

and of the advice of Dr. Williams, but he will now be free for still larger tasks of good citizenship and the guidance of public opinion.

The Administrative Board of the School of Business awaits with anxious patience for the time to come when work may be begun upon the building for the ■

_ , _ , , , • \ .11 1 ■ . School of

use of the School, which will occupy the site at Business the north-east corner of Broadway and 11 6th Street. The students in attendance are reported to be of exceptional capacity and devotion, and are treating their academic work as serious and practical preparation for what has, to all intents and purposes, become a profes- sional career. The points of contact between the Faculty and courses of instruction on the one hand, and men of affairs as well as commercial, industrial and financial institutions on the other, are both many and close and are steadily increasing.

The high standards of admission insisted upon by the Administrative Board of the School of Dentistry make any large enrollment or rapid growth impossible. The University is more concerned with fixing Dentistry sound and high standards of dental education and in training students for leadership in this important branch of surgery, than in securing a large attendance. Members of the medical profession now realize as never before the important place that dentistry holds in any modern scheme for protecting the public health and for curing disease. The relations between the School of Dentistry and the Medical School will grow closer as time passes. The admirable work being clone in this field would not be possible but for the generous support and willing cooperation of leaders in the dental profession.

42 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

The recommendation of the Director that the title University Extension be substituted for Extension Teach- ing is sound and should be approved. The Teaching work being carried on under this head is educa- tional in the highest sense and includes much more than mere teaching. Primarily it is the University's contribution to the cause of adult education, a type of work that just now is even more important than the education of children and of youth. For the vast majority of young men and young women, too long a period of school and college attendance, and too long an abstention from the practical work of life, is not beneficial or desirable. There is no better training than that which comes from systematic participation in useful and productive industry. Such training can do more for many persons than can be accomplished by the study of books or attendance upon lectures. At the same time if these persons have been properly trained in elementary and secondary schools they will be most anxious to continue some kind of formal study, if that be possible without interfering with their stated occupation. Thousands of men and women of this type are reached and helped by the work of University Extension. The fact that such persons are not candidates for degrees, or are not devoting themselves exclusively to academic study, does not in the least detract from their devotion or their capacity as students. The University is doing no better work than this, and there is no reason, save the limitations of space and time, why this field of activity should not be indefinitely extended.

The Institute of Arts and Sciences has now completed its seventh year, and has fully established itself in the confidence and esteem of the public. Because of the lack of a large auditorium it has been found necessary to limit the number of subscribers to the work of the Institute, a fact which is much to be regretted. The total attendance

president's annual report 43

upon the various exercises of the Institute during the past year was nearly 90,000.

A substantial beginning has been made in the organi- zation of Home Study. Outlines of work have been carefully prepared and administrative arrangements effected that make it possible for this work to develop very rapidly and very helpfully in the near future. Everyone who undertakes Home Study has been given plainly to understand that this work must be followed for the benefits which immediately accrue from it, since it has no bearing whatever upon candidacy for any academic degree. Through the development of Home Study, Columbia University will place its great educational resources at the disposal of many thousands of students who are unable to enroll as resident members of the University.

Professor James Chidester Egbert, who conducted the work of the Summer Session for eighteen years at great personal sacrifice and with striking sue- • _ .

r _. . Summer Session

cess, retired from the post of Director at the beginning of the last academic year. In this work, as in that of Extension Teaching, Professor Egbert has shown the possession of the qualities that mark a really great administrator, grasp of principle, knowledge of detail, imagination and power of quick decision. Professor Egbert has been succeeded in the Directorship by Professor John J. Coss of the Department of Philosophy.

As the report of the Director shows, the attendance at the Summer Session of 1920 was 9,780, of which number one-third were men and two-thirds women. Nearly 7,000 of these students came from beyond the limits of New York State, and no fewer than 237 were from foreign countries. The courses of instruction offered number 689, and were given by 492 instructors and 83 assistants.

44 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

The experience of the past twenty years has more than justified every prediction made when the Summer Session was first organized, and it is now both an integral and a highly characteristic part of the work of the University.

By generous benefactions the resources of Barnard College have been largely increased during the year, and the Trustees of that corporation are thereby College enabled to bear their full share in the work of the University. Teachers appointed upon the nom- ination of Barnard College receive like salaries with their colleagues in other parts of the University.

The University has every reason to be satisfied with its handling of the problems growing out of the higher education of women. The separate and coordinate under- graduate colleges, working side by side and in close cooper- ation, offer college training to men and women of similar standards and of like content, but with ample opportunity for adjustment to those differences between students, which are in part differences of sex and in part differences of individual temperament and ambition.

The Trustees of Barnard College hold property valued, approximately, at $6,250,000, and the budget appropria- tions for the year ending June 30, 1920, were approxi- mately $480,000.

The problems of Teachers College are just now in

large part those resulting from rapid growth and expansion

of activity. More residence halls, more class-

Tpo pn arc

College rooms and more space for activities of various kinds, is the insistent demand. The Trustees have been fortunate in their ability to meet most of these needs, and are justified, by the reputation and service of the College, in expecting that measure of public support which will make early provision for all of them.

PRESIDENTS ANNUAL REPORT 45

The Trustees of Teachers College hold property valued, approximately, at $8,150,000, and the budget appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1920, were approximately $1,690,000.

The Trustees and Faculty of the College of Pharmacy have worked long and earnestly, and in the face of many difficulties, to raise the standard of pharma- ceutical education, and to encourage advanced D1° ege °

° Pharmacy

study and research in a field of public service closely allied to medicine on the one hand, and to the sciences of botany and chemistry on the other. The College of Pharmacy is easily a leader in its field of work, and it is no idle prophecy to predict that before many years have passed its standards of admission and of accomplishment will be those of the older professional schools in the University.

The Trustees of the College of Pharmacy hold property valued, approximately, at $402, 000, and the budget appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1920, were approximately $67,000.

For over four years the direction of the University Library has been in the hands of the Provost of the Univer- sity as Acting Librarian. Under his over- sight the administration of the Library has "nbra/ greatly improved and advanced. It is difficult to do more without the greatly increased appro- priations that the Library so sorely needs. The develop- ment in recent years of special studies for students of dif- fering classes and types has had admirable results, and while this system increases the cost of administration, it also greatly increases the efficiency of the Library service.

The members of the Library staff have shared to some extent in the recent increase in salaries, but considerably

46

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

larger appropriations than are now possible must be made if the members of the staff are to be adequately paid, if the annual accessions are to be sufficient and of the right sort, and if the books themselves are to be kept in thor- oughly good condition for use.

Gifts

In the Treasurer's Report (pp. 434-437) will be found a detailed list of gifts and bequests received during the year. The total amount of these additions to the corporate funds is $2,305,080.78. By far the largest single item is the payment of two million dollars made by the Executors of the Estate of the late Joseph R. DeLamar, to establish the DeLamar Fund for the benefit of the School of Medicine. The University is profoundly grateful not only for the large benefactions which so constantly mark the confidence of the public in its work, but for those scores of smaller gifts reflecting generous interest in some par- ticular undertaking or in some special detail of the Uni- versity's activity that are so constant and so indispensable.

For the purpose of comparison with previous reports, there follows the usual summary of gifts in money received during the year by the several corporations included in the University.

Purpose	Columbia	Barnard	Teachers	College of	Totals
University	College	College	Pharmacy
General
Endowment	76,268.39	$875,600.49	$19,983-32		$971,852.20
Special
Funds	2,210,413.71	59,126.21	23,120.84		2,292,660.76
Buildings
and
Grounds	18,398.68		363,068.22		381,466.90
Immediate
Use	75.013.78	2,177.50	1,010.00		78,210.28
Total	$2,380,094.56	$936,904.20	$407,182.38		$3,724,181.14

president's annual report 47

The following statement records the gifts made in money alone since 1890 to the several corporations in- cluded in the University :

1890-1901 $5,459,902.82

1901-1919 30,884,910.00

1919-1920 3,724,181.14

Total $40,068,993.96

On November 4, 1919, Calvin Thomas, LL.D., Gebhard Professor of the Germanic Languages and Literatures, in the sixty-sixth year of his age.

On November 5, 191 9, Charles W. Weich, Un^erlit°y S.B., Assistant Professor of Industrial Arts in Officers

Teachers College, in the fifty-sixth year of his age.

On November 19, 1919, Floyd M. Crandall, M.D., Lecturer on Medical Ethics, in the sixty-second year of his age.

On November 20, 191 9, George F. Fisher, formerly Bursar of the University, in the seventy-sixth year of his age.

On November 28, 1919, James Maclay, Ph.D., Professor of Mathematics, in the fifty-sixth year of his age.

On February 27, 1920, Alfred J. Moses, Ph.D., Professor of Mineralogy, in the sixty-first year of his age.

On March 2, 1920, Francis Sedgwick Bangs, A.B., LL.B., a Trustee of the University since 1900, in the sixty-fifth year of his age.

On March 2, 1920, Willard T. Barbour, LL.B., B.Litt., Carpentier Lecturer on English Legal History, in the thirty- sixth year of his age.

On May 26, 1920, Frederic B. Jennings, A.B., LL.B., a Trustee of Barnard College since 1900, in the sixty-seventh year of his age.

On June 3, 1920, Francis M. Burdick, LL.D., Dwight Pro- fessor Emeritus of Law, in the seventy-fifth year of his age.

On July 16, 1920, Miss Lavinia Tallman, Assistant Professor of Religious Education in Teachers College, in the forty-first year of her age.

48 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

On July 28, 1920, Albert H. Stevenson, D.D.S., Professor of Preventive Dentistry, in the thirty-seventh year of his age.

On September 21, 1920, George M. Lefferts, M.D., Emeritus Professor of Laryngology, in the seventy-fifth year of his age.

On October 13, 1920, Luther Herbert Alexander, Ph.D., Instructor in Romance Languages and Literatures in Barnard College, in the fifty-ninth year of his age.

For record and for comparison with previous years, there follow the usual tabular statements as to the University site, teaching staff, student enrollment and number of degrees con- ferred for the academic year 1919-1920.

PRESIDENT S ANNUAL REPORT 49

THE SITE

	Square Feet	Acres
A.	1. At Momingside Heights
	Green and Quadrangle	734,183	16.85
	South Field	359,341	8.25
	East Field	90,825	2.08
	Columbia House	1,809	.041
	Maison Franchise	1,809	.041
	Residence of the Dean of the Col-
	lege	1,809	.041
	Residence of the Chaplain	1,809	.041
	Claremont Avenue Property	29,000	.679
	1,220,585	28.023
	2. At West 59th Street	75,312	1 73
	1,295,897	29-753
B.	Barnard College	177,466	4.07
C.	Teachers College
	1. At 1 20th Street	153,898	3-53
	2. At 12 1st Street	17,750	•407
	3. At 1 2 1st Street and Momingside
	Drive	17,575	•403
	4. At Speyer School	4,917	.112
	5. At Van Cortlandt Park	575,843	1322
	769,983	17.672
D.	College of Pharmacy Grand Total in New York City	7,516	.172
	2,250,862	51.667
L\	Camp Columbia, Morris, Conn. Total		585.3
		636.967

50

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHING STAFF

	Columbia	Barnard	Teachers	College of	Totals
Teaching Staff	University	College	College1	Pharmacy	1919	1920
Professors	1 80	19	24	6	175	180
Associate Professors	70	12	II	4	53	70
Assistant Professors	121	12	33	I	113	121
Clinical Professors	20				20	20
Associates	67	3	9		56	76
Instructors	250	18	79	6	278	335
Curators	3				2	3
Lecturers	40	10	32		70	72
Assistants	67	9	38		92	105
Clinical Assistants	84				94	84
Extension Teaching
not included above	278				127	278
Summer Session
not included above	116				119	116
Total	I,2Q6	83	226	17	1,199	1,460
Administrative Offi-
cers not enumer-
ated above as
teachers	39	15	19	3	51	57
Emeritus and Retired
Officers	27		2	2	28	27
Total	1,362	98	247	22	1,278	i,544

1 Excluding the Horace Mann, Speyer and Lincoln Schools. 1 Excluding duplicates.

president's annual report

51

The total enrollment of students at the Winter, Spring, and Summer Sessions, as compared with that for the year 1918- 191 9, was as follows:

STUDENT ENROLLMENT

		Totals	Gain	Loss
A. Winter and Spring Sessions
Undergraduate Students:
Columbia College	1,901		415
Barnard College	755		40
Total Undergraduates		2,656
Graduate and Professional
Students:
Political Science, Philosophy
and Pure Science	1,249		475
Architecture	63		22
Business	269		143
Dentistry	4		(new)
Journalism	123		58
Law	451		218
Medicine	446			39
Mines, Engineering and
Chemistry	136		44
Pharmacy	523		180
Teachers College:
Education	1,567		494
Practical Arts	i,55i		261
Unclassified University
Students	166		51
Total Graduate and Pro-
fessional Students		6,548
B. Summer Session (1919) includ-
ing Undergraduate, Graduate,
Professional, and Unclassified
Students		9,539	3,517
C. Extension Teaching
Regular Courses	12,728		5,676
Home Study Courses	145		(new)
Special Courses (brief courses
bestowing no general Uni-
versity privileges and carry-
ing no academic credit)	1,080			223
Total Extension Teaching		13,953	5,598 11,481
Grand Total (Gross) for iqiq-iq20	32,696
Less Double Registration		4,382
Grand Net Total receiving instruc-
ting from the University		28,314

52

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

DEGREES CONFERRED

During the academic year 1919-1920, 2108 degrees and 543 certificates and diplomas were conferred, as follows:

Columbia College:

Bachelor of Arts

Bachelor of Science ....

Bachelor of Arts Certificate

for Academic Record and

National Service ....

Barnard College:

Bachelor of Arts

Bachelor of Science ....

Faculty of Law:

Bachelor of Laws .... Master of Laws

School of Business :

Faculty of Medicine: Doctor of Medicine . . . Bachelor of Science ....

Faculty of Applied Science Engineer of Mines . . Metallurgical Engineer Civil Engineer . . . Electrical Engineer . Mechanical Engineer Chemical Engineer .

Chemist

Master of Science .

School of Architecture: Bachelor of Architecture Master of Science .... Certificate of Proficiency in Architecture

School of Journalism Bachelor of Literature . .

November 1, IQ20

237	Bachelor of Science . . .	45
28	Master of Science .... Extension Teaching:	J5 60
17	Certificate in Secretaria
282	Studies	12
	Certificate in Optometry	19
139	Certificate in Architecture .	1
_5		32
144	College of Pharmacy:
	Pharmaceutical Chemist	15
98 1	Bachelor of Science . . .	2
99	Faculties of Political Sci ence, Philosophy ane	17 >
IOI	Pure Science :
M	Master of Arts ....	403
135	Doctor of Philosophy . .	69
3		472
3	Faculties of Teachers College:
8	Master of Arts ....	423
4	Bachelor of Science . .	399
7	Master of Science . . .	6
17	Bachelor's Diploma	236
0	Master's Diploma . . .	240
4	Doctor's Diploma . . .	12
46		1,316
6	Total Degrees Certificates am	i
I	Diplomas granted . .	2,651
	Number of individuals re	-
6		2,181
13	College of Pharmacy:
	Graduate in Pharmacy .	131
_35
35	Honorary Degrees . . .	7

Nicholas Murray Butler

President

COLUMBIA COLLEGE REPORT OF THE DEAN

FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, I92O

To the President of the University Sir:

As Dean of Columbia College, I have the honor to present the annual report for the academic year of 1919-1920.

In my last preceding report the four following important pieces of legislation were mentioned as having been passed by the Faculty of Columbia College during the year 1918-1919.

1 . The prescription of the course in Contemporary Civil- ization for Freshmen.

2. The authorization of a New Plan of Admis-

sion to college in which the Mental Test was an Legislation important feature.

3. The institution of an Assembly Hour.

4. The prescription of a second year of Physical Education for all college students.

All of these projects have now been in successful operation for a year.

The course in Contemporary Civilization has received the patient and enthusiastic attention of the unusually able body of teachers who have the course in charge, with the result that the unavoidable complexities of " c;v;i;zation plan and difficulties of presentation have been reduced to their simplest terms. Weekly meetings of the instructors have been held, and memoranda have been gath- ered during the year on the basis of which a revision of the Syllabus of the course has been prepared for use in September, 1920. A system of student representatives, one student elected

54 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

by each section, meeting with and reporting to their instructors on various aspects of the work, has aided materially in estab- lishing and maintaining a splendid spirit of cooperation and mutual support on the part of all who are connected with the course.

The course has aroused a great deal of interest in other institutions, several of which have been assisted by a study of our Syllabus in making plans for a similar course which suits their local conditions.

Comments on the New Plan of Admission are found in the report of the Director of Admissions. Fortunately it is possi- ble to determine with scientific accuracy Ad • . whether or not the Mental Test is a useful

addition to our academic machinery. If it turns out, during a series of years, that the correlation between the marks received on the Mental Test and the collegiate work of the students is distinctly higher than the correlation between the results of other types of entrance examinations and the college work, it would seem to be clear that the New Plan of Admission affords the best index that we have of the ability of a boy to carry college work. The correlation between the work of the entire Freshman year for the students who entered by the New Plan and their marks on the Mental Test is .65. The most reliable data available indicate that the highest correlation that can be expected between the work of the Fresh- man year and the results of the usual college entrance examina- tions is about .45. This latter figure has been obtained not only from a statistical study of our own Freshmen but from similar studies in another institution. Although it is too early to make a final statement regarding the matter, every indication points to the Mental Test as a most useful addi- tion to our machinery of admission. It must be kept in mind that the group of students who are admitted to college under the New Plan are very carefully winnowed before they are authorized to take the Mental Test. The correlations obtained should, therefore, be interpreted as referring to the New Plan of Admission as a whole rather than to the Mental Test alone.

COLUMBIA COLLEGE 55

In addition to the use of the results of the Mental Test in admission to college, they have been most helpful in my office as an aid in arriving at a diagnosis of academic maladies. A boy who has a poor academic record Tegt

and a low Mental Test grade generally needs very different treatment from the student whose record is poor but whose Mental Test mark is high. And in several cases the Mental Test has afforded the clue which has enabled my office in cooperation with the University Physician so to advise the boy that he has not only escaped being dropped, but has become an excellent academic citizen.

The wise use of a new instrument like the Mental Test requires constant caution and scrupulous checking, but its apparent possibilities for usefulness are so fundamental and far reaching that a careful and scientific study of its significance is one of the important tasks of the next few years.

For several years the reports of various administrative officers have discussed methods of providing, systematically and adequately, for an increasing group of students of collegiate grade who are now either Undergraduates left to shift for themselves under rules formu- lated to meet conditions quite different from their own, or made the subject of special action. The Council has recently approved a plan to provide a status for undergraduate stu- dents in the University who are not registered in Columbia College. This plan is of great importance to Columbia Col- lege in that it provides a means by which a man may study for a baccalaureate degree in the University without register- ing in Columbia College or being under the jurisdiction of its faculty.

The dangers to the College attending such a project are obvious; but it is confidently believed they have been guarded against. Unless carefully administered, one of the two methods of obtaining the baccalaureate degree may become easier than the other, and either the College or the University Undergraduate plan might degenerate into a soft spot into which a man who could not maintain himself in the other group might fall. In a small institution this situation might be

56 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

inevitable but Columbia is so vast in its scope and in its appeal that there is more reason for affording two different types of education of collegiate grade, both of which are of the highest grade, inside our single University than can be found for two distinct colleges in many of our states. In fact, it is in the interest of maintaining some sort of homogeneity in the stu- dent body of Columbia College that the Committee on Instruc- tion of the College has strongly favored the new project, in the belief that the institution of the University Undergraduates removes one of the most serious menaces to the solidarity of the College without injuring her either materially or in prestige.

The danger of introducing a school rival to the College in the University is also a serious consideration. This possibility is met by avoiding so far as practicable the development of any separate, corporate existence on the part of the group of University Undergraduates. They have no faculty but are administered by a committee, of which the Dean of the College is Chairman, which is responsible to the University Council. In this way, not only is a multiplication of administrative officers avoided, but also a rivalry of schools. For it is hard to see how the Dean of the College could be responsible for two schools, rivals to each other in any sense disadvantageous to either, without presenting in his own person the spectacle of a house divided against itself.

The plan for University Undergraduates solves, one-half of the problem referred to in my last report under the caption of "The University and the College." The D'st b t" method of solution is slightly different from

what was anticipated in its details but not in its main educational significance. The other half of the problem was concerned with the housing facilities for the college students. This question has rapidly become more insistent owing to the increasing number of students who have come to Columbia College from remote points. While the registration in the College for the year 1919-1920 has increased twenty-eight per cent, over that of 1918-1919, the number of students from outside Greater New York has increased

COLUMBIA COLLEGE

57

seventy-three per cent, in the .same time. Figures giving the percentages for certain recent years are as follows:

	Resident in	Resident within	Resident at
	Greater	Commuting	More Remote
	New York	Distance	Points
I 905-1 906	72	8	20
1909-1910	68	10	22
1914-1915	66	12	22
1918-1919	68	5	27
1919-1920	58	10	32

It is impossible to predict whether this trend will continue, especially in view of the great expense of travel, but there is some reason to believe that the registration in Columbia College can be maintained at about an even division between students from New York City and those from out of town. If this can be done it will, in my opinion, result to the great- est advantage not only to the city boys, who would meet as classmates students from all over the world, but to those who come from afar as well, in acquainting them with the nation's metropolis, through the medium of things intellectual. Our obligation to the community is also fulfilled more intelligently and completely by a cosmopolitan student body than would be possible by a purely local institution.

Clearly, it will be out of the question to take care of an increasing number of out-of-town registrants unless adequate facilities for housing and boarding are provided. During the past year the Trustees designated F .... y Hartley and Furnald Halls for the exclusive use of students of Columbia College. Owing to the stringency of the housing situation for women, it has been deemed advisable to withhold the use of Furnald from men for a year or two longer, and to house the College in Hartley and Livingston for the present. A Committee on the Administration of Hart- ley and Livingston Halls has been appointed and has arranged for the gradual taking over of these dormitories by the College students as fast as the tenure of students in other schools of the University is terminated by their receiving their degrees, or by their withdrawal from the University. This will take

58 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

at most two years. These dormitories will be adequate for the College if it does not further increase in size. The possi- bility of further numerical expansion depends upon the pro- vision of further space not only for housing but for eating, recitations and lectures, library purposes, gymnasium, and last but not least for the various student activities.

The foregoing portions of this report are concerned with college policies which have been under consideration for some time and which have culminated during the past year. Certain other questions which have appeared during the course of the year and have reached solution ought to receive men- tion here.

Of these the most important is the reorganization of the Honors Courses. Since their initiation in 1910, these courses have been performing an admirable service to „eg e w scholarship in affording the student of unusual

ability a more flexible plan of study than that followed by the rest of the undergraduates. The plan has worked much better in some departments than in others, due in part to differences in subject matter, and in part to the greater interest taken in the honors students by members of the teaching staff in certain departments. But on the whole the system had tended to run down, particularly in the last two or three years, and the time was clearly ripe for a complete overhauling of our entire policy of caring for the ablest scholars among our students. As the result of a careful study of the problem, a plan has been devised providing that all the candidates for a degree with General Honors (except those who expect to exercise professional option) shall pursue a course of reading from a list of the world's great books and shall meet one evening each week in conference with members of the teaching staff for the discussion of them. In addition to this reading each student is required to select a subject of major interest which may cut across departmental lines, which he shall pursue under the direction of a member of the teaching staff especially interested in that field, and, if possi- ble, in the particular student. It is hoped and expected that this project will interest a small but very alert and choice

COLUMBIACOLLEGE 59

group of undergraduates who may, as time continues, serve as a center of enthusiasm for things scholarly in a manner helpful alike to them, to their instructors and to the College.

During the past year the undergraduates, under the stimulus of the Student Board, have discussed with great vigor the desirability of recommending to the faculty the organization of the so-called Honor Sys- e t"

tern of conducting examinations. The question at issue really came down to a discussion as to whether the students were willing to undertake the responsi- bility of seeing that dishonesty was reported to the proper student committee for recommendation to the Dean for discipline. No one believed that all dishonesty would be eliminated by the passage of a few resolutions modifying the method of taking examinations. But if the rules were so changed that the faculty could not observe such dishonesty as took place, and if the students declined to take any responsi- bility in the matter, evidently an impossible situation would be created. It was the world-old situation of a demand for "liberty" without the willingness to accept the moral responsi- bilities that accompany it. Finally, in a student referendum, it was wisely decided that it would be inadvisable to inaugurate the system at the present time and the question will probably rest for another college generation.

It is one of the unfortunate results of the independent

foundation and support of our privately endowed American

Universities that each, regardless of its situa-

, . . , , Inter-collegiate

tion and its resources, is constantly tempted ~ .

to give instruction covering the whole domain

of human knowledge. It is often difficult for an institution

to realize that a narrow service well performed is a much

sounder basis for a good reputation than a more diffuse but

less finished educational output. But it requires only slight

reflection to assure one that an interest in the welfare of our

students, and the progress of education, as well as the most

genuine loyalty to our individual institution combine to give

inter-collegiate cooperation and collaboration a recognized

place in academic policy.

60 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

For reasons, some of which are obvious, there seems to be no occasion to develop at Columbia a school of Agriculture or to attempt to give more than second - Columbia-Rutgers ary attention to work in that field. At

Course in Agriculture the same time there is a considerable sprinkling of students in Columbia Col- lege who look forward to the pursuit of Agriculture as a pro- fession. Arrangements have therefore been completed with Rutgers College and the New Jersey State College of Agricul- ture, where an excellent course in Agriculture is in operation, whereby a combined course in Agriculture is offered, the first two years of which will be given in Columbia College, followed by the distinctly professional years and the conferring of the degree at New Brunswick. Since the work of the first two years is almost entirely concerned either with general courses or basic sciences, we are already equipped to provide all of the instruction needed. It is merely necessary to authorize the students to carry the schedule which the Combined Course calls for. But in principle it is a matter of importance that two institutions unite in such a plan which can be pub- lished under their joint authorization. The students now enrolled in Columbia College for whom this project is of immediate concern are mostly New York City boys who wish to pursue their studies either while living at home or with as little travelling as possible.

Among the undergraduates a splendid spirit of interest in the College and loyalty to it seems to be awakening. There is, however, no immediate danger that Columbia s . .r College will degenerate into a typical "rah-rah" stu- dent body. The intellectual stimulus on the student both from within and from without is too strong for such a tendency to find much encouragement. Owing to the large number of pre-professional students in Columbia College a seriousness comparable with that found in the professional schools is the rule rather than the exception. My office finds many more cases of students who are over ambitious and attempting to carry too heavy an academic load than of boys whose ambition is to avoid work. It is an interesting

COLUMBIA COLLEGE 6l

fact that the few students who are lazy and unresponsive to their intellectual opportunities are, as a general thing, without ambition to achieve distinction in undergraduate affairs. As a consequence, although it will be necessary to observe and advise students who throw themselves into athletics with too complete abandon, there seems to be no reason to fear that the removal of the ban from football and the general in- crease in interest in athletics will upset the College.

One of the effects of the exorbitant rental for apartments in the vicinity of the University has been the removal from the city of a considerable number of the teaching staff. They have found that the only way to . artmentg solve their domestic problems has been to secure a home in several cases from twenty-five to forty miles from Hamilton Hall. Under present circumstances there can be no just criticism of such a procedure. This does not, however, alter the fact that Columbia College is bound to suffer griev- ously if the tendency becomes more prevalent. The graduate or professional school professor in some fields of study may so arrange his work as to come to the University only on those days when his lectures are concentrated, without seriously injuring his effectiveness. This is impossible in the case of the college professor. If removal from the city is consciously regarded by the member of the staff as a regrettable necessity and if he plans his work so as to improve all of his opportunities for service to his students and to his own scholarly develop- ment, he may reduce the disadvantages to a minimum. The chances are, however, that the division of his attention, the loss of time spent in commuting, the difficulty in being present at conferences which may be held at odd times, all taken together will in time result in his losing intimate touch with the institution, and a gradual withdrawal into the company of those who are dependent on the College for existence rather than contributing to its life. The steps which have already been taken to secure apartment houses for members of the faculty are of the utmost importance to the entire University but particularly to the College. It is even more desirable that one or more houses in which the rental is adapted to the

62 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

income of junior officers should be secured. It would indeed be tragic if the benefits to the College incident upon the more general residence of the students at the University should be neutralized by the withdrawal of the teaching staff to the country.

The relation of Columbia College to the various professional schools of the University is one of mutual advantage and satisfaction, and presents no problems that cannot be worked out in the course of a little time.

The School of Business has developed so rapidly that it has

been necessary to act upon many requests from students for

special action in order gradually to arrive at a

j i° ogf , reasonable order of procedure. Many students and the School . . J„ ' .

of Business have wished to take courses in the School of

Business as a part of their work for the A.B. degree. Ever since the organization of that school, a maximum of two full year Business courses has been credited toward the College degree. There was, of course, nothing sacred about the number two in this connection ; in fact, it turned out that the rule was impossible to administer, for any student who obtained ninety-four points and had satisfied all of the re- quirements for the A.B. degree was allowed to take all of his work in the School of Business in the regular exercise of pro- fessional option with that school. Since he is awarded his degree from Columbia College on the satisfactory completion of one year's work in the School of Business, and since the College manifestly has no jurisdiction over what he does after receiving his degree, a student who decides not to return to the University after his first year in the School of Business has virtually taken his entire Senior year in Business courses instead of being limited to the two specified in the rule referred to. This curious situation necessitated the modification of the two-course rule, and in view of the nature of the Business courses, it seemed wise to allow Seniors in College to elect courses in the School of Business which they are qualified to take, up to a maximum of thirty points. This allows the College students ample opportunity to avail themselves of the training that the Business courses have to offer without with-

COLUMBIA COLLEGE 63

drawing their registration or their allegiance from the College.

The corresponding situation has not arisen with respect to

the other professional schools.

Owing to the receipt of about six hundred applications for

admission to the Freshman class of the College of Physicians

and Surgeons, over one hundred of which

come from students of Columbia College, a e ° ep

..„-,. . . ™, nT ,. and the

very difficult situation has arisen. 1 he Medi- Medical School

cal School can accept only about one hundred first-year students. As a consequence, a careful selection of candidates was necessary. The fact that a student has taken his pre-medical work in Columbia College ought to give him preference over students of equal attainments and promise who have done their preliminary work elsewhere. At the same time no one would maintain that the entire list of applicants from Columbia College should be accepted before any others are considered. To strike a just balance between these ex- tremes, which shall result to the advantage of the Medical School in giving her the best students available, and to that of the College in stimulating her students to theirbest endeavor, but without imposing an unreasonable handicap upon them, is the problem.

The question has received most careful consideration during this year in conferences between officers from the College and from the Medical School. As a result about half of the applicants from Columbia College were admitted to the Medi- cal School as against less than twenty per cent, of all appli- cants. Thus about half of the Freshman class at the Medical School are Columbia College products. Of these nearly half took the three-year pre-medical course in the College and are exercising professional option. The balance took only two years in Columbia College, and will receive the degree of B.S. from the Medical School at the end of two successful years of study there.

So far as our experience goes it appears that a man who pursues the three years' course in the College without serious failures at any time ought to be practically certain to gain admission to the Medical School. A reasonable number of

64 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

men who have done distinguished work in the two-year pre- medical course and who give promise of success as physicians ought also to be admitted. But the competition among the two-year men will necessarily be very keen if the present demand for admission to the Medical School continues.

The situation outlined above raises the question as to whether it would be wise to authorize the exercise of profes- sional option between Columbia College and ProfeTstnaf Schools of Medicine other than our own. From Option ^e Pomt °f view of the student, and his intel-

lectual training, as well as that of a broad policy of educational cooperation, it is hard to see any valid argument against such an arrangement with first-class Medical Schools. One may or may not favor the fundamental idea of professional option, but if one accepts that principle, it is difficult to see any reason, except an obligation to provide students for one's own Medical School, for not allowing the student to take up his medical education at another university and to receive his A.B. degree from Columbia College.

The extension of the plan of professional option as suggested above should be sharply distinguished from a proposal to award the Columbia degree to students who attend Columbia College for two or three years and then continue their collegiate work elsewhere. The practice is universal that a student receive his collegiate degree from the institution in which he completes his requirements for that degree. Any other pro- cedure would result in endless confusion and the likelihood that the student with an abnormal appetite for degrees might receive more than one for the same accomplishment.

The important work before the College for the next year or two is undoubtedly that of consolidation of gains and observa- tion of plans recently put in operation. The

NcC6SSltv for • •

Observation new ProJects which have been authorized during the past two years are numerous and funda- mental. They affect vitally the kind of education that Columbia College is offering to her rapidly expanding student body. The Freshman may be admitted by the New Plan of Admissions which involves the Mental Test. The results of

COLUMBIA COLLEGE 65

this New Plan must be scrutinized with the greatest care, and its effect on the type of our students, as well as the corre- lations between the results of the Mental Test and the college work of the boy must be studied statistically by wise statis- ticians. His course in the Freshman year includes Contempo- rary Civilization. This course must serve as the adequate and worthy vestibule from which he is introduced to the more detailed study of Economics, Government, History, Philosophy and allied subjects. To study the relation of the various courses in these fields to the course in Contemporary Civiliza- tion and to establish such coordinations as may yield a pro- gressive and intelligent educational result, is a problem that will require painstaking and patient attention. The same student may in his second year take up the Honors work, the revised plan for which will require constant supervision and study on the part of a considerable number of men on the teaching staff.

To carry these and the other projects recently adopted through the experimental stage, and to convert them into strong and vigorous members of our academic organism, is no small task. The task would indeed be a hopeless one without the continuous and enthusiastic effort of the members of the staff to whose progressiveness and helpful advice the initiation of these plans is due.

Other problems which must be given attention during the

coming year are an examination of the system of advisers of

students, which with the rapid growth of the College

has shown signs of considerable strain; a careful „ . .

j r 1 r<- r ,• Problems

study ot the most effective means of awarding

financial assistance to students; and a continued watchfulness lest some department or some feature of our material equip- ment become inadequate for the satisfactory service to our increasing body of students.

Respectfully submitted,

Herbert E. Hawkes,

Dean June 30, IQ20

SCHOOL OF LAW REPORT OF THE DEAN

FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, I92O

To the President of the University

Sir:

I have the honor to present the annual report for the School of Law for the academic year 1919-20. The registration of the School was as follows:

Registration

Candidates for the degree of LL.M 3

Third Year, Class of 1920 85

Second Year, Class of 192 1 96

First Year, Class of 1922 291

Non- Matriculated Students 48

Total 523

Summer Session 129

652 Less Duplicates ■ 109

Net Total '.■ 543

The degree of Bachelor of Laws was awarded during the year to ninety-nine candidates.

The backing up of the regular flow of students to the School, caused by the war, has resulted in striking inequalities of regis- tration exhibited by a third-year class numbering only 85 and a first-year class numbering 291. This unequal distribu- tion of students, as well as the large number of registrations of students for subjects partly in one class and partly in another, occasioned by the interruption of their course by war service, has presented many perplexing administrative problems. In

SCHOOLOFLAW 67

arranging our work during the past year it has been our aim

so to organize our courses and arrange the schedule of lectures

as to afford every student in the School an opportunity to take

up his work practically at the point where he dropped it on

entering the national service, without conflicts or unnecessary

delays. This program was greatly facilitated by the "shuttle

course" offered in the academic year 191 8-19 following the

armistice and by the flexibility ensured by our two-semester

academic year in conjunction with the Summer Session.

Students who returned from service too late to begin work

in the Winter Session found a free selection of courses beginning

with the Spring Session and will be able to continue their

studies in courses specially chosen with reference to their

needs and offered in the Summer Session of 1920. In order to

carry out this program it has been found advisable to increase

substantially the number of courses offered in the Summer

Session in 1920, and courses will be provided in Admiralty,

Bills and Notes, Code Pleading and Practice, Constitutional

Law, Criminal Law, Equity I, Evidence, Partnership, Personal

Property I, Property II, Property III, Public Utilities, and

Sales.

The steady increase in attendance at the Summer Session

in law indicates the desirability of some general advice to

students as to how they may best make use of , ~ r- • 1 The Summer

the Summer Session courses in law, in connec- ~ .

tion with the work in the regular Winter and Spring Sessions. A student may either begin his law study in the Summer Session, or a qualified member of the second- or third-year class may supplement or anticipate the work of those years by pursuing in summer the courses which are offered as a part of the curriculum for either of those years. Experience has demonstrated, however, that law study can be most advantageously pursued in Summer Session after the student has completed the first year of law study as it is offered in the regular Winter and Spring Sessions. It is espe- cially important that the beginning law student should make his approach to introductory law study in the manner best calculated to give him a grasp of legal fundamentals. Oppor-

68 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

tunity for this is afforded not only by an arrangement of courses in proper sequence but by paralleling those courses which most satisfactorily supplement each other in giving the student the essential foundation on which to build his law course in the second and third years. For this reason the student is urged to begin his law study in the regular Winter Session by studying Contracts, Torts, Criminal Law and Personal Property, the course in Personal Property serving as an introductory course in law in which the student is required to work out from cases and assigned reading the more elementary legal concepts which are fundamental and which he is constantly required to use in other law courses. The course in Criminal Law makes him acquainted with the underlying principles of public law and in it he develops from a somewhat different viewpoint the notions of title, posses- sion, intention, and consent with which he is constantly dealing in other courses.

By the beginning of the Spring Session he is prepared to take up the courses in Real Property (including uses) and Common Law Pleading which parallel the courses in Torts and Contracts which are continued in the Spring Session, the Pleading being studied not only as the best exposition of the art of framing issues of law and fact in litigation but as the medium through which our substantive law developed and from which it takes its form. The courses in the second and third years are similarly arranged with reference to their proper sequence and so that they may be mutually comple- mentary. In these years, however, owing to the student's greater experience and his familiarity with legal fundamentals there is larger opportunity for variation of the established scheme of study. Departure from this scheme by pursuing courses in the Summer Session can ordinarily be made for the purpose either of taking courses which may not be taken in the Winter or Spring Sessions because of the richness of our curriculum or to shorten the total period of law study. Either of these purposes may usually be accomplished to the per- missible limit by attending two Summer Sessions after the completion of the first year course in its entirety, preferably

SCHOOL OF LAW 69

the Summer Sessions which follow the first and second years

of the course.

The intense desire of the average law student to shorten

his period of law study is often based on a false estimate of

the relative value of the several elements

• , , . • r Relation of

entering into an adequate preparation tor 0ffi p

the bar. Preparation for the bar comprises to tjie Law Course two distinct processes. There is first the mastery of the principles of the common law and equity systems which can be acquired only by diligent study, prefer- ably under competent guidance, of printed books, principally the reports of judicial decisions; and second, there is the practical experience by which the student becomes familiar with the course of procedure in the law office and in the courts and public offices; the machinery, in short, by which the lawyer applies those principles to cases actually arising in his professional practice. The first of these processes can best be carried on in law school ; the second can be carried on only to a limited degree in law school and must sooner or later be pursued in the law office where training in practice is the normal, indeed the inevitable, experience of the practicing lawyer.

Law School affords the golden opportunity for the study of legal principles. The practitioner will continue to study his books during his entire professional career if he is loyal to his profession, but his study in the natural course of events will never be systematic or impartial as it is in law school and it will follow no particular order or sequence and it will be without the stimulation of systematic guidance and of law school associations. The student, therefore, who would cut down the period of systematic law study below the minimum of three years required for admission to the bar in order to hasten the beginning of office practice in which as a lawyer he will spend his entire professional life, practices a false economy of effort and reveals his failure to appraise at its true worth the opportunity which the law school presents.

The rapid increase in the subject matter of law study, on which I have often had occasion to comment in these reports,

70 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

makes attendance on Summer Session almost essential for the student who would cover adequately the more important subjects of the law school curriculum without prolonging his law course beyond the customary three years and this is the use which should normally be made of the Summer Session rather than as a means to hasten the completion of his period of systematic law study.

The student who wishes to hasten his preparation for the bar rather than the completion of his law school course will do well to employ a portion of the long, summer vacations in pursuing a clerkship in a law office, returning in the fall to uninterrupted study in the law school. Having in mind the desirability of pursuing his law study in orderly sequence, he will have made considerable more progress toward profes- sional competency than the man who shortens his law course by attending Summer Session and is thus able to conclude his law school work and begin practice a half-year earlier than would otherwise be the case.

It is perhaps no longer necessary to emphasize the impor- tance of the student's giving his entire attention to law study during term time. The law course in a first-class modern law school requires the student's full time and energy. Time devoted to the preparation for lectures and employed in intelligently directed research in the law library will lay a better foundation for professional success than is possible if law study is interrupted in order to spend a few hours each day in office practice. In nearly every instance it was found that the fifteen men who failed to receive their degrees during the academic year just closing failed because they were un- willing or unable to devote their full time to law study. The student who cuts down his law school study in term time in order to engage in office practice will never be quite able to repair the sacrifice which he has made in order to anticipate by a few months the experience in practice which will be the principal occupation of his professional life.

Perhaps the most serious drawback to progress in legal education at the present time is the apathy of the bar as a whole and of bar organizations in particular, toward all

SCHOOL OF LAW 7 I

constructive projects for improving legal education and raising standards of admission to the bar. No bar association has in recent years taken any positive step in the direc- tion of improvement in either of these respects. ro eJns ° The American Bar Association in 191 7 created Education a Council on Legal Education, and authorized it to study and classify the law schools of the country, but this Council was rendered powerless to perform this service through the failure of the Executive Committee of the Association to appropriate any fund for meeting its necessary expenses and at the annual meeting of the Association in 1919 the Association adopted a constitution abolishing the Council. Although the Association has maintained a section on legal education for many years, yet the section has not in twenty years pro- posed any program for the improvement of legal education which has met with the approval or endorsement of the Ameri- can Bar Association. Indeed, its one constructive recommen- dation of uniform rules for admission to the bar, after being extensively modified by the Committee on Education of the Association, was referred by the Committee to the Council on Legal Education, which has since been abolished by the Association.

In short, the American bar has been content to leave the problems of legal education and the improvement of the bar through the improvement of legal education and better methods of bar examination to the ministration of the 125 or more law schools of the country, good, bad, and indifferent, without the active interest and cooperation which ought to exist between an organized profession and the educational institutions which train its membership. A not unnatural result has been the steady growth in number of those who apply for admission to the bar with a wholly inadequate education, both general and professional.

The activity of the American Medical Association in study- ing medical education and investigating the medical schools of the country presents a striking and discomforting contrast. Following the organization of the Council on Medical Educa- tion of the American Medical Association and the publication

72 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

of the results of its study of the American medical schools, between 1909 and 191 5 the percentage of attendance at high standard medical schools increased from 6.3 to 80 per cent, while in the corresponding period the percentage of attendance at high standard law schools has fallen from 50 to 41 per cent.1

The purpose of these comments is to call attention to a con- dition which seriously threatens the future usefulness and influence of the bar rather than to assign the blame or the re- sponsibility for it. The law schools which have real educational aspirations and which feel a sense of obligation to the profes- sion must no doubt accept their share of the responsibility, but wherever the responsibility lies, the future of the bar as an institution having public duties and responsibilities is not bright unless it can be brought into closer touch with its educational problems and made to feel a larger sense of respon- sibility for their adequate solution.

Very generally both the bar and the professional schools have underestimated the importance of the liberal college education as a preliminary to law study. In the development of legal education we have not taken into account sufficiently the fact that legal training becomes more effective when it is founded on adequate liberal education and that there are infinitely greater possibilities of improving legal education and raising the quality of the bar through insisting on thorough college training as a preliminary to law study than by the elaboration and refinement and the extension of law school curricula. Not only does liberal education contribute to the intellectual fitness of the lawyer, but it brings to him a sense of proportion and an appreciation of essential values which equip him to bear the moral responsibilities of his pro- fession. The superiority of the English bar as a whole over our own, despite its inferior legal education, is due in large measure, I believe, to the fact that most of its members are educated at the universities and they come to their profession with an intellectual equipment and a moral and educational

xThis subject was discussed more at length by me in an address as President of the Association of American Law Schools at the meeting of the Association in Chicago in December, 1919.

SCHOOL OF LAW 73

background wholly lacking to the great number of youths who in this country are annually admitted to the bar two or three years after they have completed a meager high school education.

Not only should the desirability of liberal education for the prospective lawyer be emphasized by bar organizations but the leaders in the field of liberal education would render a distinct service by informing the general public and especially those who intend to enter the profession of the necessity of sound liberal training to qualify one to assume the duties and responsibilities of the lawyer.

The report of the Law Librarian states in interesting detail the substantial progress which has been made in the develop- ment of the law library during the year. This , T .,

.... , . , , ,. . Law Library

progress is indicated not alone by the addition

to our collection of the volumes which he reports. The thorough- going study of our library carried on for the past two years by our library committee, consisting of three members of the Faculty of Law and the Law Librarian, has resulted in a report which not only tells of progress made but outlines a policy for strengthening the library and increasing its usefulness which should be productive of good results for a long period in the future. The approval of this report by the Trustees has settled one most important point of policy and that is that the law library is to be developed as a research library for scholars in law as well as a working library for law students. The proper development of the library for this purpose requires increased annual expenditures to meet the expenses of serial additions, and binding books for current use, and in order to expand our collection in various fields so that it may be adequate as a research library. In addition to this systematic building up of the library by regular appropriations, there are special developments to be made as gifts, or special funds, may become available for that purpose. Among these especially deserving consideration is the adequate binding and shelving of the law library of Chancellor Kent and the law library of John Jay, which are among our library treasures.

74 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

The increased interest in the law of the South American countries growing out of the expansion of commerce with those countries has led to the establishment in Extension Teaching of courses in Spanish American Law. The next few years will undoubtedly witness a substantial increase in interest in this branch of law and we should begin at once to build up our collection of Spanish American codes and com- mentaries. A study of this problem by our library committee indicates that the sum of ten thousand dollars judiciously expended in adding to our collection of Spanish American law books would enable the library to render adequate service in this field for some years to come. Other special develop- ments of the library to be made as opportunity is presented are the filling of gaps in early American material, especially statutes, the completion of our collection of British Colonial Reports, and the suitable housing of the International Law collection, reference to which was made in my last annual report.

The study of our library in connection with problems of

legal research brings one to a realizing sense of the physical

and mechanical difficulties in conducting legal

esea c research, which are not adequately understood

111 LaW .,,11 r rrV, • ,

outside the legal profession. There is probably no intellectual science in which the amount of printed material for study and investigation is so great. The multiplication of statutes and reports of judicial opinions constitutes one of the serious problems to be solved in the scientific develop- ment of our legal system. The mere keeping abreast of the current decisions of the English Courts and of those of the 48 states of the United States and the Federal Courts is a work of magnitude. An investigation of any legal doctrine involves the critical examination of an enormous number of authorities, many of them only to be discarded as throwing no light on the subject of investigation.

The preparation of a 20 page article recently published by one of our professors in the Columbia Law Review involved the reading of 160 judicial opinions which were cited in foot

SCHOOL OF LAW 75

notes as establishing the various propositions on which the conclusions of the author were based. Probably at least an equal number were read and rejected. The law professor who keeps up with the current developments of his subject, who prepares and conducts his regular lectures each week, and keeps office hours for consultation with students, finds too little time remaining to meet the constantly increasing require- ments of legal research and publication. Occasional articles in the legal periodicals dealing with some special and limited phase of subjects in which he is interested are all that can be reasonably expected of him in addition to the adequate per- formance of his usual professorial duties.

Much of this laborious procedure in legal research cannot be delegated to others but the preliminary search for authority and much of the gathering of material which research in law involves could be turned over to a competent junior or to a capable third year or graduate student who has had experi- ence in research work such as is regularly carried on by the editors of the Columbia Law Review. A great step toward the promotion of legal research in this country will be taken when the necessary financial provision is made for giving to law teachers who are able to propose a definite program for legal research, some adequate assistance in gathering material and making a preliminary investigation of it.

It is interesting to note that one fund has been established independently of University control, a portion of which may be used for the promotion of legal research in the manner here suggested. Much may be accomplished in this direction by modest appropriations of University funds for this purpose or by the creation of research fellowships which may be awarded to assistants competent to aid in carrying on special investigations. Indeed the establishment of research fellow- ships is an essential part of the development of any program for conducting research courses in law, such as should be maintained by our University, the general character of which was suggested in my last Annual Report.

In connection with this subject it would seem that the time has now come when this University should establish a

76 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

suitable degree to be awarded for the successful completion of a graduate course in Law in which especial emphasis should

be placed on research. The highest degree in e egree o ^^ nQw awartje(j ^y ^e University is the

Juris Doctor J ....

degree ol Master ot Laws, a degree which is

obviously inappropriate as indicating the successful comple- tion of research courses in law. This subject was under discussion in 191 1 but resulted in no action because of doubts on the part of the Trustees as to the appropriateness of the award of a doctorate in law. The degree of Doctor of Law (Juris Doctor) is now awarded by the leading university law schools of this country and this may now be regarded as the established practice of American universities. Its award for advanced study in law is in conformity with the practice of the universities of the European Continent.

It is believed that the degree of Doctor of Law (Juris Doc- tor) is an appropriate one to be conferred upon students who, after completion of a course in law in approved law schools leading to the degree of Bachelor of Laws, have successfully carried on special studies while in residence at the Uuniversity, in the course of which they have given substantial evidence of originality and distinguished capacity. When the proposal was made in 191 1, it was the opinion of the Faculty of Law and the University Council which concurred in making it that the establishment of such a degree at Columbia would stimulate research in law and give to it proper recognition. The course of events since that time and especially the growth and development of the School of Law have served only to confirm and strengthen that opinion and to encourage a renewal of the proposal.

No single factor will have a greater effect on the future

influence and usefulness of the Law School than the adequate

housing of its students. One of the agree-

ormitones ak]e changes which followed the war was a

for Law Students .... . .

very substantial increase in the percentage

of our students coming from points distant from New York

City. More than one-half of our students during the year

just closed registered from homes outside the New York

SCHOOL OF LAW 77

metropolitan district. One hundred and one colleges and uni- versities were represented by their graduates in our student body. It is highly important that a professional school, training lawyers for practice at the bar as Columbia Law School is doing, should make its influence felt throughout the entire country. Its aim is not only to aid the individual by making him proficient in his profession but to raise the tone and standards of the bar so far as it may do so by the influence of its teaching. It fails in this important function just as it becomes local in its patronage and consequently in its in- fluence.

To ensure to this School a steady flow of students who would normally be attracted to it from points outside the city we must provide suitable housing accommodations for them during their entire period of residence. The housing shortage which has prevailed in New York makes it plain that we shall not be able to provide for such students unless the University speedily acquires or builds dormitories for the accommoda- tion of our graduate students. While such provisions are a necessity if our School is to continue to be national in charac- ter, the bringing of all our students together under common living conditions in association with graduate students of other departments of the University has a distinct educational advantage which alone would be sufficient to justify the effort and expenditure required to secure adequate dormitory accommodations for them.

In the President's Annual Report for 191 9 he called atten- tion to the need of a new building for the accommodation of

Philosophy, Political Science and Pure

c . r~, .. c t. i_ mj' Needed Changes

Science. I he erection 01 such a building, . T, ,„ „

. . ° in Kent Hall

which may be expected when building costs are reduced, will relieve the pressure on Kent Hall and afford opportunity to adapt it more completely to the needs of the Law School. Owing to the increased size of our classes there is pressing demand for one additional large lecture room, and this as well as the other large lecture rooms in Kent Hall should be equipped with seats arranged in an amphitheater on an inclined plane so that the instructor may be more easily

78 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

heard in all parts of the lecture room than is now possible in the large lecture rooms.

The location of the professors' studies at a distance from the law library increases enormously the difficulties of using the law books and of conducting research. It is almost essen- tial for the proper performance of the daily work of the law professor that he should have easy access to the books. The difficulty of securing adequate library service in the past year has emphasized this defect in the arrangement of Kent Hall and made imperative its correction at the first opportunity. The problem is one for study by the University architects but it is probable that the simplest solution is the establish- ment, quite possibly in connection with a room for the Inter- national Law Collection, of a room near the professors' studies for the delivery of books connected by a book lift directly with the Law Library stacks. If in conjunction with such an arrangement duplicates of the more important and fre- quently used sets of reports and statutes could be placed on the same floor as the delivery room, the library could be made more available to instructors and the work of research greatly facilitated.

In my report of last year I called attention to impending

financial difficulties of the Columbia Law Review, owing to

the steadily rising costs of publication.

T „ . The danger I then anticipated has been

Law Review ° . - .

realized. The cost of printing the Review has outstripped its income from subscriptions and advertising. For the first time in its life of twenty years it has definitely ceased to be self-supporting, and unless it secures financial aid its publication will have to be discontinued during the coming academic year. This is a condition which confronts other law reviews and scientific journals of an educational character. I need not here repeat what I have so often said in these reports of the scientific quality and value of the Review or of the part which it plays in our educa- tional program. It would be difficult to imagine anything more injurious to the prestige and influence of our School or to its educational work than the discontinuance of the Review.

SCHOOL OF LAW 79

Only one answer can be given by the University itself and by our alumni to the question whether a legal journal of the established quality and reputation of the Review published by our students and made up very largely by their contribu- tion shall be allowed to cease publication for want of financial support.

The year just ended has been one of substantial progress. The disorganization and the loss of individual initiative and the tendency to accept a doctrine as valid merely because it is authoritatively announced, which seem to have been the educational and intellectual heritage of the war, have been steadily overcome and we may now look forward to a year of normal intellectual effort in which the increased faith in the value of intellectual training, which is one of the blessings of the war, can be turned to good account. Keeping steadily in mind that the aim and indeed the very justification of our existence is the training of lawyers and the improvement of the bar by making better lawyers, we must nevertheless give emphasis to the fact that we shall best perform that service not only by stimulating and strengthening the intellectual power of the individual student but by contributing to the knowledge and development of legal science.

Respectfully submitted,

Harlan F. Stone,

Dean

June 30, IQ20

COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS REPORT OF THE DEAN

FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, I92O

To the President of the University Sir:

I have the honor to submit the following report of the work at the College of Physicians and Surgeons for the year ending June 30, 1920.

The first year of the new administration was spent largely in a study of the existing problems and the formation of plans to meet them. In addition to bi-monthly meetings of the Com- mittee on Administration, the questions have been discussed with many of the University authorities and with men inter- ested and qualified in medical education throughout the country and their advice earnestly sought. Several of the more advanced medical centers have also been visited. One of the main requirements for the fulfillment of these plans is a decided increase in the funds available for the School of Medi- cine. Whether this increase in our funds will be forthcoming or not will decide on the extent to which our hopes may be realized. The details are contained in the memorandum sub- mitted to you in November, 19 19.

The most immediate problem presented was the limitation

of the number of students to be admitted. Owing to a dis-

XT , tinct limitation of laboratory space, and more

Numbers ..... . , , ' ..

especially 01 clinical material under the direct

professional control of the school, it was found necessary to

admit to the entering class only a number which it seemed

possible to carry through to graduation without crowding.

From over three hundred applications a hundred were selected.

This limitation was justified by the quality of the work during

the year, which was of a distinctly higher average than in

PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 8l

previous years. At the end of the current year over five hun- dred applications had been received for the year 1920-1921.

The critical situation which the school faced owing to the impending severance of relations with the Presbyterian Hospi- tal has been tided over and the affiliation has been „ . . continued, so that we again have the splendid opportunities of that institution available for teaching pur- poses.

As has been so frequently emphasized by Dean Lambert, the most essential need for the future growth of the school is the erection of a new building in close geographical as well as functional relationship to a university hospital. Until this keystone is assured, the other developments cannot be carried forward. Several of the departments are being conducted with temporary administrative arrangements awaiting the realiza- tion of our plans. It is due to the unselfish cooperation of the men on these committees that the teaching in these depart- ments has been so successful.

The addition to the Dean's office of a full-time Associate Dean, with a generous increase in the clerical force, has made it possible to attend more efficiently to many of the details of the general administration, r,

and to obtain better interdepartmental coordi- nation.

Mr. Grimshaw, who had been Superintendent of the Van- derbilt Clinic since its foundation in 1887, was compelled to resign because of ill health. By combining this position with that of representative of the Department of Buildings and Grounds it has been possible to avoid many of the delays necessary when this work was done by the general university officers in this position. Mr. Frederick Miller has proved to be a very valuable member of the staff.

During the year Professor Frederic S. Lee, who has been

the Dalton Professor of Physiology since 1901, resigned as

executive officer of the department and was made

Research Professor. His position has not been anges in

1 crsonncl filled and the" department is to be conducted by

an Administrative Board made up of Associate Professors

82 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

Burton-Opitz and Pike and Assistant Professors Williams and Scott. The school is to be congratulated on being able to have the continued services and assistance of Professor Lee. Dr. Wilbur Ward has resigned his position as Associate Profes- sor of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Dr. Linnaeus E. LaFetra, who has been in charge of the Pediatric Service at Bellevue Hospital for many years, has resigned to take a more responsible position in the New York Postgraduate School. Dr. Herman O. Mosenthal has also resigned from the Department of the Practice of Medicine to accept a position in the same school. Their loss is deeply regretted.

The Class Faculties have been further developed and have

kept in more intimate contact with the work of the individual

students. By assigning one preceptor to each ten

- ass. . students it has been possible to establish closer

r 3.CUltiCS

relations between the students and the teaching staff. I wish especially to mention the work of the Third Year Faculty in coordinating and systematizing the teaching of this year.

When, the five-year schedule was adopted in 1917 it was believed that sufficient clinical facilities would be available to accommodate as internes all those who entered that year. It was realized this year that such would not be the case, and it was decided, therefore, to postpone this change until some future date. This has necessitated several modifications in the curriculum in order to revert to the former four-year course.

The largest part of the clinical teaching of the student of

medicine is carried out by the departments of Medicine and

Surgery. A smaller share is provided by Ob-

ourses or stetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Neu- rology. To Dermatology, Oto-Laryngology, Urology and Orthopedics a relatively small amount of time is assigned. In these latter branches it is believed wisest to give the student only the essential principles of each specialty and to acquaint him with the special methods and technique of each. In the undergraduate work, therefore, there is but little opportunity offered to the teachers in these specialties.

PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 83

Nor is it sufficient for their proper development merely to have an outpatient service, no matter how large and varied it may be. To obtain the greatest growth and advance in these fields it is of the greatest importance that they should have not only hospital facilities, but also the opportunity for teaching advanced students in the finer details of their branches. This seems to be one of the strongest reasons for developing courses for graduates in connection with the School of Medicine. They also require the aid and assistance of the laboratory branches and unless there is to be great duplication of build- ings, equipment and personnel, they should be intimately connected with the undergraduate laboratories. There are already associated with the school a large number of men who are qualified and eager to carry on this work, and whose avail- able time is not completely occupied by their present duties. It is therefore earnestly hoped that together with the plans for the development of the undergraduate school there may be evolved opportunities for satisfying the constantly in- creasing demands for courses for graduates of all kinds and degrees.

Drs. Grace, MacGuire and Fenton Taylor were forced, through the demand made on their time by increased work in the Department of Surgery, to sever their long connection with the anatomical instruction of At

the College. They leave behind them in the Department of Anatomy a very real sense of loss occasioned by their retirement, a grateful appreciation of the value of their teaching during their service, and the wish for their continued success in their chosen field of activity.

With the beginning of the academic yearadidactic rearrange- ment of the topics of instruction in Anatomy, Histology and Embryology was initiated. The course in Vertebrate Mor- phology (107-108), formerly limited to the Winter Session of the second year, was enlarged to cover both semesters of the first year and the first semester of the second year. The purpose of this course is to correlate more intimately the in- struction in adult and microscopic anatomy, and to lead both of these main divisions of anatomical teaching to their logical

84 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

didactic termination as parts of a closely connected whole, treated from the standpoint of the medical student. To carry this into effect the instruction offered in Embryology is divided into two sections. In the microscopic part of the combined course the ovum is employed to demonstrate the general morphology of the animal cell. The early stages of develop- ment are then carried through fertilization, maturation and cleavage to the establishment of notogenesis and of the trider- mic blastula. From the germinal layers on, the course takes up the histogenetic differentiation of the various typical cells and leads directly to the detailed histological consideration of the normal tissues, in preparation for the subsequent study of the changes involved in pathological conditions.

This section of the work has been, during the present aca- demic year, in the very able charge of Mr. A. Elwyn, who, in the spring, was advanced by action of the Trustees to the position of Assistant Professor.

In conjunction with the closer correlation of the instruction in gross and in minute anatomy above reported, the general congestion due to lack of space and the accumulation of ma- terial obtaining in late years has been relieved through the additional opportunities offered by the removal of the labora- tory of surgical pathology to new quarters in the North Wing. This has made it possible to supply the much needed general laboratory for class demonstrations and the separate research rooms. The department is now able to supplement the in- struction given in microscopic anatomy with proper demon- strations and practical conferences, and to offer special courses to a limited number of students. When fully equipped the new facilities will include two research rooms for the use of the staff and special students, and a departmental library.

A laboratory manual, for use in the course in normal histology, has been prepared by Professor Elwyn, and will be available for the fall of 1920.

A reference and demonstration collection has been com- menced containing now about 250 slides. This collection, which will be built up as rapidly as opportunity permits, will include a representative series of histological preparations, as

PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 85

well as demonstrative material possessing histological features which cannot be adequately treated in the normal course.

The entire teaching collection comprising the class sets of histological slides has been relabeled when necessary and reclassified in order to produce uniformity and afford the opportunity for the introduction of additional slides. This work will be completed during the present summer.

The second part of the new course in Embryology comprises organogenesis and is taken up in a direct sequence with details of the adult structure in the demonstrations and lectures of the course in Vertebrate Morphology (107-108). These exercises are illustrated by full serial sections of mammalian embryos, reconstructions and the rich comparative anatomical material of the department. In the third session of this course provision is made for a series of demonstrative lec- tures covering the general topics of evolution, heredity and variation, with especial reference to their relations with the modern study of medicine, whose importance is constantly augmenting.

In practice the combination of students of the first and second years into a single class for the purposes of this course during the first session has proved very satisfactory and the success of the plan seems to be assured by the experience of the present academic year.

The extension of the laboratory work in gross anatomy of the second year up to March 15 has been of very marked advantage, as shown by the term marks and by the unprece- dented high standard attained in the final examinations by the second-year class.

The practical instruction in visceral anatomy still suffers from a lack of sufficient time for the satisfactory completion of the important and complicated dissections of the final assignments. This condition would be remedied if laboratory work in practical second-year anatomy could be extended two weeks until the end of March. This would in no way curtail the operative surgical courses established this year, and I recommend strongly the adoption of this change in the curriculum.

86 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

The department has been engaged in completing two major lines of morphological research, in which the laboratory has been engaged for a number of years.

A. The Phylogeny and Morphology of the Vertebrate Lung.

This work was begun as far back as 1898 with the publica- tion of the first of a series of papers on the eparterial bronchial system of the mammalia. (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XI, No. 8.) Since then five further contributions to the subject have been published in the American anatomical periodicals, as additional material and observations were obtained. Two larger papers were published during the current year covered by this report, viz. 'The Morphology of the Pulmonary Artery in the Mam- malia'. Anat. Rec. Vol. 17, No. 4, December 1919, and 'A Critique of the Theories of Pulmonary Evolution of the Mammalia'. Amr Jour. Anat. Vol. 27, No. 2, 1920.

A paper on 'Homogenesis in Pulmonary Evolution' was presented at the Washington meeting of the Anatomical Association in April of this year and published in abstract in its Proceedings. Preparations are now nearly completed for issuing the concluding and main contribution of this investi- gation, in folio form, as one of the American Anatomical Memoirs published by the Wistar Institute of Philadelphia. Conditions obtaining during the war and immediately there- after imposed great difficulties in the manufacture of illus- trations, in securing suitable paper for permanent plates and in printing. We have, however, been able to prepare forty-two full-page folio two-color blocks for the main plates and have secured sufficient Japanese vellum paper for the printing of the edition, in addition to a- number of zinco-type line cuts and photogravures for text-illustration. It is hoped that the assembly of this material will be completed shortly and that the Memoir can be published during the current year.

B. The second major investigation in which the department is at present actively engaged, comprises a detailed study of the ontogeny of the mammalian axial venous system, with especial reference to the interpretation and genetic significance of its adult variants. This work was initiated in 1906 in con- junction with Professor McClure of Princeton University and

PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 87

Professor Darrach. In the following years the scope of the investigation was greatly enlarged and the material which has been assembled during this period, especially on the embryo- logical side, will form the basis of an extensive Memoir. The summary of the results obtained was presented at the recent meeting of the Association and will be published during the summer.

The Department of Bacteriology during the first year of its activities following the war was confronted with the necessity of reorganization since, apart from the pro- fessor and the technician and some of the e^ar m.ei!

Bacteriology

volunteer workers, the full-time staff had to be replaced. Dr. J. Howard Mueller was appointed at the beginning of the year to the position formerly held by Dr. Hopkins, and Dr. Oscar Teague came into the department as associate for special research.

The courses given by the department in previous years were not changed in any detail, but in the course of the year a considerable number of what seemed to us weak points in arrangement of instruction were found, points which we hope to remedy during the coming year. The budget increase which has been allowed for next year, with the additional full-time and half-time assistants for which this provides, will make it possible to rearrange the medical students' course in such a way that more individual instruction can be given in those phases of the work which bear upon Medicine. Also it may be possible to include an extra lecture once a week with occasional quizzes, in order to coordinate the bacteriological technical work with other phases of the medical curriculum.

During the year a grant was obtained from the Inter- departmental Social Hygiene Board, consisting of $4,200 to be devoted to the special study of the bacteriology and im- munity of chancroids. Dr. Oscar Teague has been placed in charge of this work, and with an assistant and a technician, in one of the special rooms, has been studying chancroids and the Ducrey bacillus since the beginning of the fall semester. The results of this work have already borne a certain amount of fruit in that Dr. Teague has reason to believe that a bac-

88 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

teriological cultural diagnosis can be made by isolation of the Ducrey bacillus within about twenty-four hours. None of this work, however, is yet ready for publication.

The attendance in the non-medical courses has been about as usual, and has indicated the continuous need for instruction in bacteriology to physicians and students of public health.

Plans have been submitted for enlarging the curriculum by two courses, and converting the department gradually into one of general microbiology and immunity for medical and non-medical students.

Research in addition to Dr. Teague's works mentioned above has been going on as follows :

Dr. J. Howard Mueller — bacteriological metabolism with particular attention to amino acids in media. Considerable progress has been made by Dr. Mueller, but his article is not yet ready for publication.

Dr. Reuben Ottenberg has been and is still working on the dissociation of antigen and antibody, using pneumococcus antiserum as his material.

Mrs. Parker has continued on influenza studies, and is collaborating with Miss Kuttner and Professor Zinsser in a general study of certain phases of bacterial toxaemia.

Drs. Cleveland and Meleney are studying the grouping of the surgical streptococci.

Professor Zinsser, with the assistance of Miss Kuttner and recently Mrs. Parker, is occupied in the study of certain poisons produced by streptococci and a number of other bacteria, work which is well advanced, and may be ready for publication some time in the fall. He is also engaged in a continuation of the studies of bacterial anaphylaxis; and work has been carried on in connection with the permeability of the kidneys for foreign proteins in hypersensitive children, but this work has been interrupted because of the departure of one of the student assistants.

The department has been helped considerably in the teach- ing of the serological course by Dr. Samuel Cochran who is here from China for the purpose of studying teaching methods; and both Dr. Cochran and Dr. Edward Raymond who is in

PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 89

the department for a similar purpose, will assist in the teaching of the undergraduate course in the coming year.

Since the scientific work of the department was not properly resumed after the war until last October, few of the researches begun at that time have reached a stage at which they can be published. There has, however, been published during this period, in December, 1918, an article by Dr. J. V. Cooke, now of St. Louis, on 'Complement Fixation with Acid-Fast Bacteria', completed in this laboratory just before the war. Professor Zinsser has published an article on 'The Prevention of Communicable Diseases in Industrial Communities', an article on 'Bacterial Toxaemia', delivered as a Presidential Address before the Society of American Immunologists, has completed and sent in for publication an article on 'The General Prevention of Bacterial Communicable Diseases', for the Nelson System of Medicine, and another on 'The Clinical Manifestations of Early Cases, the Etiology and Epidemiology of Influenza', for the Cambridge System of Medicine published by Ed sail.

The past year was the second in which the time of two full sessions, as allotted to the course in Physiological Chemistry, was devoted to instruction of first-year stu- dents of medicine. The development of the Biologically course on the new schedule has included further additions of experiments and demonstrations designed to give increased practical knowledge of the chemical founda- tions for dietetics and of the relations of biochemistry to clinical medicine.

In addition to the instruction of first-year students of medicine, instruction has been given to sixteen advanced students. Of this number, thirteen were candidates for the degree of A.M. or Ph.D., or both. Some of these students engaged in research with members of the staff. Some took only routine graduate courses.

The entire staff of the department regards the function of teaching advanced students as one of the most important devolving on it, and welcomes every opportunity afforded to it in this relation. The staff realizes that serious effort in the

90 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

instruction of such students not only gives to the students the knowledge and training they seek, and the inspiration to research they may need, but also that it stimulates the in- structors to keep closely in touch with the developments in their field from every point of view and quickens their interest as instructors in all the relationships of their science.

Research has been conducted actively in a number of rela- tions. The department continues to serve effectively in the promotion of interest and achievement in research along lines in biochemistry, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and bacteriology, that involve the teeth and are related also to systemic conditions. These dental researches, during the past year, related particularly to the therapeutic efficiency of the electric current applied to infected teeth (after the removal of the pulps); the nutrition of filled pulpless teeth, tested with "vital" stains; the channels of migration of bacteria and diffu- sion of toxins from infected teeth to the eyes ; the biochemistry of oral bacteria; and chemico-physiological qualities of saliva, as basis for its study in clinical diagnosis in general and in dental pathology in particular.

Other ranges of research, unrelated to the dental investiga- tions, extended into nutrition and dietetics, with special reference to the separation of vitamines and their direct study chemically and physiologically; the proportions of water, solids, ash, calcium, and phosphorus in food very poor, on one extreme, and very rich, on the other, in vitamines; the reaction of typical foods; the effects (toxicity) of potassium chlorate on nutrition; the influence of aluminium on growth; methods for the quantitative determination of fat in feces and of guanidine in urine ; the preparation of caseinogen-phosphate.

The bibliography for the Department of Biological Chem- istry, having recently been published for the calendar year, 1 91 9, in the University Bibliography, is referred to only in passing, on the assumption that this bibliography is conven- iently available.

The laboratory work for the first-year class of medical students, with the entire class scheduled to appear together at each session, was given, of necessity, in the upper and lower

PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 9 1

laboratories simultaneously, requiring the presence on the floor of a larger number of officers, when the students were in the laboratory, than would have been the case if the course could have been given to all the students on one floor.

The lower laboratory is deteriorating rapidly, which in- creases the urgency of our need for the facilities in the chemical section of the 6oth Street Annex.

The department continues to supply to the other depart- ments distilled water and absolute alcohol. We should be glad to cooperate with the departments in the recovery of alcohol from "waste" containing it, and in all other possible ways by which our facilities could be put to the use of all concerned.

The head of the department served as executive officer of the editorial Board of the Journal of Dental Research, founded at his suggestion, and also continued as editor of the Biological Department of Chemical Abstracts, issued by and for the Ameri- can Chemical Society.

Many changes have taken place in the personnel of the Department of the Practice of Medicine during the year. Under the circumstances it was not thought desirable Department or possible to appoint an associate professor to of Practice of take the place of Professor Palmer. Medicine

At the Vanderbilt Clinic, Dr. Herman Mosenthal assumed charge of the Metabolism Clinic and built up an excellent department with a group of enthusiastic young assistants.

During the year, two voluntary assistants have worked at the Presbyterian Hospital as special students. At the request of the Rockefeller Foundation, Dr. Torres of Brazil and Dr. H. J. Smyly of the Union Medical School in Pekin were accepted in this capacity.

At the Presbyterian Hospital, investigations upon strep- tococcus infections have been carried out by Dr. F. A. Stevens assisted by Dr. Brady and researches on asthma and serum disease by Dr. George M. Mackenzie and Professor Longcope.

A gift of $5,000 has been made by Mr. Charles Howland to the Presbyterian Hospital to cover the expenses of an investigation of epilepsy. This investigation is being pursued by Dr. H. Rawle Geyelin and Dr. Louis Bauman. Dr. Bauman

92 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

is also carrying out some chemical studies in the excretion of creatin in exophthalmic goitre. Dr. Bertram J. Sanger has been making some investigations upon the basal metabolism in exophthalmic goitre. At the Vanderbilt Clinic Dr. Mosen- thal with his assistants have been investigating various phases of chronic metabolic disease, the results of which will shortly be published. Both Dr. Stevens and Dr. Mackenzie presented some of the results of their studies at the meeting of the Society for the Advancement of Clinical Investigation at Atlantic City this spring. Several members of the depart- ment, including Professor Vogel, Dr. Lamb, Dr. Herrick, Dr. Bauman and Professor Longcope have contributed articles to both the Oxford and Nelson Systems of Medicine.

Considerable equipment has been added both at the Vander- bilt Clinic and at the Presbyterian Hospital. The Metabolism Department at the Vanderbilt Clinic was moved from the small room near the Sloane Hospital to larger accommodations in the main portion of the Vanderbilt Clinic. These rooms have been equipped and supplied with apparatus largely from the Department of Clinical Pathology.

At the Presbyterian Hospital a room opposite the Janeway Library, formerly used for the instruction of nurses was, through the kindness of the Board of Managers, converted into an accessory laboratory, which was equipped with a Tissot Spirometer, a Haldane Gas Analysis Apparatus, and a Benedict Minot Portable Respiratory Calorimeter for the determination of basal metabolism. Several pieces of appara- tus have been added to the Chemical Laboratory at the Presby- terian Hospital.

The Janeway Memorial Library has been increased by numerous volumes. A very handsome donation was made by Mrs. H. D. Dakin to the Janeway Library and to the Students' Library at Columbia University. This consisted of 552 volumes from the Library of Dr. Herter and included some rare and valuable books.

The following changes have been made for the coming year: Dr. Sittenfield has been made an associate. Dr. Dieterich has resigned to enter the foreign service of the American Red

PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 93

Cross. Dr. L. von Meysenbug has been appointed instructor

to replace Dr. Dieterich. Dr. William C. von Glahn has

been appointed assistant resident pathologist

at the Presbyterian Hospital and will succeed p , .

Dr. Meleney as resident pathologist on the

latter's departure for China in October. Dr. Bailey has been

on leave of absence because of illness.

Professor Naosuke Hayashi of the Pathological Institute, Aichi Medical College, Nagayo, Japan, and Dr. T. Kibata are working as graduate students in the department. Dr. B. S. Oppenheimer is working on the Pathology of the Conduction System, and Dr. G. F. McCann is assisting Dr. Zucker in chemical work.

Professor Jobling has carried on his studies on the Etiology of Pellagra. Dr. Pappenheimer has been studying pathological material from cases of war gas poisoning, the material to form part of the report of 'The Pathology of the War Gases' for The Medical History of the War. Dr. Johnson, in addition to his departmental duties, has been serving as Pathologist to the Sloane Hospital for Women, and has been cooperating with Professor Jobling in his work. Dr. Zucker has been working on the biochemistry of the lipoids. Dr. Sittenfield has been studying the influence of X-ray upon the blood lipase, and the effect of X-ray upon the susceptibility of guinea-pigs to tuber- culosis.

No radical changes in the methods of teaching have been made during the past year, but the course has been amplified and improved. A successful feature of the teaching has been the weekly presentation of papers on assigned subjects by students, with class discussion. Opportunity has also been given for students to make complete histological examinations of autopsy material from the autopsies in which they have been taken part. A room in the laboratory has been fitted up for the special use of the students. A number of the students are working at present as volunteers at the Presbyterian Hospi- tal laboratory. A new course in Medical Illustrating will be offered during the coming year by Mr. A. Feinberg, who has been made an instructor in the department. The course in

94 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

Gross Pathology will be extended over the first semester of the third year. The limited amount of gross material at the disposal of this department, as well as the desirability of collaborating the clinical and pathological instruction, have made this extension of the work in Gross Pathology advisable.

The equipment of the chemical laboratory has been con- siderably improved, and also the facilities for the care of the animals.

During the absence of Professor Lieb the teaching in this

department was carried on under the direction of Professor

George B. Wallace of the Bellevue Medical

Department College. The heartfelt gratitude of the

of Pharmacology - , , , . • j

faculty for his earnest cooperation and

successful efforts are hereby acknowledged. Without his generous help the teaching of this branch would have been very seriously handicapped. Dr. Mueller of the Department of Bacteriology began a study of the influence of solvent on the action of drugs.

This department has been very active as is evidenced by the following figures: — Total number of visits 34,220. New patients 3,584. Total number of X-ray treat- Department of ments and observations 3,521. Kromayer Dermatology and 1 r u-r *• *

Syphilology lamp 1 90. Total number of syphilis patients

1,068. Salversan treatments 9,421. Mercury injections 9,101. Wassermann reactions 3,984. Spinal punc- tures 228. Spinal treatments 502.

In addition to the undergraduate work there were thirty postgraduates who remained from three months to a year.

At the beginning of the academic year, Drs. H. B. Williams and E. L. Scott were released from military duty and resumed

their positions on the staff of the department, Department of Dr williams continuing as assistant professor Physiology , _ _ , . ° , .

and Dr. Scott being promoted from an asso-

ciateship to an assistant professorship. Associate R. H. Cunningham and Instructors Otto H. Leber and R. H. F. Dinegar retired from the department, and Drs. H. C. Coombs, Ernst P. Boas, Euen Van Kleeck and H. N. Vermilye were appointed to instructorships. Those who have served on the

PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 95

staff during the year are therefore Drs. Lee, Burton-Opitz, Pike, Williams, Scott, Bender, Boas, Coombs, Van Kleeck, and Vermilye. Associate Professor Pike was granted a leave of absence for the second half-year and has spent this time in research at the Harvard Medical School.

Researches have been performed during the year on the following topics. Frederic S. Lee: (with the U. S. Public Health Service). The physiological condition of the work of the human machine in the factory; (with L. L. Scott and A. Spohn) the chemistry of muscle during rest and after work. F. H. Pike: The nervous control of respiration; (with E. W. Wickwire) reciprocal reactions in the cardio- vascular system; (with A. B. Yates) the mechanism of the recovery or mainte- nance of systemic bloodpressure after complete transection of the spinal cord. H. B. Williams: The graphic registration of heart sounds. E. L. Scott: A study of the MacLean method for determinating blood sugar; a study of glycolysis; (with H. M. Mosenthal) a study of sugar, total fat and cholesterol in the blood of diabetics; (with A. B. Hastings) a study of sugar and oxygen relationships during rest and fatigue; (with H. E. Honeywell) a study of the normal blood sugar in the pigeon, together with observations upon several common causes of its variation; (with N. Kleitman) a study of the blood sugar in the frog. H. C. Coombs: Some aspects of the neuro-muscular respiratory mechanism in chelonians; the effects of varying pressures on the inter-abdominal muscula- ture; the rise of bloodpressure upon stimulation of the brain- stem at the level of the posterior corpora quadrigemina. A. Baird Hastings: A study of osmotic relationships of the red blood corpuscles and haemolysis during fatigue; (with C. D. Murray) a study of the conductivity of blood, serum and corpuscles; (with H. A. Murray) the effect of thyroid-para- thyroid-ectomy and pyloric occlusion on the blood. B. S. Oppenheimer, Mrs. B. S. Oppenheimer and M. A. Rothschild (with H. B. Williams): The effect of lesions in the lesser branches of the conduction system of the heart.

As a member of the New York State Commission on Venti- lation, Professor Lee has devoted much time during the year

96 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

to the preparation of a report on the physiological aspects of the Commission's investigations. The final report of the Commission's work, which will form a considerable contribu- tion to the science and practice of ventilation, will be published during the coming year. The general report of the investiga- tion of the work of the human machine in industrial occupa- tions, which was carried on mainly during the war by the U. S. Public Health Service under Dr. Lee's direction, has been published during the present year as Public Health Bulletin Number 106, Studies in Industrial Physiology, Comparison of an Eight-Hour Plant and a Ten-Hour Plant. Professor Lee has served during the year as chairman of the Sub- Committee on Industrial Physiology of the Division of Medical Sciences of the National Research Council. Mention should here be made of the important contribution to physiological literature entitled "Man and his Nervous System in the War," which was published in a series of several chapters in the Scientific Monthly by Professor Pike. Professor Williams has participated in the work of the National Research Council in two capacities: first, as chairman of a sub-committee on the promotion of cooperation in research between biologists and physicists, and secondly, as chairman of a sub-committee to collect and edit material for a book on Methods and Technique of Physical Research.

Volume VIII of the Studies from the Department of Physiology has appeared during the year, comprising reprints of thirty-one papers published during the years 1916-1919.

As a result of the reorganization of the Surgical Department

during the summer of 1919, an Executive Committee was

created which has had complete supervision

epar men o ^ departmental activities during the past year.

The Executive Committee consists of the Dean, six Asso- ciate Professors of Surgery, the Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and the Professor of Urology. The policies of the department, methods of instruction, distribution of funds and appointments have been decided upon by the Committee as a whole. The administrative application of these has been

PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 97

delegated to individual members of the Committee, as follows: An associate professor in charge of each of the following sub- heads: Executive Work and Finance, Laboratories and Re- search, Second, Third and Fourth year teaching respectively, Personnel Department, and Surgical Work in Vanderbilt Clinic; Orthopedic Surgery and Urology being in charge of the professors of those subjects.

The result of this organization has been a wider grasp of intra-departmental problems, a more intimate knowledge of the sub-departments, and more effective cooperation as a whole on the part of those who are responsible for the Department of Surgery.

The near approach of the surgical laboratories to completion in the autumn of 1919 enabled the Department of Surgery to make a number of radical changes in its methods of teaching the second and third year students. These laboratories, which occupy the sixth and seventh floors and the roof of the new laboratory building of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, were made possible by the gifts of large sums of money from several donors. They are so constructed that a large number of experiments can be performed at the same time, thus giving an entire class of students, divided into small groups, an oppor- tunity to observe intimately the production of the same surgical condition. This implies a plant similar in all details to the operating pavilion of a modern hospital since the work must be done with the maintenance of the same aseptic pre- cautions as prevail in operations on human beings. It includes sterilizing plant, nurses' work room and dressing room, instru- ment and supply rooms, washing machines, etc. There has also been provided ample space for keeping the animals after operation, a room for autopsies, and technical and record departments for the preparation, study and recording of the material derived from operations. In addition there have been provided rooms for bacteriological and chemical work in connection with surgical problems and an amphitheatre.

With these facilities it has been possible during the past year to improve the course given to the second-year medical stu- dents which was designed as their introduction to Surgery.

98 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

Formerly the subjects studied by these students were presented chiefly by means of conference, with lantern slides, with some clinics and the study, to a limited extent, of microscopic slides. This year the various fundamental subjects of wounds, infections, gangrene, etc., in many of the tissues and organs of the body were studied by the actual production of these con- ditions by the five instructors before small groups of nine or ten students. Records of the operation were kept by individual students from each group and these men were required to make observations on the course of the lesion from time to time. This laboratory work was supplemented by conferences with lantern slides and by the study of gross specimens and micro- scopic slides. Every classday one or more students were assigned to make reports of their observations and deductions before the entire class and all the instructors, and in the dis- cussion following these reports many obscurities and misunder- standings were clarified. A syllabus was devised covering the work assigned to each student and instructor for the duration of the course, and copies were given to every student so as to avoid confusion and consequent loss of time. While this method of instruction was a novelty, the instructors felt amply repaid for their efforts because of the unusual enthusiasm and diligence displayed by every second-year student.

In the third year, because of the above laboratory facilities, it has been possible for the first time to bring to the student in regional surgery, pathological reproductions of many of the more common human diseases by experimental demonstration. The opportunity thus afforded for careful study of, first, the production of the lesion, secondly, the course of the disease with its complications, and finally, the gross and microscopical findings at autopsy, has been of great value in his conception of these diseases in human beings.

As in the second year, this innovation has been received with sustained enthusiasm by the student body and after the re- sults of many conferences and a rigid examination at the termination of the course have been studied by the instructors, it is felt that this method of instruction has been most worth while.

PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 99

During the fourth year, in which the students spend much of their time as clinical clerks in the wards of hospitals asso- ciated with the college, they have received clinical and bedside instruction in small groups and individually over a period of from seven to eight weeks.

The course during the past year has been so conducted that individual instructors who were especially interested in any one subject in the hospital have been giving all the instruction in that subject to the clinical clerks. This, in addition to the fact that emphasis has been laid on the follow-up work in connection with the study of cases in the hospital, has afforded the fourth year student an opportunity to follow through his cases in a manner heretofore impossible.

The reorganization of the Surgical Department of Vander- bilt Clinic was made in the beginning of the academic year, and a new Chief of Clinic appointed on a full time basis, to- gether with practically a new surgical staff. These changes, in addition to the active support of the members of the Execu- tive Committee throughout the year, have caused a distinct improvement in both treatment of surgical patients in the Clinic and the teaching carried on in that department. A system by which one member of the Executive Committee acts as a consultant on the various days during the week has proved of real value to the Clinic staff as well as of much interest to the Consultant staff.

Owing to the fact that the actual completion of the new laboratories did not take place until the middle of the year, and also due to the fact that much of the burden of teaching in the second and third years fell upon the laboratories, re- search work as such has of necessity been curtailed. Neverthe- less during the past year several problems have been begun under the supervision of the Director of Laboratories, and this work will be carried on on a much larger scale during the ensuing winter.

Respectfully submitted,

William Darrach,

Dean June JO, IQ20

GEORGE CROCKER SPECIAL RESEARCH FUND

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, I92O

To the President of the University Sir:

I have the honor to submit the seventh annual report from the George Crocker Special Research Fund. ™ , . In accordance with the policy of the Crocker

Fund in the past, the members of the staff have during the year done some practical work in teaching in addition to the research for which the endowment was especially designated. It was particularly evident that the quality of the students applying for admission to the summer course last year was higher than usual; and that there is a considerable demand for instruction in the diagnosis of tumors is obvious, especially since the closure of opportunities abroad has forced men to turn to American laboratories.

The survey of the hospitals of the country recently com- pleted and the suggestions for standardization which resulted from the facts so obtained have created a new demand for accurately trained diagnosticians, and unquestionably the need will increase rapidly in the future and necessitate a con- tinuation and expansion of our teaching of this phase of tumor pathology.

Professors Wood and Prime conducted that portion of the work of the second-year class in pathology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons which is devoted to the study of tumors. The conditions were more satisfactory than during the previous year, since four weeks were allowed to this part of the curriculum and the giving of a much fuller and better

CROCKER RESEARCH FUND IOI

course was thus possible. The reduction in the number of students also permitted the raising of the standard of teaching by the elimination of some of the defectives whom the school has in the past endeavored, without much success, to drive through a four years' curriculum. With only half the number of students, and all of them of unusually high grade, teaching became a pleasure rather than a burden, and the results are shown by the fact that practically the entire class passed the final examination, although this was much more difficult than that set in the previous year.

The changes in the staff have been few. To the great regret of the Director, Dr. Robert T. Frank was unable to return to his place in the laboratory, where his wide knowledge of pathology and experimental methods had been of Staff the greatest value to the members of the staff.

Mr. Paul M. Giesy, who had been studying substances which stimulate the growth of the uterine musculature, completed his work and prepared a thesis reviewing the researches of others and giving full details of the methods worked out under his supervision. This thesis has been accepted by the University for a Ph.D. in chemistry, and will shortly be pub- lished in monograph form.

Dr. Otto Krehbiel joined the staff in February, and has been of the greatest assistance in certain of the chemical analyses of the blood which were carried on during the year.

Dr. J. Gardner Hopkins was appointed an associate in roentgenology and has treated and studied a considerable amount of clinical material referred to the Crocker Fund chiefly from St. Luke's Hospital.

Dr. Isidor Kross worked in the laboratory during the year on the effects of blond transfusion upon tumors in animals, and will continue his studies.

Dr. Frederick Prime, associate in cancer research, was advanced to the grade of assistant professor from July I, 1920.

At the invitation of the Director of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Professor Woglom spent his sabbatical half year in London, working on problems in tumor chemistry. Post-war conditions in England made serious inroads on the

I

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GEORG: CROCKER SPECIAL RBEARCH FUND

REPOIT OF THE DIRECTOR

FOR THE ACADMIC YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, I92O

To the President of thUniversity Sir:

JT>

Teaching

I have the honor t<submit the seventh annual report from the George Crocker Secial Research Fund.

In accoiance with the policy of the Crockii Fund in tfe past, the members of the staff havi during the year dor some practical work in teaching ii addition to the restrch for which the endowment wa especially designated It was particularly evident that th quality of the studen. applying for admission to the summ course last year was igher than usual; and that there is considerable demand >r instruction in the diagnosis of tunic is obvious, especially nee the closure of opportunities abro has forced men to tur to American laboratories.

The survey of theiospitals of the country recently cc pleted and the suggesons for standardization which resul from the facts so obtined have created a new demand accurately trained dignosticians, and unquestionably need will increase raj ly in the future and necessitate a tinuation and expansii of our teaching of this phase of ti «« ¥

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pathology.

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102 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

staff of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, and Professor Woglom, owing to his previous experience as an associate in that institution, was able to be of great assistance.

During the year the Director made a number of addresses,

speaking before the Sullivan County Medical Society at

Newport, N. H., on "The Practical Value of Labora-

" 1C tory Researches in Cancer;" before the Brooklyn

Pathological Society, on "Newer Aspects of Cancer ;"

before the Suffolk District Medical Society at Boston, on

"Some Vital Problems in the Diagnosis and Treatment of

Cancer;" before the Society of Sigma Xi at Columbia, on

"Recent Advances in Experimental Medicine;" before the

Association of American Physicians at Atlantic City, on "The

Therapeutic Action of X-Rays;" before the Civics Teachers

of the Department of Education, New York, on "What a

Public School Teacher Should Know about Cancer;" and

before the Kings County Medical Society, Brooklyn, on "The

Menace of Cancer."

On April I, 1920, the American Association for Cancer Research held its thirteenth annual meeting at the Crocker Fund laboratory, and the members of the staff read a number of papers and contributed to the discussion, which will be published in full in the Journal of Cancer Research.

As usual, standard mouse and rat tumors have been supplied to a number of institutions, among them the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Illinois, the Johns Hopkins Hospital, the Japanese Society for Cancer Research and the University of Tokyo, Japan, the University of Pennsylvania, Bowdoin College, and the Harvard University Medical School, and to a number of private investigators.

A list of the publications made from the laboratory during the year follows:

"The Relation of Pathology to Practice." F. C. Wood.

Journal of the American Medical Association, 1919, lxxiii, 569.

"Diagnostic Incision of Tumors." F. C. Wood. ibid., 1919, lxxiii, 764.

Notes on Tumors. F. C. Wood, New York, 218 pp.

CROCKER RESEARCH FUND IO3

"Lethal Dose of Roentgen Rays for Cancer Cells." F. C. Wood and F. Prime. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1920, Ixxiv, 308.

"Size of the Spleen in Immune Mice." W. H. Woglom.

Journal of Cancer Research, 1919, iv, 281. "Carcinoma of the Uterus in a Mouse." W. H. Woglom.

Proceedings of the New York Pathological Society, 1919, xix, 60. "Lymphocytes and Cancer Immunity." F. Prime.

Journal of Cancer Research, 1920, v, 105. "Fluctuations in Induced Immunity to Transplanted Tumors." F. D. Bullock and G. L. Rohdenburg. ibid., 1920, v, 119. "Fluctuations in Concomitant Immunity." F. D. Bullock and G. L. Rohdenburg. ibid., 1920, v, 129. "Hyperglycemia in its Relation to Immunity." G. L. Rohdenburg and H. F. Pohlman. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1920, clix, 853. "The Isoagglutinins and Isohemolysins of the Rat." G. L. Rohdenburg. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1920, xvii, 82. "Importance of the Spleen in Resistance to Infection." D. H. Morris and F. D. Bullock. Annals of Surgery, 1919, lxx, 513. "A Basal-cell Epithelioma of the Rat." D. H. Morris.

Journal of Cancer Research, 1920, v, 147. "Influence of Pituitary Extracts on the Genital Tract." R. T. Frank. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1919, lxxiii, 1764. During the year Professor Woglom and Professor Prime served as editor and associate editor respectively of the Journal of Cancer Research. Professor Woglom also con- tinued as secretary of the American Association for Cancer Research, and Dr. Rohdenburg served as secretary and editor of the New York Pathological Society.

A survey of the list of publications during the year will show the varied nature of the research work carried on in the labora- tory of the Crocker Fund. Leaving aside the Experimental possible general educational value of the public " Work

addresses made and the undergraduate and postgraduate teaching done by the staff, certain phases of the research work are of immediate practical importance to the

104 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

medical profession. This is well exemplified in the paper on the lethal dose of x-rays for tumor cells, in which for the first time an accurate measurement has been made of the amount of x-ray necessary to kill the cells of a standard tumor. Previous attempts to determine this important question of dosage, without an answer to which the radiation treatment of cancer is a matter of pure empiricism, have been made either by clinical observations on human beings with incurable cancer or by experiments on tissues or isolated cells of the lower animals, such as tadpoles, fertilized eggs of frogs, and ova of sea-urchins or of parasitic worms. It is evident that the latter results could not be transferred to the mammalia. The exact lethal dose is difficult or impossible to determine on human cancer without an enormous expenditure of time, for a tumor may remain quiescent for a long period, even years, after radiation treatment, before it recurs. Human tumors vary greatly, also, in their reaction to radiation, some being susceptible, others extremely resistant, and it is not always possible by microscopic examination to separate the types. With a stock of transplantable tumors of well known biologi- cal qualities, such as are in the possession of the Crocker Fund, it was, on the contrary, possible by exposure of tumor material to carefully measured doses and subsequent inoculation into animals to determine absolutely the death point of the cells. It could, therefore, be decided accurately what quantity of x-ray produced under conditions available for clinical use and by an ordinary commercial machine was necessary to kill all the cells of a tumor. The results permit the conclusion that while, as has long been known, certain human tumors of low malignancy can unquestionably be cured, many of the new growths which involve the internal organs require so large an amount of x-ray that their proper treatment would place the life of the patient in jeopardy. If a tumor is very susceptible to radiation it may be possible to effect a cure by approaching the maximum dose, but some tumors are very much more resistant than others and the highly resistant varieties are still beyond any real and permanent benefit from radium or x-ray treatment. Among these may be

CROCKER RESEARCH FUND IO5

included most of the tumors of the digestive tract and those of the lungs, liver, kidney, and spleen. While, therefore, a certain amount of improvement often follows raying, even in the case of the more resistant tumors, no permanent cure of these types as a result of treatment either by radium or by x-ray can at present be hoped for. The lethal dose of radium having already been determined in this laboratory, comparative studies were possible, and these seem to show that there is but little if any difference between the effects of the two agents when applied under strictly comparable conditions. The advantages of radium lie in its portabil- ity and in the fact that it can be inserted into the tumor itself, while the x-ray is of necessity applied only exter-